urban renewal, conservation & regeneration of arabic cities policies adopted & lessons...

Urban Renewal, Urban Renewal, Conservation & Conservation & Regeneration of Regeneration of Arabic CitiesArabic Cities

Policies Adopted & Policies Adopted & Lessons GainedLessons Gained

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf

Introduction: Urban Introduction: Urban RenewalRenewal

Urban renewal means urban improvement; this covers a wide Urban renewal means urban improvement; this covers a wide range of activities such as slum clearance, modernization, repair range of activities such as slum clearance, modernization, repair and improvement of the environment by, for example, reducing the and improvement of the environment by, for example, reducing the general density in the built-up areas, improving social services and general density in the built-up areas, improving social services and institutions and renovating and preserving historic and institutions and renovating and preserving historic and architecturally valuable buildings and urban areas.architecturally valuable buildings and urban areas.

Urban renewal is directed at resolving a number of physical Urban renewal is directed at resolving a number of physical problems, such as upgrading of housing stock, physical layout, and problems, such as upgrading of housing stock, physical layout, and infrastructure to meet living standards.infrastructure to meet living standards.

Much emphasis is drawn on planning activities associated with Much emphasis is drawn on planning activities associated with renovation, rehabilitation, revitalization, and conservation of renovation, rehabilitation, revitalization, and conservation of existing city structures and of areas and buildings of a particular existing city structures and of areas and buildings of a particular architectural merit. Current urban renewal efforts are mostly architectural merit. Current urban renewal efforts are mostly renovation and modernization projects, which allow specific renovation and modernization projects, which allow specific requirements to be met.requirements to be met.


Policies Adopted in Urban Policies Adopted in Urban RenewalRenewal

Policies are classified and categorised into the followings:Policies are classified and categorised into the followings:

Motherhood policies are only concerned with the more general Motherhood policies are only concerned with the more general objectives;objectives;

Encouragement policies that encourage applicants to meet Encouragement policies that encourage applicants to meet specified goals;specified goals;

Consideration policies that outline a range of factors for Consideration policies that outline a range of factors for applicants to be taken into account when preparing design, or applicants to be taken into account when preparing design, or which the planning authority will consider in evaluating a which the planning authority will consider in evaluating a proposal;proposal;

Criteria policies that outline a more specific set of factors for Criteria policies that outline a more specific set of factors for applicants to be taken into account and, more importantly, which applicants to be taken into account and, more importantly, which the planning authority will utilize in evaluating the application;the planning authority will utilize in evaluating the application;

Requirement policies that set out strictly what the local planning Requirement policies that set out strictly what the local planning authority’s requirements are in terms of design; andauthority’s requirements are in terms of design; and

Standards policies, which set a quantitative measure that is the Standards policies, which set a quantitative measure that is the normal, minimum, or maximum quantity or dimension that, would normal, minimum, or maximum quantity or dimension that, would be acceptablebe acceptable


THE CENTRAL AREATHE CENTRAL AREAOF MEDINA-AL- MUNAWARAOF MEDINA-AL- MUNAWARA

Problem situation The erosion process was accelerated The erosion process was accelerated

by further cuts into the historic fabric, by further cuts into the historic fabric, made in order to achieve better made in order to achieve better vehicular access and to build car vehicular access and to build car parks near to the Prophet's mosque.parks near to the Prophet's mosque.

It was fuelled by general neglect of It was fuelled by general neglect of the old city and by a partial burning the old city and by a partial burning and, subsequent, demolition of the and, subsequent, demolition of the historic districts adjacent to the holly historic districts adjacent to the holly mosque. Such a process reached its mosque. Such a process reached its first climax around 1980, when most first climax around 1980, when most of the old city core had disappeared in of the old city core had disappeared in order to allow for a temporary order to allow for a temporary mosque extension western of the mosque extension western of the existing building and providing large existing building and providing large car parks in the south.car parks in the south.


Objectives, Design Brief & Objectives, Design Brief & DecisionDecision

The objectivesThe objectives emphasise a comprehensive emphasise a comprehensive development strategy for the downtown, development strategy for the downtown, including a master plan for the “Cultural including a master plan for the “Cultural Area” around the Haram, covering the whole Area” around the Haram, covering the whole district of the former walled city in order to district of the former walled city in order to re-establish a coherent urban form within the re-establish a coherent urban form within the central area and to link the Haram extension central area and to link the Haram extension with the surrounding structures.with the surrounding structures.

During the planning process, it has been During the planning process, it has been realized that the ring road could serve to realized that the ring road could serve to intercept the radial traffic flows that tended intercept the radial traffic flows that tended to converge on the Prophet's Mosque. It to converge on the Prophet's Mosque. It would provide a means for protecting the would provide a means for protecting the Haram from traffic congestion. Haram from traffic congestion.

