URBAN ROADSURBAN ROADS

Scope of Urban RoadsScope of Urban Roads

• Urban/Suburban Road Segments continuous permanent development along all or almost of its length, on at least one side of the road. Population at least 100.000

• Interurban Road Segments without continuous development on either side, such as restaurants, factories, or villages.

Scope of Urban RoadsScope of Urban Roads

• Urban Road Types– Two-lane two-way roads (2/2 UD)– Four-lane two-way roads

• Undivided (i.e. no median) (4/2 UD)• Divided (i.e. with median) (4/2 D)

– Six-lane two-way divide roads (6/2 D)– One-way roads (1-3/1)

Scope of Urban RoadsScope of Urban Roads

• Conditions:

• Flat or essentially flat alignment

• Straight or essentially straight horizontal alignment

• On segments of roads which are not affected by queuing caused by intersections, nor by severe platooning downstream form signalised intersections

Scope of Urban RoadsScope of Urban Roads

• Road Segments:

• Between and unaffected by signalised or major unsignalised intersections, and

• Having similar characteristics along its length.

Objective of Urban RoadsObjective of Urban Roads

• Design of urban roads should be selected with the aim to ensure that degree of saturation does not exceed an acceptable value (normally 0,75)

Traffic Safety ConsiderationsTraffic Safety Considerations

• Widening of the lane decreases the accident rates between 2-15% per meter widening (the high number refers to narrow roads).

• Widening and improvement of shoulder surface conditions improves traffic safety, although to a smaller degree than lane widening

Traffic Safety ConsiderationsTraffic Safety Considerations

• A median reduces the accident rate with 30%

• Median barriers (used when the space is insufficient to make a full median) reduce fatal and severe injury accidents with 10-30%, but increase damage only accidents.

Urban Roads Performance IndicatorUrban Roads Performance Indicator

• Degree of Saturation (≤ 0,75)

• Level of Service (A – F)

• Average Speed

• Travel Time

Level of Service Level of Service Based on Average SpeedBased on Average Speed

Kelas Arteri I II III

Kecepatan (km/jam)

72 - 56 56 - 48 56 – 40

LOS Kecepatan Rata-rata (km/jam)

A ≥ 56 ≥ 48 ≥ 40

B ≥ 45 ≥ 38 ≥ 31

C ≥ 35 ≥ 29 ≥ 21

D ≥ 28 ≥ 23 ≥ 15

E ≥ 21 ≥ 16 ≥ 11

F 21 16 11

STEP A-1: General DataSTEP A-1: General Data

• Date (day, month, year) and Handled by• Province• City name• City size (number of inhabitants)• Link number/road name• Segment between … or …• Segment code• Area type (COM, RES, RA/Frontage Road)• Length of segments• Road type (4/2 D, 4/2 UD, 2/2 UD, 2/1)• Time period• Case number

STEP A-2: Geometric ConditionsSTEP A-2: Geometric Conditions

• Compass arrow showing North• Km-posts• Sketch of the horizontal alignment• Arrows identifying Direction 1 (North or East-

bound) and Direction 2 (South or West-bound)• Names of the places• Major buildings• Intersections and entries/exits• Pavement markings

STEP A-3: Traffic ConditionsSTEP A-3: Traffic Conditions

Default values for traffic composition

City size LV% HV% MC%

0,1 M.Inh 45 10 45

0,1 – 0,5 M.Inh 45 10 45

0,5 – 1,0 M.Inh 53 9 38

1,0 – 3,0 M.Inh 60 8 32

3,0 M.Inh 69 7 24

STEP A-3: Traffic ConditionsSTEP A-3: Traffic Conditions

Road type: Undivided roads

Traffic flow total both directions (veh/h)

pce

HV

MC

Carriageway width Wc (m)

