urban transport growth: the empirical challenges...

URBAN TRANSPORT GROWTH: THE EMPIRICAL CHALLENGES

TOWARDS LOW CARBON SOCIETY

WAN MOHD SAFWAN BIN WAN DAUD

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Science (Transport Planning)

Faculty of Built Environment

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2013

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Alhamdulillah wa syukran Lillah. This dissertation is dedicated to my lovely

mom, Bonda Aminah Abd Rahman and my late father, Ayahanda Wan Daud Wan

Yusoff, who has given fully supports and courage with love and patience and to all

my family members who gives inspiration for me to further my studies and

completing this dissertation. And last but not least, my highest gratitude and special

thanks to all my beloved lecturers & teachers (Murabbi) and friends, thank you for

all your supports and encouragements.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to be thankful to God Almighty, Allahu Rabbul

Alamin, with His Blessing and Baraqah showing me the right path and grant me the

patience to complete my research on Urban Transport for Low Carbon society in

Iskandar Malaysia. And I would to extend my highest gratitude to my respected

supervisor, Dr Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein for lending me such a

great support and ideas in assisting me to finish my research in UTM. In addition, I

also would like to express my humble thankful to all my friends which supporting

me in this study especially to Bro. Zulazhar, Bro. Talip Rahman, Bro. Mahdi, Sis.

Afeefah, Sis. Normala, Sis. Zaleha, Bro. Dorris, Bro. Syam and Bro. Zulhilmi for

giving ideas and providing me supports during the classes and discussions. After all,

I would like to thanks my friends-Imran, Shahrul and Zalina who have helping me to

complete my research with surveys and questionnaires during field visits. Thank you

for your all contributions throughout this research completion. Jazakumullahu

khairan jazaa’.

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ABSTRACT

This research is mainly concerned on urban transport growth in Iskandar region as the challenges which should be resolve towards achieving Low Carbon society in 2025. The biggest challenge in bringing the Low Carbon city concept into real practice is due to the impact of urbanization in the boundary study, as the number of vehicles increased rapidly on roads. The growth of urbanization in Iskandar Malaysia has increased the demand for the energy consumption, which cannot be simply reduced due to economic influences without providing alternative for the society to be diverting from the polluted and economic energy to clean and renewal energy especially from transportation system for the society and nature. The objective of this research is to study on how to reduce the amount of emission gas produced by vehicles in Iskandar Malaysia without affecting the economic activities, mobility of goods and services, and social interaction between peoples from the different geographical location in boundary study. The formulation and establishment of ideas on transportation are produced to understand the real issues on ground and later to create a better solution for the authorities and transport planners for planning a better environment in future.

vi

ABSTRAK Kajian ini adalah kajian yang memfokuskan tentang pertumbuhan

pengangkutan bandar di dalam Wilayah Iskandar sebagai cabaran yang perlu diberi perhatian ke arah mencapai matlamat untuk menjadi Masyarakat Kurang Asap 2025. Antara halangan besar untuk merealisasikan Masyarakat Kurang Asap ke dalam pembangunan adalah disebabkan oleh kesan pembangunan bandar di dalam sempedan kawasan kajian, sebagaimana bertambahnya bilangan kenderaan yang sangat banyak di jalanraya. Pertumbuhan bandar di dalam Iskandar Malaysia menyebabkan berlakunya pertambahan permintaan terhadap sumber tenaga yang tidak boleh dikurangkan dengan mudah, disebabkan oleh kesannya terhadap ekonomi jika dilakukan tanpa menyediakan sumber alternatif kepada masyarakat untuk berubah dari penggunaan tenaga yang menyebabkan pencemaran dan murah kepada pengunaan tenaga yang lebih bersih dan boleh diperbaharui terutama untuk kegunaan kenderaan untuk kebaikan masyarakat dan alam sekitar. Matlamat utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji bagaimana kaedah yang boleh mengurangkan penghasilan asap kenderaan di dalam Wilayah Iskandar tanpa memberi kesan kepada aktiviti ekonomi, pergerakan barangan dan juga perkhidmatan, dan juga interaksi masyarakat dari pelbagai tempat yang berbeza di dalam sempadan kajian. Penciptaan dan penghasilan idea terhadap pengangkutan dilakukan untuk lebih memahami isu sebenar yang berlaku di dalam kawasan kajian dan untuk memudahkan penghasilan jalan penyelesaian yang lebih baik kepada kerajaan tempatan dan perancang pengangkutan untuk menyediakan persekitaran yang lebih baik di masa hadapan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURE xiii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1.0 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of Problem 1