It would thus open new opportunities for the It would thus open new opportunities for the appropriate development of the most appropriate development of the most sensitive parts of the central area, preserving sensitive parts of the central area, preserving the integrity of the urban nucleus. the integrity of the urban nucleus.


Objectives, Design Brief Objectives, Design Brief & Decision& Decision By considering the size of the extension By considering the size of the extension

needed, it was clear that one of the major needed, it was clear that one of the major problems facing urban renewal of the new problems facing urban renewal of the new Haram area was one of scale: i.e. the problem Haram area was one of scale: i.e. the problem of how to relate the enormous volume of the of how to relate the enormous volume of the prayer spaces required in the surrounding prayer spaces required in the surrounding urban texture.urban texture.

The master plan suggested surrounding the The master plan suggested surrounding the Haram area with a specially treated Haram area with a specially treated pedestrian zone, which would cover large pedestrian zone, which would cover large parts of the central district. This protective parts of the central district. This protective envelope would be in turn surrounded by a envelope would be in turn surrounded by a zone with a limited vehicular access, covering zone with a limited vehicular access, covering the rest of the central area inside the first the rest of the central area inside the first ring road and forming a buffer zone around ring road and forming a buffer zone around the pedestrian urban nucleus.the pedestrian urban nucleus.

The new in-fill extension is structured by an The new in-fill extension is structured by an Islamic conference centre, a new pedestrian Islamic conference centre, a new pedestrian mall, an ablution facility, and a traditional mall, an ablution facility, and a traditional Qur’anic university.Qur’anic university.



Through-traffic would be discouraged by a specially designed circulation system consisting of self-contained loops and cul-de-sacs. The pedestrian routes were arranged in such a way that they passed through the ancillary buildings of the mosque, or they were designed as pleasant and attractive walkways with shading structures and attached gardens and commercial facilities.

Final proposals for a phased Haram extension has the aim to articulate building masses and open spaces in a way, which would relate them to the old Prophet's Mosque and reweave the fringe of the destroyed urban fabric. The dark tone indicates the proposed extent of the first phase, leaving options for two further extensions at a later stage.



The scheme presented an intention to clarify The scheme presented an intention to clarify the major conceptual principles, such as the major conceptual principles, such as distribution of volumes, relations between distribution of volumes, relations between solids and voids, and interaction of the Haram solids and voids, and interaction of the Haram extension with the surrounding urban fabric. extension with the surrounding urban fabric.

The extension is visualized in a rhythm The extension is visualized in a rhythm compatible with that of the present mosque compatible with that of the present mosque building providing for fair maximum distances building providing for fair maximum distances between structural columns in order to have between structural columns in order to have suitable proportions of arches and arcades. suitable proportions of arches and arcades.

The Haram extensions respect the visual The Haram extensions respect the visual coherence of street scene and create a coherence of street scene and create a successful visual relationship with buildings. successful visual relationship with buildings. The architectural style of the extensions The architectural style of the extensions considers scale, form, and character of the considers scale, form, and character of the historic context. Rehabilitation of the historic context. Rehabilitation of the pedestrian areas create an attractive pedestrian areas create an attractive sequence of interesting places, spaces and sequence of interesting places, spaces and views to provide a visual interest and aid views to provide a visual interest and aid legibility.legibility.


The Old City of CairoThe Old City of CairoThe Problem New industrial and business activities have New industrial and business activities have

invaded the old city changing its character. invaded the old city changing its character. The traditional pattern of craftsmen, The traditional pattern of craftsmen,

merchants and workers, is being rapidly merchants and workers, is being rapidly replaced by a new pattern of bulk storage replaced by a new pattern of bulk storage and manufacturing establishments that and manufacturing establishments that actually does not fit well into the old urban actually does not fit well into the old urban fabric. fabric.

The rising water table, combined with the The rising water table, combined with the serious lack of maintenance, particularly of serious lack of maintenance, particularly of the roofs, has led to rapid deterioration of the roofs, has led to rapid deterioration of the masonry and wooden roofs leading in the masonry and wooden roofs leading in some cases to the total collapse of buildings. some cases to the total collapse of buildings.

The scale of commercial activity encourages The scale of commercial activity encourages large vehicles for delivery purposes and has large vehicles for delivery purposes and has a negative impact on the structure of the a negative impact on the structure of the monuments. The number of vehicles, monuments. The number of vehicles, coupled with heavy pedestrian movement, coupled with heavy pedestrian movement, produces acute congestion at a number of produces acute congestion at a number of points.points.