6 > 6

Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

0 – <1.800 1,3 0,50 0,40

1.800 1,2 0,35 0,25

Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

0 – <3.700 1,3 0,40

3.700 1,2 0,25

STEP A-3: Traffic ConditionsSTEP A-3: Traffic Conditions

Road types: One-way roads and Divided roads

Traffic flow per lane (veh/h)

pce

HV MC

Two-lane one-way (2/1) and Four lane divided (4/2 D)

0 – <1.050 1,3 0,40

1.050 1,2 0,25

Three-lane one-way (3/1)

and Six-lane divided (6/2 D)

0 – < 1.100

1,3 0,40

1.100 1,2 0,25

STEP A-4: Side FrictionSTEP A-4: Side Friction

• Number of pedestrians passing along or crossing the road segment (0,5) /h,200m

• Number of stopping vehicles and parking maneuvers (1,0) /h,200m

• Number of motor vehicle entries and exists to/from roadside properties and side roads (0,7) /h,200m

• Flow of slow-moving vehicles (bicycles, tricycles, horse-charts, oxcarts, tractors, etc. (0,4) /h

Road Side FrictionRoad Side Friction

Road Side FrictionRoad Side Friction

Road Side FrictionRoad Side Friction

Road Side FrictionRoad Side Friction

STEP A-4: Side FrictionSTEP A-4: Side FrictionSide friction class

CodeWeighted number of events per 200 m per hour (both sides)

Typical conditions

Very low VL < 100 RES, frontage road

Low L 100 – 299RES, public transport

Medium M 300 – 499Industrial are + roadside shops

High H 500 – 899COM + high roadside activity

Very High VH ≥ 900COM with roadside market activities

STEP B-1: Analysis STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speedof Free-flow Speed

• FV free-flow speed for LV at actual conditions (kph)

• FV0 Base free-flow speed for light vehicles (kph)

• FVW Adjustment for effective carriageway width (km/h)

• FFVSF Adjustment factor for side friction conditions

• FFVCS Adjustment factor for city size

CSSFW FFVFFVFVFVFV 0

STEP B-1: Analysis STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speedof Free-flow Speed

Road typeBase free-flow speed FV0 (kph)

LV HV MC All (mean)

Six-lane divided (6/2 D) or Three-lane one-way (3/1) 61 52 48 57

Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or Two-lane one-way (2/1) 57 50 47 55

Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) 53 46 43 51

Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) 44 40 40 42

STEP B-2: STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVFVWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1][Table B-2:1]

• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road• FVW = 8 WC – 28

• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)• FVW = 8 WC – 28

• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)• FVW = -0,0285 WC 6 + 1,3687 WC 5 - 27,066 WC 4

+ 281,74 WC 3 -1628,4 WC 2 + 4959,4 WC - 6230

STEP B-2: STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVFVWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1][Table B-2:1]

• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road, and Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00

Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]

FV

w [

km

/h]

STEP B-2: STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVFVWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table B-2:1][Table B-2:1]

• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

-10.0

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00

Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]

FV

w [

km/h

]

STEP B-3: STEP B-3: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFVFactor FFVSFSF for Side Friction for Side Friction

• Road with shoulders• Table B-3:1

• Road with kerbs• Table B-3:2

• Adjustment factor FFVSF for six-lane roads• FFV6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FFV4SF)

Roads with ShouldersRoads with Shoulders

Roads with KerbsRoads with Kerbs

STEP B-4: STEP B-4: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFVFactor FFVCSCS for City Size for City Size

City Size Inhab. (M) FFVCS

Very Small 0,1 0,90

Small 0,1 - 0,5 0,93

Medium 0,5 - 1,0 0,95

Large 1,0 - 3,0 1,00

Very Large 3,0 1,03

STEP B-5: STEP B-5: Determination of Free-flow Determination of Free-flow Speed for Actual ConditionsSpeed for Actual Conditions

• Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV)• FV = (FV0 + FVW) x FFVSF x FFVCS

• Free-flow speed for other vehicle types• FFV = FV0 – FV• FVHV = FVHV0 – FFV x FVHV0/FV0