1.3 Problem Statement 3

1.3.1 The Gases Emission Production Factor 3

1.3.2 Mode of Transport 5

1.3.3 Share factor 7

1.3.3.1 Landuse distribution and Urban Sprawl 7

1.3.3.2 Culture and riders profile 8

1.4 Research Question 8

1.5 Aim of Research 10

1.6 Research Objective 10

1.7 Significance of Research 11

1.8 Research Design 12

1.9 Expected Contribution 13

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1.10 Study Limitation 13

1.11 Summary 14

2.0 Literature Review 15

2.2 Urban Transportation 16

2.3 Trip Generation 17

2.4 Trip Generation Analysis 18

2.4.1 Zonal Least Squares Regression Analysis 19

2.4.1.1 Regression Analysis Equation 20

2.4.2 Category Analysis 21

2.4.3 Zonal Least Regression Analysis vs Category Analysis 22

2.5 Modal Split in Urban Transportation 22

2.5.1 Riders Profiles in Urban Transportation 23

2.5.2 The Characteristics in Urban Transport 25

2.5.3 Methods Use in Analyzing Urban Transport 26

2.5.3.1 Inferential Analysis 26

2.5.3.2 Descriptive Analysis 29

2.5.3.3 Comparison Between Inferential and Descriptive

Analysis 30

2.6 Gases Emission in Urban Transport 31

2.6.1 Type of Carbon Footprints Considered as GHG Emission 32

2.6.2 Energy Consumption in Malaysia 32

2.6.3 Carbon Emission for Urban Transport 34

2.6.4 Method of Measuring Emission Production 36

2.6.4.1 By Vehicle Activities 36

2.6.4.2 By Fuel Consumption Method 37

2.7 Summary 39

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3.0 Research Methodology 40

3.1 Introduction 40

3.2 Methodology 40

3.2.1 Category Analysis Method 41

3.2.2 Inferential Analysis 43

3.2.3 Fuel Consumption Method 44

3.3 Data Sources 47

3.3.1 Primary Data 48

3.3.1.1 Data Collection Procedures 48

3.3.1.1.1 Sampling Method 48

3.3.1.1.2 Sampling Design 49

3.3.1.1.3 Sample Size 50

3.3.1.1.4 Location Time 50

3.3.2 Secondary Data 52

3.4 Summary 52

4.0 Analysis and Findings 53

4.1 Iskandar Malaysia Region Profile 53

4.1.1 Flagship Zones 54

4.1.2 Location 55

4.1.3 Population 56

4.1.4 Employment 58

4.2 Analysis 60

4.2.1 Riders Profile 62

4.2.1.1 Gender 62

4.2.1.2 Age Group 63

4.2.1.3 Employment and Income Level 64

4.2.1.4 Vehicle Ownership 67

4.2.2 Trip Making Performance 69

4.2.2.1 Zonal Activities 69

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4.2.2.2 Trip Purpose 71

4.2.3 Perspectives on Public Transportation 72

4.2.4 Emission Contribution Factors 75

4.2.4.1 Type of Fuel 75

4.2.4.2 Frequency of refuel activities 77

4.2.4.3 Fuel Cost 78

4.3 Findings 80

4.3.1 Relationship between income level and vehicle ownership 80

4.3.2 Monthly Emission Production in Iskandar Malaysia 82

4.3.3 Business As Usual (BAU) Implication 84

4.3.4 Based on Scenario (BOS) Projection 88

4.3.4.1 Modal Share 50-50 88

4.3.4.2 Modal Share 40-60 89

4.3.5 Impact of Public Transportation Services 90

4.4 Summary 93

5.0 Recommendations and Conclusion 94

5.1 Introduction 94

5.1.1 Achieving Objective 1

5.1.1.1 Emission Monitoring Board and Displays 95

5.1.1.2 Charge Per Trip 95


5.1.2.1 Fuel Switch 97

5.1.2.2 Increase LPG supply station 97


5.1.3.1 Reduce Modal Split to 40:60 (Private: Public) 98


