urban regional identity and traits: delhi and its peripheral region
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Urban Regional Identity and Traits: Delhi and its Peripheral Region. Debnath Mookherjee* Manie (H.S.) Geyer** Eugene Hoerauf * IGU Urban Geography Commission Canterbury UK Christ Church University August 14-20, 2011 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Urban Regional Identity and Traits: Delhi and its Peripheral Region
Debnath Mookherjee* Manie (H.S.) Geyer**
Eugene Hoerauf*
IGU Urban Geography CommissionCanterbury UK
Christ Church UniversityAugust 14-20, 2011
*Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA ** Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Conceptual Background
• Core/Periphery – The Semantics of Peripheral Relevance
• Dimensions –Spatial / Aspatial• The Centricity Continuum – From Monocentric to
Polycentric• Agreements & Ambiguities – Scale, Definition,
Disciplinary Approaches, Measurements
References: Potter (2001), Copus (2001), Geyer (2006)
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Agreements & Ambiguities
• Broad Consensus (Developed Countries)-- The ‘Demise’ of Monocentricity-- Decentralization of Economic Activities-- Implications of Changes in the ‘Demographic
Regime’-- Mono/Polycentricity – A Continuum, Not an ‘Either /Or’-- Morphological & Functional Dimensions
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Agreements & Ambiguities (Cont.)
• Ambiguities –‘No Real Consensus,’ e.g.,-- Definitions of Polycentricity, ‘What it Really Means’-- Scales -- Polycentric Forms (PUR, City Regions)-- Measurement Criteria, Variables
References: Davoudi (2003), Kloosterman and Musterd (2001), Champion (2001), Meijers and Burger (2010)
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Polycentric Urban Regions (PURs)
• Distinctive Spatial Structure: PUR
-- Clustering of Centers-- Size, Spacing, and Size Distribution-- Center-Specialization-- Multi-Centered Metro Areas-- Uniform Homogeneous Regions
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Polycentric Urban Regions (PURs)• Study Approaches/ Orientations
--Functional/ Relational and Morphological-- Scalar Variations – Meso, Macro, Mega
Inter and Intra-Regional Perspectives• Dimensions/ Characteristics
-- Physical Forms, Political Entity, Functional Relationships, Historical/ Cultural Identity
References: Par (2004), Green (2007), Veneri & Burgalassi (2010), Davoudi (2002)
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Polycentric Urban Regions (PURs) (cont.)
-- Urban System – Conforms Broadly to the Central Place Model-- Particular Form of Nodal Region-- Bi-Nodal City-Region
• General Agreement: Studies are More or Less Context Specific.
Reference: Par (2004), Turok & Bailey (2004), Dick & Rimmer (1998), Davoudi (2002)
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Important Reminders for Us
• Most Research, Conceptualizations, and Debates are in the Context of Developed Countries
• Research is Lagging far behind in Context of the Developing World
• Context-Specific Empirical Research is Needed for Academic & Policy Purposes
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An Empirical Observation: The Case of NCR in India
• The Delhi core (NCT) grew dramatically during the past five decades .
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Decadal Growth Rates of Top Metropolitan Agglomerations & the Delhi Core, 1951-2001
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A Regional Planning Approach
• Concerns over Delhi’s Urban Growth and Spatial Impact Prompted Action
• National Commission on Urbanization (NCOU), 1988
• National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB), 1985
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The Constituent Areas of the NCR
• Following an act of Parliament in 1985, a National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) was set up
• The NCR was delineated across parts of three adjacent states, Rajasthan, UP, and
Haryana
• The states voluntarily agreed to surrender their constitutional rights in favor of the Board
for planning development of NCR… (NCRPB, 2000, p.xix)
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The NCR Policy Zones• Three concentric policy zones were formed
with the intent of development of urban centers outside of the NCT-Delhi in a polycentric fashion.
-- NCT-Delhi (1483 sq. km)-- Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) excluding the NCT-Delhi (1697 sq. km)-- The rest of the NCR (27,063 sq km).-- Also, a ‘Highway Corridor Zone’, and a ‘Central National Capital Region’ (CNCR) based on the former Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA), were identified.
