urban transformation on informal settlements in cities in conflict wide screen lasa

Jota [email protected]

Main Findings• There is an apparent relationship between the conditions of informal

settlements and how they become prone to conflict. The continuum of violence.

• The perception of a increased participation.

• Making coordinated interventions over a reduced amount of time and space produce a cohesive change momentum.

• The quality physical interventions make all the other interventions visible.

• State secure public buildings/ spaces are instrumental in conquering unsafe spaces for the use of the community.

Context Conflict and History ofUrban Development in Medellin

(1930 to 2009)

Hom

icid

e ra

te p

er 1

00,0

00

Years

Second Cycle of Violence

“La Violencia”First Cycle of

Violence

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1946

1948

1950

1952

1954

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Plots yearly homicides per 100,000 people in Colombia (in the y axis) over time (in the x axis) from 1946 to 2002. The figure identifies two high-violence periods: the first one before 1962, and the second one after 1984. Sanches et al. 2003

Historical Development of the Colombian Conflict

Years

National Armed Conflict in MedellínRa

te p

er 1

00,0

00 in

habi

tant

s

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Medellín

Colombia

Death rate in Colombia VS. Medellín since 1975 to 2002 Source: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y ciencias Forenses, regional Noroccidente. Boletin de prensa 2002

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007

MedellínCaliBogotaBarranquillaCartagena

Rate

per

100

,000

inha

bita

nts

year

Medellín Versus 4 Colombian Cities

Death rate in 5 major cities of Colombia 2000 to 2007 source: Instituto Nacional de Forencis

Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -57.277 -18.393 -9.686 18.989 56.711 Coefficients:

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) 4.942e+01 4.831e+00 10.231 2.45e-12 ***citie 1.095e+02 1.430e+01 7.653 3.89e-09 ***RPEdu -4.336e-04 7.206e-05 -6.017 5.96e-07 ***---Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 Residual standard error: 27.13 on 37 degrees of freedomMultiple R-squared: 0.6193, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5987 F-statistic: 30.1 on 2 and 37 DF, p-value: 1.740e-08

citie RPEdu HRate +≈

The Continuum of Violence

The Urban Context: Accomplice of the Violence Continuum

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 Popular

2 Santa Cruz

3 Manrique

4 Aranjuez

5 Castilla

6 Doce Octubre

7 Robledo

8 Villa Hermosa

9 Buenos Aires

10 Candelaria

11 Laureles

12 América

13 San Javier

14 Poblado

15 Guayabal

16 Belén

Medellín

Logarítmica (Medellín)

Death rate per Comuna 1994 – 2009 Source: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses

Distribution of Violence

200112

Homicide Rate by Comuna

Above City Average

Below City Average

Data Source: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses

1

2

13

10

Mapa de la Villa de Medellín, Jose Maria Giraldo, 1790

Figure 2 Plano topográfico de Medellin _1875_Fransisco H. Parra, Manuel J. Escobar, Manuel hoyos y Fabriciano Botero, students of civil engineering at the Universidad de Antioquia in 1875.

Mule-drawn tramway at El Eden source: Juan Santiago Correa

Plano Medellin Futuro (Map Future Medellin) by Jorge Rodriguez la Linde Source: jaramillo and Perfetti 1993

Plan of future Urban Development dated 1932 Source Guillermo palacios published by the Alcaldia de Medellin

The October 1940 edition of National Geographic Magazine contained an article entitled "Hail Colombia!" which included the color photograph . The trolley, known as Birney 37, was climbing the hill on Calle 55. Source: Luis Marden.

El Plan Piloto 1950 Wiener y Sert . Source: CIAM 8[1 International Congress for Modern Architecture. 1951. CIAM 8. 8th International Congress for Modern Architecture. “The core.”

Alpujarra administration center as is today and how it was planned in the MMP Source: Jota Samper and the CIAM 8

Years

59.815 70.547 79.146 120.044 168.266 358.189 772.887 1.077.252 1.468.089 1.630.009 2.223.078

2.500.000

2.000.000

1.500.000

1.000.000

500.000

0 1905 1912 1918 1928 1938 1951 1964 1973 1985 1993 2005

Medellín Population 1905-2005 Source: DANE

Non-Planning in Medellín History and Consequences

Line cable

Metrocable

Comuna 1 and 2 from 1950 and 1990 Showing current locations of MetroCable source: PUI Nororiental EDU.

50s

Line cable

Metrocable

90s

Comuna 1 and 2 from 1950 and 1990 Showing current locations of MetroCable source: PUI Nororiental EDU.