5.1.4.1 Promotion of Green Transport 100

5.1.4.2 Improvement of Public Transportation Services 101

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5.1.5.1 Encourages Integrated Landuse Development 103

5.1.5.2 One Vehicle One Family Concept 104

5.2 Conclusion 105

REFERENCES 106

APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE 108

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 - First Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle registered) 4 Table 1-2 - Second Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle registered) 4 Table 2-1 - Correlation Degree Result 29 Table 2-2 - Energy Demands 33 Table 2-3 - Carbon Measure 35 Table 2-4 - Emission From Vehicles Activities 36 Table 3-1 - Level of Income 41 Table 3-2 - Car Ownership 42 Table 3-3 - Family Structure 42 Table 3-4 - Zoning 44 Table 3-5 - Fuel Type 44 Table 3-6 - Pollutants Type 45 Table 3-7 - Fuel Conversion 46 Table 4-1 - Population 2010 57 Table 4-2 - Employment Rate 2010 59 Table 4-3 - Gender 62 Table 4-4 - Respondent`s Age 63 Table 4-5 - Employment Status 65 Table 4-6 - Income Level 65 Table 4-7 - Cross Tabulation Income 66 Table 4-8 - Vehicle Ownership 68 Table 4-9 - Trip Origin 70 Table 4-10 - Perspectives on public services 73 Table 4-11 - Reason on Using Own Vehicle 73 Table 4-12 - Fuel Type 75 Table 4-13 - Fuel Market Price 76 Table 4-14 - Weekly Refuel Activities 78 Table 4-15 - Refuel Amount 79 Table 4-16 - Cross Tabulation Income Level 80 Table 4-17 - Gamma Result 81 Table 4-18 - Travel Distance 82 Table 4-19 - Emission Production 83 Table 4-20 - Emission Distribution 84 Table 4-21 - BAU 85 Table 4-22 - Relationship Between Public and Private 92

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 - Traffic Condition in Iskandar region 6 Figure 1-2 - Research Design 12 Figure 2-1 - Trip Generation 18 Figure 2-2 - Energy Demands 33 Figure 3-1 - Data Sources 47 Figure 4-1 - Flagship Zones 54 Figure 4-2 - Highway Access 55 Figure 4-3 - Age Distribution 2010 56 Figure 4-4 - Respondents` Age 64 Figure 4-5 - Cross Tabulation Income 67 Figure 4-6 - Origin Destination 70 Figure 4-7 - Trip Destination 71 Figure 4-8 - Fuel Market Price 74 Figure 4-9 - Refuel Activities 77 Figure 4-10 - BAU in years 86 Figure 4-11 - BAU in 2012-2025 86 Figure 4-12 - BAU in vehicles numbers 87 Figure 4-13 - Scenario 1 88 Figure 4-14 - Scenario 2 90 Figure 4-15 - Reason Use Private Vehicles 91

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

IRDA - Iskandar Region Development Authority

JPBD - Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa

MIROS - Malaysian Institute of Road Safety

NPP - National Physical Plan

BAU - Business As Usual

BOS - Based On Scenario

JPJ - Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Questionnaire 108

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Problem

The Kyoto Protocol formed as a blueprint for environmental policy to address the issues

of greenhouse gases (GHG) which affecting climate changes and increase the heat of the earth.

According to Gray, V (2002) the large scale of mass production in the energy and industrial

sector around the globe have led to a dramatic changes in these systems.