• FVHV0 Table B-1:1

STEP C-1: Base CapacitySTEP C-1: Base Capacity

Road TypeBase Capacity

(pcu/h)Comment

Four-lane divided 4/2 D or One-way

road 1-3/11.650 Per lane

Four-lane undivided 4/2 UD

1.500 Per lane

Two-lane undivided 2/2 UD

2.900Total in both directions

STEP C-2: STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFCWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1][Table C-2:1]

• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road• FCW = 6,25 WC – 2,75

• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)• FCW = 5,424528 WC – 1,92453

• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)• FCW = -12.424 WC 6 + 76.838 WC 5 – 195.332 WC 4

+ 260.873WC 3 -192.689WC 2 + 74.455WC – 11.715

STEP C-2: STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFCWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1][Table C-2:1]

• Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.00

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00

Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]

FC

w

STEP C-2: STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFCWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1][Table C-2:1]

• Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.00

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00

Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]

FC

w

STEP C-2: STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFCWW for Carriageway Width for Carriageway Width [Table C-2:1][Table C-2:1]

• Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

0.56

0.61

0.66

0.71

0.76

0.81

0.86

0.91

0.96

1.01

1.06

1.11

1.16

1.21

1.26

1.31

5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00

Effective Carriageway Width (We) [m]

FC

w

STEP C-3: STEP C-3: Capacity Adjustment Factor Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFCSPSP for Directional Split for Directional Split

Directional split SP %-%

50-50 55-45 60-40 65-35 70-30

FCSP

Two-lane 2/2

1,00 0,97 0,94 0,91 0,88

Four-lane 4/2

1,00 0,985 0,97 0,955 0,94

STEP C-4: Capacity AdjustmentSTEP C-4: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCFactor FCSFSF for Side Friction for Side Friction

• Road with shoulders• Table C-4:1

• Road with kerbs• Table C-4:2

• Adjustment factor FCSF for six-lane roads• FC6SF = 1 - 0,8 x (1 - FC4SF)

STEP C-5: Capacity STEP C-5: Capacity Adjustment Factor Adjustment Factor FCFCCSCS for City Size for City Size

City Size Inhab. (M) FFVCS

Very Small 0,1 0,86

Small 0,1 - 0,5 0,90

Medium 0,5 - 1,0 0,94

Large 1,0 - 3,0 1,00

Very Large > 3,0 1,04

STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Actual Conditionfor Actual Condition

• C Capacity (pcu/h)• C0 Base capacity (pcu/h)• FCW Adjustment factor for carriageway width• FCSP Adjustment factor for directional split• FCSF Adjustment factor for side friction• FCCS Adjustment factor for city size

CSSFSPW FCFCFCFCCC 0

STEP D-1: Degree of SaturationSTEP D-1: Degree of Saturation

• Q Traffic flow (pcu/h)• Q UR-2 (column 10 row 5 for undivided road)• Q UR-2 (column 10 row 3 & 4 for each

direction of travel on divided road)

• C Capacity (pcu/h)• C UR-3 (column 16)

CQDS /

STEP D-2: Speed and Travel TimeSTEP D-2: Speed and Travel Time

• Determine the speed at actual traffic• Figure D-2:1 (two-lane undivided roads)• Figure D-2:2 (multi-lane and one-way roads)

• Enter segment length (km) in column 24 UR-3

• Calculate average travel time (hour) for Light Vehicle

LVVLTT /

STEP D-3: Evaluation of Traffic STEP D-3: Evaluation of Traffic PerformancePerformance

• If DS > 0,75 revise calculations

QUIZQUIZ

2,50 10,50

0,50 0,50

2,5010,50

LV HV MC1 2,575 235 3,2592 2,625 245 3,131

Pedestrian = 101/hParking, stopping vehicle = 35/hEntry + exit vehicle = 17/hSlow-moving vehicle = 29/h

Traffic Volume (veh/h)Direction