Villa de Socorro Before (as plan ) and today Comuna 1. Source: Urban Dwelling Environments and Area Google Earth 2010

“Medellin, la Cuidad Mas Educada” Medellin the most educated: the

policy interventions

AUC % FARK, ELN, others %

Colombia 31.637 16.238Antioquia 8.727 28%Medellín 4.320 13% 851 5%

DDR and Amnesty (De-mobilization in Colombia)Table 1 National policy on reinsertion source: Alcaldia de Medellín[1]

SEGURIDAD Y CONVIVENCIA (Peaceful Coexistence and Citizen Security) Process of Demobilization, Disarmament and Re-integration (DDR)

Policies underlying the “transformation of Medellin”

•Process of Demobilization, Disarmament and Re integration (DDR)

•Participative Budget

•Banco de los Pobres (bank of the poor)

•Indice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) Indice de Calidad de Vida (ICV).

•Urbanismo Social

•EDU Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano Medellín (Enterprise Of Urban Development -EDU-,)

“Medellín, la cuidad más educada” Physical Transformations

• Parques bibliotecas Library Parks

• Colegios de calidad Quality Schools. And schools repositions.

• New Police Stations Centro de Atencion Inmediata CAI (Center of Immediate Attention CAI)

• The CEDEZOs Centros de Desarrollo Empresarial Zonal Local (Center for Enterprise Development).

• Proyecto Urbano Integral PUI (Integral Urban Project)

PARQUES BIBLIOTECAS LIBRARY PARKS

COLEGIOS DE CALIDAD QUALITY SCHOOLS. AND SCHOOLS REPOSITIONS

Location of 143 reformed Schools over the ICV index. Source: Alcaldia de Medellín

Quality School San Antonio de Prado Source: EDU

NEW POLICE STATIONS CENTRO DE ATENCION INMEDIATA CAI (CENTER OF IMMEDIATE ATTENTION CAI)

New police CAI and police Stations over the ICV index. Source: Alcaldia de Medellín

THE CEDEZOS CENTROS DE DESARROLLO EMPRESARIAL ZONAL LOCAL (CENTER FOR ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT).

CEDEZOs over the ICV index. Source: Alcaldia de Medellín

PROYECTO URBANO INTEGRAL PUI (INTEGRAL URBAN PROJECT PUI)

CEDEZOs over the ICV index. Source: Alcaldia de Medellín

PUI components• Inter- Institutional coordination.• Social component of community participation• Physical component this includes public space,

environmental recovery, housing and transportation.

Inter- Institutional coordination

Social component of community participation

Physical component this includes public space, environmental recovery, housing and transportation.

Implementation

Design Execution Operation

Stage1 Stage2 Stage3 Stage4 Stage5 Stage6 Stage7 Stage8 Stage9 Stage10Survey Selection of

pojectsSchematicdesign

DesingDevelopment

Bid Contracting Construction Planning Preparation Delivery

PLANNIING

GESTION

Diagnostic Formulation

Figure 20 Time line PUI project from Design to Operation source: EDU

Park

Public ligthing

Railings

Retaining walls and sidewalk

Road paving

Comunity developed projects

Other impruvement projects

Landscape

Secretaria Public Works

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín

BarrioVilla del Socorro

Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla

Barrio Santo Domingo 2

Barrio La Avanzada

Barrio La Esperanza 2

Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49

Est. Sto. DomingoBarrio Santo Domingo 2

Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

Quality Schools

Public Schools

School remodel.

School remodel (with EPM funds)

IE

Secretaria Education

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49IEIE

IEIE

IE

IE

IEIE

IE

IE IE

IEIE

IE

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE IE

IEIEIE

IE

IEIE

IE

IE

IE

Barrio La Franca

Barrio La Isla

Population cover by goverment subsidies179,500 subcidies

Famlity and comunity healt

Healt Programs at schools

Sex education at scholls

New hospital

Secretaria Health

Population not cover but afiliated80,000 individuals

Maltrato físico: 489 families treatedRiesgo nutricional: 1284 children atentedSalud Oral: 6493 familes treated

11,955 families – 52,217 individuals

1800 students

Salud Oral: 11887. individuals

Salud visual: 13,000 students treatedSalud Auditiva: 11,800 students treatedNutrición: 11,000Unidad Hospitalaria Santa Cruz