The radiation forcing activities from the human activities resulted from burning of fossil

fuels, oil, coal and gas activities are hazardous. Most of these gases produced by industrial

activities and emitted from vehicles on the road. The mass amount of gases produced to the

atmosphere has reached the limits and raised the alarm to the nature which resulted in the event

of glacial melts, sea level rise and unpredictable weather pattern when it should be cooling.

Malaysia, as a developing country, faces major problems in reducing the emission of

gases especially from transportation activities where the urban transport growth rapidly in major

cities such as Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and other cities. The transportation sector

plays a vital role in reducing emission of carbon produced by vehicles, and also need to reduce

congestion and other transportation issues which happen in long period of history.

This study mainly focuses on how to reduce the amount of emission gas produced by

vehicles in Iskandar Malaysia without affecting the economic activities, mobility of goods and

services, and social interaction between peoples from the different geographical location in

boundary study.

2

The formulation and establishment of ideas on transportation are produce to understand

the real issues on ground and later to create a better solution for the authorities and transport

planners for planning a better environment in future.

In addition, this dissertation also attempts to highlight the efficiencies of Low Carbon

society model as a holistic planning strive to tackle real problems in transportation planning

sector while respecting the environment and sustain the well-balanced of ecosystem. The concept

of Low Carbon society is also in line towards Islamic principles and teachings from the Holy

Quran and Sunnah from our beloved Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h. The researcher aims at

explaining the beauty of Islamic teachings in transportation planning and transforming the ideas

and principles into real world practices.

3

1.2 Problem Statement

In transport, the social interaction of people and movement of goods and services is

defined as the mobility which highly important to create the accessibility for movement of the

activities for the growth of the area and its economic life. It was highlighted by Mosseley (1977)

which define accessibility as ‘mobility for opportunities’ that is mobility which allows the person

to get to the desired destinations. However there are certain problems leads to result in air

pollution and eventually affecting the nature while people are striving to have a good lifestyle

and healthy living environment.

1.2.1 The Gases Emission Production Factor (High automobile dependency)

As stated by Thomson (1977) as well as Newman and Kenworthy (1989), the term

‘automobile dependence’ refers to a condition of urban areas in which there is a very high use of

private cars has become entrenched in both the transport and land use system. In many cities

today, private car has become an important and dominant mode of transport. Based on

Prabuwono and Idris, (2008), an increasing in car ownership, changes in traffic arrangements and

densification of land contribute to the major transportation problems, which can be seen in result

of total amount of gases emission produced in the Iskandar Malaysia which affected from

increasing number of vehicles on road.

As one of the most important region in Malaysia, Iskandar Malaysia continues to be

flooded with newly-registered motor vehicles each year either from local or Singapore. Based on

the data from the Road Transport Department, the vehicles registered in Johor has increased

from the first quarter year 2010 which about 2,658 953 vehicles and increased in second quarter

year 2010 about 2,696 054 vehicles on the road (refer to Figure 1.2.1-2).