The key The key objectives objectives of this scheme was to of this scheme was to deal with monuments’ restoration in deal with monuments’ restoration in order to control new development, to order to control new development, to rehabilitate and improve existing rehabilitate and improve existing structure, to introduce new compatible structure, to introduce new compatible functions for monuments, and to improve functions for monuments, and to improve and contribute to social life.and contribute to social life.

The The design briefdesign brief considers that AL-Azhar considers that AL-Azhar street must be maintained street must be maintained

Minimized congestion in the market and Minimized congestion in the market and within commercial areas may have to be within commercial areas may have to be taken into consideration as a self taken into consideration as a self regulating system.regulating system.

It should be envisaged that there is no It should be envisaged that there is no design of new road construction within design of new road construction within the area. Also, no further cross routes the area. Also, no further cross routes should strike through the area, nor should strike through the area, nor should any increased capacity to be should any increased capacity to be encouraged on the existing cross routes.encouraged on the existing cross routes.



Six clusters of monuments have been Six clusters of monuments have been selected to form the first phase of an selected to form the first phase of an emergency programme. emergency programme.

The The Conservation strategyConservation strategy includes: includes:– The index should be reviewed & the The index should be reviewed & the

existing procedures for indexed buildings existing procedures for indexed buildings should be strengthened;should be strengthened;

– Key monuments, buildings and Key monuments, buildings and landmarks, and their settings, throughout landmarks, and their settings, throughout the old city should be protected, restored the old city should be protected, restored and enhanced;and enhanced;

– Redevelopment of all other sites within Redevelopment of all other sites within the old city should be permitted up to plot the old city should be permitted up to plot boundaries and up to existing heights; boundaries and up to existing heights; andand

– The six conservation zones proposed here The six conservation zones proposed here should receive priority treatment over an should receive priority treatment over an emergency period of five years.emergency period of five years.



In particular, the role - which the public realm plays in each zone’s In particular, the role - which the public realm plays in each zone’s activities - was carefully considered within the area. Such spaces activities - was carefully considered within the area. Such spaces range from the pavement to a minor square. The clear composition range from the pavement to a minor square. The clear composition of spaces conveys a sense of enclosure, continuity and/or of spaces conveys a sense of enclosure, continuity and/or compactness.compactness.

Considering the surface treatment of the public realm is essential Considering the surface treatment of the public realm is essential in terms of colour, texture, and materials. The relation of buildings in terms of colour, texture, and materials. The relation of buildings to each other and to the surrounding spaces was also an important to each other and to the surrounding spaces was also an important factor. In the case of a focal space, the paving surface is more factor. In the case of a focal space, the paving surface is more significant.significant.

Priority was given to upgrading internal conditions of the buildings Priority was given to upgrading internal conditions of the buildings in each zone by developing a strategy for the relief of overcrowding in each zone by developing a strategy for the relief of overcrowding and for the improvement of sanitary facilities and by giving and for the improvement of sanitary facilities and by giving encouragement, advice and financial assistance to inhabitants. encouragement, advice and financial assistance to inhabitants.

Improvements to the quality of external environment included the Improvements to the quality of external environment included the upgrading of the water supply/sanitation, refuse disposal and street upgrading of the water supply/sanitation, refuse disposal and street cleaning services, and the provision of social facilities within each cleaning services, and the provision of social facilities within each zone.zone.


Conservation of Conservation of BaghdadBaghdad In Rusafa area, two major interventions were In Rusafa area, two major interventions were

planned (1980-1982). The first project on planned (1980-1982). The first project on Khulafa Street undertaken for development Khulafa Street undertaken for development extended into the old city with large 12 –floor-extended into the old city with large 12 –floor-mega-structures.mega-structures.

The second project was to redevelop the Bab The second project was to redevelop the Bab al-Sheikh spine, perpendicular to the river and al-Sheikh spine, perpendicular to the river and to Khulafa Street. It creates new housing to Khulafa Street. It creates new housing typologies relating to traditional models and is typologies relating to traditional models and is adapted to local climate & culture by adapted to local climate & culture by introducing protected private open spaces in introducing protected private open spaces in the form of enclosed terraces.the form of enclosed terraces.

Major urban patterns have had to be destroyed Major urban patterns have had to be destroyed smoothing redevelopment without any smoothing redevelopment without any overarching concept that could establish a overarching concept that could establish a relation between new structures and the relation between new structures and the existing urban fabric. By the contrast, Khulafa existing urban fabric. By the contrast, Khulafa Street project completely ignored the existence Street project completely ignored the existence of historic urban structures.of historic urban structures.


Objectives, Design & Objectives, Design & BriefBrief

The following basic principles of the new The following basic principles of the new master plan were outlined:master plan were outlined:

Establish compatibility between the Establish compatibility between the activities of the Central Business District activities of the Central Business District (CBD) and the physical environment of the (CBD) and the physical environment of the historic urban fabric.historic urban fabric.