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

Infant protection

Program BUEN COMIENZO – BUEN VIVIR

School Restaurant

Food Provision

Food for Seniors

Unit for criminal youth

Unit for Homeless youth

Program Homeless POR UNA VIDA MAS DIGNA

Unit for Displaced population

Unit fro senior homeless

Unit for attention to the Senior population

Senior housing

PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL AL ADULTO MAYOR

Center for senior homeless

Atention to disable population

Secretaria Social Welfare

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

Program of follow up with DDR Members

Surveillance, control and training for the use of public space

Assistance for population affected by Human Rights violations

G

G

Secretaria Goverment

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Program of comunity self regulation

Program MEDELLÍN CIUDAD MULTICULTURAL

Cultural Program MEDELLÍN UN GRAN ESCENARIO

Program of Libraries and colection of cultural history

Preogram for youth MEDELLÍN CIUDAD JOVEN

Gender equality Program

Participative Budget

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Secretaria Citizen Culture

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

CC

C

C

C

C

C

C

CC

C

CC

CC

CC

CC

CCC

C

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

C

C

C

C

C C

C

C

CC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

CC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Daycare facilities LUDOTEKAS

Recreation

Sport schools

Program adopt a park

Aerobics

Program CLUBES DE VIDA

INDER (Recreation)

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río Medellín


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular


Barrio La Avanzada


Cerro Santo Domingo

Barrio La Avanzada

Est. Sto. Domingo

Est. Popular

Est. Andalucía

Est. Acevedo

Río MedellínBarrio Santa Cruz


Barrio Moscú 1

Barrio La Francia

Barrio La Isla



Cerro Santo Domingo

CRA. 46

CRA. 49

Metro Line AMetro Cable line K

Street Improvement Urban Roads type A

Street Improvement Urban Roads type B

Continuity of urban Roads

Connections between neighborhoods Street Improvements Neighborhood RoadsNew and improve Pedestrian Roads

New Bridge (pedestrian and Cars)

New Bridge (Pedestrian)New Sector ParkNew Park along river

New Neighborhood ParkNew Small Park (mirador)

Resettlement plan (Housing)New park terracesNew Mixed use buildings

Improvement o public buildings

New public Buildings

Improvement Neighborhood center

New Neighborhood center

Expansion

Public Space and movility

Public Buildings

Housing

General Projects

Evaluating the intervention, “Medellin, la ciudad mas educada”

Infrastructure as SecurityRoutine enforcement of security on the streets in Medellín. Source El Universo

PROJECTS CHANGING THE PERCEPTION OF SECURITY THROUGH DESIGN

Think about the kid who went to that school, and who now goes to this one. Think about her mother who left her in that school and today leaves her in this one. Think about the teacher who taught there and now does so on the best chalkboard that the city can offer. Think about the community… we arrive and we eliminate violence … the man on the street he does not go there [to urinate] anymore. And inside we have a traditional project of improving the quality of education. But the quality of education starts with the dignity of the space.

Sergio Fajardo

Tourist maps of Medellín before and after the interventions in red is the comuna 1 and 2 with the metro cable and the Parque BibliotecaEspaña mark Source: www.medellininfo.com and Alcaldia de Medellin

Medellin Case as a “Best Practice”

Concluding lessons

• Participation of the community in the process of transformation of their environment and as a way to create sustainable partnerships and participative planning.

• Legitimization of the community which removes the illegal conditions of the environment in which the inhabitants lived and also removes the repercussions of how this illegal status modifies the way community members are perceived by the broad community (City and Nation) as illegal and thereby criminals.

• Institutional and Project Coordination between the different organizations that operate in the territory. These organizations should be a combination governmental and non- governmental. Their actions need to be a collective effort throughout the territory in a concise time frame such as three to five years.

Concluding lessons • Security Strategy involves negotiations with all actors who are harmful to the

community security to create momentum for the possibility of the introduction of a different kind of security force through the use of new physical infrastructures. This is a passive strategy because of its focus on negotiation and invitation from the community to obtain higher levels of security not just provided outside the community from the state, but with state police sources within the community itself.

• Presence of the State uses the new projects to introduce a permanent presence of the non-oppressive branches of the state. This is an attempt to close the gap between the state and the community that leave spaces for armed actors to challenge state authority in the territory.

• Design as an Agent of Social Change is a tool that makes all interventions visible and effective. It is the motor that changes the perceptions of the larger community about the inhabitants of the marginalized communities where the projects are placed and it is the tool that guarantees community improvement through providing of a higher quality environment.

Jota Samper

urban transformation on informal settlements in cities in conflict wide screen lasa

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