4

State

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Car

Bus

Taxi

Hire & Drive Car

Goods vehicle

Others

Total

Perlis 57 979 16 722 206 196 3 1800 1354 78,260

Kedah 656,316 245,045 3212 3,529 420 34,449 18,798 961,769

Penang 1,090,593 845,255 5,605 3,586 496 60,473 18,405 2,024,415

Perak 1,056,023 586,605 4,605 4,256 67 62,614 35,596 1,749,366

Selangor 998,886 957,345 6,933 8,532 322 144,768 66,028 2,182,814

Kuala Lumpur 1,293,206 2,702,872 17,348 31,358 13,791 198,473 142,132 4,399,180

Negeri Sembilan

430,782 269,753 2,747 2,010 16 39,033 7,657 751,998

Melaka 357,362 257,377 1,983 1,759 44 23,797 5,589 647,911

Johor 1,366,361 1,104,477 9,731 11,855 103 118,382 47,744 2,658,953

Pahang 428,487 290,020 1,994 2,670 12 38,061 13,196 774,440

Terengganu 265,118 149,567 1,084 1,130 18 19,490 6,943 443,350

Kelantan 373,949 219,216 1,970 2,043 9 25,548 7,676 630,741

Sabah 184,370 457,988 6,761 5,101 1,228 104,294 51,392 811,134

Sarawak 521,402 555,587 3,090 2,197 488 72,092 53,080 1,207,936

State Motorcycle Car Bus Taxi Hire & Drive Car

Goods vehicle

Others Total

Perlis 58,822 17,233 205 194 2 1,811 1,357 79,624

Kedah 665,749 249,186 3,220 3,540 516 34,662 18,894 975,857

Penang 1,102,967 860,356 5,643 3,635 511 61,579 18,622 2,053,313

Perak 1,067,126 595,716 4,646 4,289 68 62,638 35,927 1,770,420

Selangor 1,011,764 967,224 6,999 8,898 333 146,535 67,533 2,205,304

Kuala Lumpur 1,313,347 2,760,129 17,582 32,204 14,056 200,453 142,762 4,480,623

Negeri Sembilan

343,871 273,314 2,758 2,038 16 39,411 7,691 760,099

Melaka 361,255 261,951 2,000 1,777 44 23,950 5,674 656,651

Johor 1,383,063 1,123,042 9,828 11,915 102 119,649 48,445 2,696,054

Pahang 434,035 294,491 2,014 2,666 16 38,279 13,355 785,306

Terengganu 207,300 152,596 1,099 1,127 16 19,614 6,997 452,109

Kelantan 381,438 224,127 1,976 2,038 9 25,747 7,763 643,098

Sabah 190,926 467,901 6,764 5,082 1,233 104,334 52,004 828,244

Sarawak 529,906 565,471 3,114 2,216 504 72,772 53,747 1,227,730

Table 1-1 First Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle Registered) Source: Road Transport Department (JPJ)

Table 1-2 Second Quarter Year 2010 (Vehicle Registered) Source: Road Transport Department (JPJ)

5

However, the increase number of vehicles ownership is resulted due to certain lifestyle

changes, high income, the poor public services such as trains and buses. In addition, Iskandar

Malaysia that serves as new business centre district of Malaysia has also increased the number of

its population which leads to increase in vehicle ownerships.

Therefore, the increasing number of vehicle ownerships in Johor has created the

problems of air pollution and traffic congestion. Furthermore, the increasing number of private

vehicles contributed to the inefficient of public transport modes that cannot be operated to serve

only on small group of users which will results in failure of operation cost and maintenance cost.

1.2.2 Mode of Transport (Motorized and Non-motorized transportation)

Most of the area in the major cities in Malaysia is not planned to improve the public

transport to provide more efficient and effective services instead of providing and building more

roads and highways to cater the demands of vehicles on roads as show in figure 1-1. The ad-hoc

planning in transportation system did not serve the entire community as it is now or later will

creates another problems and issues when the capacity reaches its limitation and constraint.

The current situation and nature of life creates certain mindset in the community as they

would agree that the car is the best available reliable transport mode which available to provide a

better door-to-door services than other transport modes as it was highlighted by Diestra and

Kroon (1997) in their books; Psychological Barriers to Car Restraint and Sustainable Urban

Transport in Tolley. The numbers of vehicles ownerships keep growing in the city and force the

authority to plans another road to be build.

Peoples are still not really exposed and well-educate to use the non-motorize

transportation since the provision of transportation infrastructure did not support the promotion

of being green in community lifestyle. The pedestrian pathway, cyclist track and other

infrastructure did not really planned to promote a healthy and dynamic living of life.

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7

1.2.3 Share factor

The factor of increasing amount of the total gas emissions in atmosphere which will leads

to failure of achieving Low Carbon society level is not only caused by transportation systems

only. There are several factors which indirectly contributed to the main issue are defined as listed

below:

1.2.3.1 Landuse distribution and Urban Sprawl

The zoning of landuse activities which not really planned to serve the need of

peoples movement and mobility without increasing the need to travel in distance also

increased the results in traffic volume and vehicles uses while the public transportation

are not the best answer to respond for their needs. The needs to travel for works, leisure,

social and others have no option and alternative except to use their own vehicles. Lack of

landuse integration and poor planning provision in transportation are major problems in

planning process towards development in most cities in Malaysia, especially in Iskandar

Malaysia business district.

