urban miracle

7/27/2019 Urban Miracle

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nahoum cohen

architect & town planner

an urban miracle

geddes @ tel aviv

the single success of modern planning

editor: thom rofedesigned by the author

www.nahoumcohen.wordpress.comall rights reserved by the author

written and published by the kindassistance ot the tel aviv municipality

note: the complete book will be sent in pdf form

on demand by email to - n. cohen : [email protected]


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nahoum cohen

&

an urban miraclegeddes @ tel aviv


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part two

the setting 34

part three

the plan 67

table of contents

part one

introduction 11


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part five

the future 195

addenda

geddes@tel aviv

part four

the present 143


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5

i vg r f prs, lus nss Ch

dsg h auhrPr isr


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introduction & foreword


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7

f

t . f, t a, , . t a j

, , of human achievement: social, cultural, nancial, etc. This intensity is promoted , sp g, s, . t j , x

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cast. Whatever name is assigned to the plan (and we nd Geddes' name to be as ) q , , , .

t 20 , , up . t g p, t a , . i u,

3000 . t

. t g 5%

t a, j i.t , .

t , -, . i hundred years of development, and looks at the area's successes, but also at , . w t a.

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p. h b, , .

t t r, , e a more 'user-friendly' form. My close friend Shai Shwartz, and my wife Yael,

.


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t h r h, m tAviv, and the city's chief Engineer, Architect Hezi Berkovitz, with , 100 ,

.

s

Tel Aviv is Israel's sole cosmopolitan city. It houses around 400 thousand

, 50% , . i

is 50 sq. km., a centre of the country's cultural, social, and nancial life, an intense

e. i

. i , of age. We shall look into its central part, the core, a signicant contribution

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Geddes plan. This part is roughly 3 square kms. in size, and has circa 45,000

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,and, while we advocate Unesco's notion of (partially) conserving and preserving

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view, as bets the subject. The author has tried to analyse the content of the plan, .

t h, ,

.


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i

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and modernization. He had also written several town planning reports for

i,

,

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k i Z, Z,

introduced to Jewish leaders, like Haim Weizmann, who were attached to

British ofcials in England. Word of his new ideas was known by the British

p,

.

The rst attempts of this man of vision, like the plans for a new University

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fashion. These rst planning efforts were not happy ones, and it is probable

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plans were nalized on the border of Arab land north of Jaffa. The best J , x

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The progressive Mayor of Tel Aviv, Meir Dizengoff, knowing Geddes

b

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.

t x , x 3 q. .,

the size of London's Hyde Park.


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i g

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a , 2.5 . g ,

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1,5 . - .

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division of normal city blocks, sized 150 by100 meters. Geddes at that time

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streets to the north, a break every 100 meters or less to allow cooling breezes, . a

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planning, as this can be found in other books. Sufce it to say that Geddes left , , ,

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new parcels and building was great, and the plan's proposed density soon . a , ,

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this day. The plan tted well, as its simple, almost orthogonal division

j

,


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11

thr xsg

hsrc cs, sc,

suprps up H

Prk fr cprs.

bw, r, s h

cur f h Gs

p, t avv, cs

rs, x H Prk

sc.


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. i, . m

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plan responding well to all these tasks. Nothing is known of Geddes' hopes

. i

. t

.t "g

City", an approach to city planning said to be an inuential factor on Geddes'

planning style. This is followed by a short survey of Tel Aviv's development

1909 b

1948. p x

have inuenced Geddes, and describes in more detail the local physical and

t a ,

the years after the neighbouring city of Jaffa gave birth to the rst Jewish

urban settlement, Ahuzat Bait. The third chapter looks into the initiation and

g . i . p

greater depth with area's the planning qualities in urban terms. It analyses the

,

some ways of using the essentials of this approach to inuence master plans

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the plan has taken. This is claried by looking at the plan's extremities and

borderlines, where the plan is supposed to merge and inuence the fabric of

its closest vicinity, a notion that has not been fully realized.t

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t

it has failed to generate an inuence, with the view that future attempts may

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,

, .