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National Capital Region: Policy Zones
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Planning Objectives
• Halting the Concentration in Delhi• Redistribution of Population and Activities within
the NCR• Avoidance of “Amorphous Blobs on the
Landscape”• Postulate: Future Settlements would Emerge in
PUR forms
References: NCOU Report (1988), NCRPB Report (1985)
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Research Focus • Primary Research Focus in Literature:
Resources, Management, Directions of Growth, Carrying Capacity, Infra-Structural Stress
• Focus of Our Study: To Observe the Settlement Patterns in the Peripheral Region of the NCR from the Perspective of some Morphological Elements of Polycentric Development as a Baseline Prior to the 2011 Census Reports.
References: Ahmed & Choi (2011), Bhandari et al (2007), Jain et al (2011), Banerjee (1996), Mookherjee & Geyer (2011)
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Research Focus (Contd.)• Study Design:
-- The Spatial Entity: The National Capital Region (Core and Periphery)-- The Data Set: Census data—Demographic (Population), Economic (Workers), Spatial (Distance from the Core)-- Urban Settlements: Centers of 20,000 and Over Population Size-- Descriptive Statistics: Core-Periphery Differentials of Population and Occupational Growth Rates, Size and Distance Patterns
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Growth Rates Main Workers: Delhi Core and Peripheral Centers, 1991-2001
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Growth Rates Other Workers: Delhi Core and Peripheral Centers, 1991-2001
Loni
(NP)
Behta
Hajipu
r (CT)
Bhiwad
i (CT)
Ghazia
bad (
M Corp
.)
Bahad
urgarh
(M C
l )
Noida (
CT)
Dadri (
MB)
Farida
bad (
M Corp
.)
Palwal
(M C
l )
Sohna
(MC)
Muradn
agar
(MB)
Samalk
ha (M
C)
Hodal
(MC)
Sonipa
t (M C
l)
Gohan
a (MC)
Delhi C
ore (N
CTD)0
50
100
150
200
250
Chart Title
Other Workers
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Growth Rates Household Workers: Delhi Core and Peripheral Centers, 1991-2001
Loni
(NP)
Behta
Hajipu
r (CT)
Bhiwad
i (CT)
Ghazia
bad (
M Corp
.)
Bahad
urgarh
(M C
l )
Noida (
CT)
Dadri (
MB)
Farida
bad (
M Corp
.)
Palwal
(M C
l )
Sohna
(MC)
Muradn
agar
(MB)
Samalk
ha (M
C)
Hodal
(MC)
Sonipa
t (M C
l)
Gohan
a (MC)
Delhi C
ore (N
CTD)0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Chart Title
Household Workers
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Findings• Cities and Towns were concentrated within the
40 km contour line from the NCT-Delhi core
• About one-third of Urban Centers (n=51) with growth rates exceeding Delhi core growth were located within the 20 km contour line.
• Six of these Centers appear to form a Node around Ghaziabad – a large city of nearly one million population
• Distribution of the centers also varied per the state’s developmental status.
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Findings (contd.)• Majority of the cities and towns in UP grew at a
very moderate pace; some showed negative growth.
• A cluster of six centers with Ghaziabad as the node in the east appear to be emerging.
• An elongated corridor-like zone of four centers extending northward from Sonipat is
noticeable. • These zones may evolve into some forms of
polycentric urban regions.
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Concluding Remarks• We have to remember that this has been a glimpse
backward at the settlement status a decade ago. Only the new census data can offer us current information.
• Our observations clearly point to a trend in spatial development in the NCR at the peripheral region
of Delhi.• The trend: a predominantly higher growth rates of
population and workers at the immediate periphery of Delhi that far surpassed the growth rates of the core.
• However, such a trend, while encouraging, is not impressive.
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Concluding Remarks (Contd.)• We further detected a possible shaping of future spatial
forms in the distribution of urban centers—a ‘node’ in the east and a ‘corridor’ in the north-west.
• These are among the rapidly growing centers that may be the ‘incubators’ of regional growth in the future
• Above patterns may result partly from NCR policies
• It can also be argued that in view of the wide diversity within the NCR and the influence of the Delhi core, such a trend could be inevitable and may have emerged independently.
• Answers to such queries must await new data.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank ~
• Stephan Freelan, GIS Specialist, WWU, for drawing some of the illustrations; and,
• Jonah White, Graduate Student at WWU, for initial compilation of some Census data.