Moreover, the ad hoc planning and infill development in the areas also leads to

the development sprawl outside the boundary limits and later results in more complicated

issues which required more agencies and governmental bodies to involve in future. The

involvement of more agencies from different teams means more difficulties need to be

face by the current authorities and reduce the time to respond faster to people`s

complaints. The need of zoning and landuse integration for promoting green

transportation and healthy lifestyle is vital for the Iskandar Malaysia territory to achieve

the target to provide a less carbon environment for the society.

8

1.2.3.2 Culture and riders profile

The understanding of the issues in transportation is not just limited in

transportation system and its components in society. The need of understanding about the

people, who use the system and later should indicates the system is succeed or not is really

important. The current situation in Malaysia, peoples are tend to own their cars after

graduate or even in college seem like a new trend in Malaysian culture.

While the upper class of the society tends to have more than a car and it`s

contribute for reduction of passenger per car to one car/person. This trend was stressed by

Vasconcellos (2001) in his discussion ,the lifestyle of elites and middle group of the society

might influenced the interest of society to enjoying having more cars than they should have

just to show the power of possessing prosperity towards society.

Moreover, the policy of government in financing to increase the ability to

purchase vehicles by reduces the certain rate of loan for banks also contribute to the

increase number of vehicles on road. Entire policies in government related to transportation

directly or indirectly affecting the system should be comprehensively reviewed in deep

discussion. Hence, the government bodies, institutions, NGOs and individuals are the key

players should boost the healing process towards the nature in providing a better and

quality living environment.

1.3 Research Question

The research question focuses on how urban transport growth will affect

achievement of Low Carbon society which targeted in Iskandar region. This research

attempts to review several factors which might leads to the growth of the traffic and

vehicles on the road. The increase number in vehicles ownership in Table 1-1 shows that

people are tend to use their own vehicles than using the public services.

9

These circumstances will reduce the possibilities of achieving the Low Carbon

2025 in Iskandar Malaysia if the public still did not aware about the carbon that emitted

from their vehicles. The study attempt to clarify on several issues:

1. What are the factors contribute to use of private vehicles on road?

2. What is the pattern of fuel consuming by people in the region?

3. Does the current transportation system in Iskandar Malaysia give the choice for

the people to shift from private to public?

4. How the impact of current carbon emission (BAU) from transportation system

will cause the delay of the achievement of Low Carbon society in Iskandar

Malaysia?

These questions will lead the researcher to solve the issues on urban transport

growth in order to understand and offer better alternatives for the public to reduce the use

of private vehicles towards reducing the emission production from transportation sector.

These questions are used to formulate the aims and objectives for this research to help

researcher to have clear direction and guidance towards the end of the study.

10

1.4 AIM

The research aims to study about the urban transport growth as empirical challenges in

achieving low carbon society target in Iskandar Malaysia by year 2025.

1.5 Research Objective

1.4.1 To determine the current emission level for Iskandar Development Region.

1.4.2 To analyze the emission produced by vehicle/month based on fuel consumption in

study area.

1.4.3 To evaluate the future emission level based on Business as Usual (BAU) and Based

on Scenario (BOS).

1.4.4 To mitigate the alternative available in urban transportation system to reduce urban

traffic growth in Iskandar region.

1.4.5 To formulate recommendations based on scenario for the future urban transportation

system.