Rehabilitate the old residential quarters in Rehabilitate the old residential quarters in order to improve their physical structures, order to improve their physical structures, and to enhance their amenities and and to enhance their amenities and environmental qualities.environmental qualities.

Considering industrial activities on the Considering industrial activities on the north-eastern edge of Rusafa.north-eastern edge of Rusafa.

Develop and enhance a number of major Develop and enhance a number of major pedestrian spines throughout the Rusafa pedestrian spines throughout the Rusafa area, in order to improve the coherence area, in order to improve the coherence between the historic and the modern between the historic and the modern sectorssectors



The key task was to establish a harmony The key task was to establish a harmony with the existing urban system but, equally, with the existing urban system but, equally, to retain its urban features. As such, to retain its urban features. As such, conservation had to be conceived as an conservation had to be conceived as an interactive approach within a well-balanced interactive approach within a well-balanced overall strategy. overall strategy.

The The briefbrief encouraged the transfer of all encouraged the transfer of all heavy industrial activities to a new heavy industrial activities to a new industrial zone - located on the periphery of industrial zone - located on the periphery of Baghdad - widening network and smoothing Baghdad - widening network and smoothing redevelopment of the adjacent strips. redevelopment of the adjacent strips.

The widened Sheikh Omar road would form The widened Sheikh Omar road would form a high-capacity high way around the a high-capacity high way around the historic area to both divert and absorb the historic area to both divert and absorb the existing traffic congestion. Along this belt, a existing traffic congestion. Along this belt, a number of interchange nodes with multi-number of interchange nodes with multi-storey car parks, bus stations, taxi ranks, storey car parks, bus stations, taxi ranks, and commercial facilities would be and commercial facilities would be allocated in order to encourage car-free allocated in order to encourage car-free zone strategy.zone strategy.



To control development in designated To control development in designated conservation area, a manual proposing specific conservation area, a manual proposing specific design criteria for dealing with the various design criteria for dealing with the various types of buildings occurring within the historic types of buildings occurring within the historic fabric was developed. fabric was developed.

It covered a broad range of interventions from It covered a broad range of interventions from restoration to rehabilitation, including restoration to rehabilitation, including substitution of ruins with new adapted substitution of ruins with new adapted structures. Being based on the original plot-by-structures. Being based on the original plot-by-plot typological survey, the manual provided a plot typological survey, the manual provided a matrix defining the appropriate type of matrix defining the appropriate type of intervention for each building, taking its intervention for each building, taking its historic value and physical condition into historic value and physical condition into consideration.consideration.

The conservation plan of the historic fabric The conservation plan of the historic fabric was based on a detailed assessment of each was based on a detailed assessment of each island. It indicates plot-by-plot proposed island. It indicates plot-by-plot proposed intervention measures, such as conservation of intervention measures, such as conservation of traditional houses, substitution by topologically traditional houses, substitution by topologically related new units, re-use of open spaces, related new units, re-use of open spaces, ruined and/or vacant plots for communal ruined and/or vacant plots for communal facilities.facilities.


Summary: Urban Renewal of Summary: Urban Renewal of Arabic CitiesArabic Cities

Rehabilitation of historic buildings is considered as a key to enhance Rehabilitation of historic buildings is considered as a key to enhance the visual quality of Arabic cities and is an attempt to keep social the visual quality of Arabic cities and is an attempt to keep social values alive.values alive.

Create a continuous and coherent urban form between new and old.Create a continuous and coherent urban form between new and old. Consider the size of the extension by adopted the idea of articulating Consider the size of the extension by adopted the idea of articulating

the huge mass into a number of interconnected units forming a the huge mass into a number of interconnected units forming a complex architectural fabric, which relates to the scale of the existing complex architectural fabric, which relates to the scale of the existing building.building.

Re-establish a coherent urban form in the central area and link the Re-establish a coherent urban form in the central area and link the extension with the surrounding structures.extension with the surrounding structures.

Integrate of the extension with associated functions and its Integrate of the extension with associated functions and its surrounding.surrounding.

Consideration of the surface treatment of streets and spaces are Consideration of the surface treatment of streets and spaces are necessary in terms of colour, texture, and materials.necessary in terms of colour, texture, and materials.

Relating buildings to each other and to the surrounding spaces is an Relating buildings to each other and to the surrounding spaces is an important factor.important factor.

Emphasise the existing street facade to maintain continuity going.Emphasise the existing street facade to maintain continuity going. Paving surfaces is important to evolve a discipline for sympathetic Paving surfaces is important to evolve a discipline for sympathetic

design achieving high architectural standards.design achieving high architectural standards.

urban renewal, conservation & regeneration of arabic cities policies adopted & lessons...

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