11

1.6 Significance of Research

The study about urban transportation growth is needed in order to overcome the

challenges which resulting from the impact of urban transportation growth in order to achieve a

low carbon society in Iskandar Malaysia as targeted by 2025. There are several importance for

this research as outlined by the researcher as listed below:

a) Provide a clear understanding background about the low carbon society theory and

translating it into a real world practice in transportation planning system to meets the

highest quality of living environment without compromising the need of mobility in

community.

b) Provide a better framework in solving transportation problems from an ad-hoc solution

to more comprehensive and complex approach of mobility restrictions without affecting

the economic and social interaction in Iskandar Malaysia.

c) Provide recommendation towards transportation facilities which limits the dependence

of any single mode of travel and increase the use of transit, bicycling and walking.

d) Promoting a sustainable and green transportation system to protect and enhance the

living quality of community with safe and healthy environment.

12

1.7 Research Design

Urban Transport Growth:

The Empirical Challenges towards Low Carbon Society

Low Carbon Society

1. Vision and opportunity ‐Kyoto protocol ‐Carbon footprint ‐Low Society Blueprint 2. Development trend ‐Green Transportation ‐Transport Oriented Development

Urban Transport

1. Mode of transport 2. Impact of urbanization ‐Landuse and zoning ‐Development of high densities 3. Private transport growth 4. Public transport availability 5. Transportation Infrastructure

Challenges 1. Meeting environmental targets while achieving mobility 2. Public acceptability of new transport proposals 3. Promoting cities in terms of safe living through transport

Opportunities 1. Urban Transportation Management System (UTMS)

‐Traffic management ‐Modal split management ‐Non motorized Network management ‐Public Transport Network Management

2. Decision Making ‐Evaluating existing Transportation Policies ‐ Establishment of New Policies and Transport Agenda

Realism‐ Key issues on Low Carbon Society 1. The emission production factor (High Automobile

Dependency) ‐ Total emission gases produced by vehicles in a timeframe

‐The standard measure of gases emission ‐Emission produced by a vehicle/month ‐Dependant factor between population and vehicle used 2. Mode of transport (Motorized and non‐motorized vehicles)

‐Distribution of emission produced by mode of transport ‐Private mode vs Public mode ‐Impact of growth in private transportation

3. Share factor‐Indirectly affecting growth in urban transport ‐ Landuse distribution/Urban Sprawl ‐ Culture/Lifestyle

1.6 Research Design

Figure 1‐2 Research Design

13

1.8 Expected Contribution

This topic has selected by researcher to be part as an academic study towards the

national as well as international issues about greenhouse gas effect which related to

transportation sector. The researcher aims to make a contribution for the Technology

University Malaysia through academic research and also for the Iskandar Malaysia

authorities as well.

The outcome and recommendation proposed through this research can be used to

tackle current issues in transportation for Iskandar Malaysia to achieve the target to become

a Low Carbon society by 2025. The investigation and analysis are basically based on real

information and latest data in order to prepare a real and professional academic research

which should give return credits to UTM as an innovative and progressive higher learning

institution in the country.

1.9 Study Limitations

The limitation of the study is in determining the sample size for a huge number of vehicle

ownership in Iskandar Malaysia and the exact amount of the carbon emission produced

according to the mode of transportation. The findings from the analysis may not be generalized

to a larger population in the area due to the small number of sample size compared to bigger

number of vehicles on the road.

Moreover, the exact amount of the carbon emission produced also cannot be measured

directly to indicate the current level of gases produce to be reduced at a standard quality of

emission level for Iskandar Malaysia. However, the findings can still be used for the study as it

shows the average ownership of the vehicles/person in the area that may determine average

amount of the carbon emitted in the area.

14

1.10 Summary

This chapter provides an introduction to the study and explained the background of the

study by outlying the aim, objectives, scopes of study, research design, limitation of study,

significance of study as well as the direction of the research for these issues in Iskandar

Malaysia. In addition, this chapter also provides the structure of the research report which

explained generally about the issues and research area. On the whole, this chapter is essential in

giving the clear picture about the study that will conduct and challenged involved.

Thus, the next chapter will address the matter pertaining to these problems by a

comprehensive literature review on the subject matter. Numerous literature reviews are studied

to gained information for the researcher’s knowledge that important for further analyses.

106

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