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t frs h rr wh h c f h k, p rgh shws

h ur frc f t avv h sc cvr h Gs p.

t s rgh s h c fus Dzgff cus h sxs,

whch ws cg h w s, s fc p. i ws

ru rs v sr v h svs.

th wr prs f t avv k ffr. bu ru h sr f h

u, h cc h hsrc prs f h c,

cu whr. mr pg hrs x us, s crcfrs r srs r u. th r ph h rgh hs

h fr rrg f cks, ppur w h cur

h wr. i s cpr h f wh f r furs

p ur sv sus, c g usg rs cks,

not streets. The use of blocks of ats to create undened empty space,

rhr h ur s k srs, squrs h k, w s

hr s srk crs h Gs p.

n: th qu vr f vsu r cssr fr hprs vu s sus. ms f h ps wr prv mucp

archvs srvcs, Gvr archvs, s wr s ck

wh phs. a ps sus r h uhr. Cr

phgrphs r uhr hs sff.


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world

situation

local beginnings

part one

introductory


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S f cs ur

f h cur


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18

g c

t i r

.

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19 . f

the planner's point of view, the quick inux of large populations into cities

j ,

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q . cof cities were no better, being overrun by commerce, trafc and inadequate

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.

These were the circumstances in industrialized countries in both

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rst precursor of the industrial revolution, and thus was also the rst to give

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masses. The needs were generally met by zoning regulations (these had to

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( ) -

.


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Garden cities as a concept were introduced by British philosopher Ebenezer

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humanity's ability to benet from the new prosperity it was producing at home,

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would ourish. Thus were formed the new garden cities, an example of

l, e. i 1903, ,

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t x,

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x , . t x

.


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th cs p hGr C v succ g r

h suur. lchwrh

s xp.


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t ,

invented a healthy sanatorium like concept to cure the ills of industrialization.

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Today we have seen a revival of sorts to the concept of 'healthy living', as

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of sprawl in its various forms and the resulting lack in urban 'life force' or

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as 'moderate' urbanity. To do that they promote suburbs slightly more dense

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usa, , . t

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Geddes was inuenced by the Garden City movement, and many of its

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x , r,

(J) h hc h. b r.k, , ,

to a central, high intensity situation, like Tel Aviv's.


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mshh, pr sc f

Jff, cs h rrs f t avv.

av rgh, p r t avv.

the old ciy of Jff, wih is por, cidell, d develope of expsio.


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local situation

a rf scrp f h vp ft avv,

cc wh h Gdds p.

b 1911, , 60 (

500 sq. m.) had been purchased in the rst neighborhood of what would

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in those early days of the organized effort to establish a Jewish quarter near

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q . s

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Subsequently, hundreds of similarly sized lots (not a great deal for the

inception of a sizable community) were purchased by various Zionistorganizations. The plans of some of the better groupings followed the general

directions of Jaffa's main diagonal roads, and thus were not exactly parallel to

the sea. Up to the rst world war, the total amounted to less than half of one

q , b , 1920.

o x 15 , , ,

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t ).

t g g p, s h s, J

sympathized with the Zionist movement. The immigration of European Jews , J t a

50,000 persons by the thirties. This inux and the urgent need for planning

. t ,

( x


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The rst Jewish quarter, Neve Zedek, waspr f Jff. th c f Jff, rgh w, s us s rh, svgs surrug . nw t avv, srh s, ws cc r hs. i srs wh ahuz b.

ex fGs p,

Jff v

shw r

csr

pg rs.

ar ph wh rke cs he pre-pg sges.Fuurete avv s he ues. ne he brer e f he Gees P ibGvr S.


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x J, e ), x .

b 1921 a

J J

q . l , , a

owners. The British rule authorized a separation from Jaffa into a separate

-

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ofcially proclaimed as a new Township and was afrmed as such by 1923.

This proclamation made Tel Aviv the rst Jewish self ruled town in

p. i

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remained in existence up to the sixties). By 1925 the inux almost doubled, , , J

. t 50 ;

size to that of the city of Jaffa. By that time Tel Aviv had acquired all the

characteristics - commercial, nancial, social, cultural, etc - necessary for its

qualication as a town.

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1925, , , ,

nally ofcially approved in two years.

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the sea's orientation. The happy combination of other elements (to be looked

) .


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lc pg cp

s xh uch

r ursg f

w pg rs.

S f c ug hs.

ar vgs, cc

h hs,, r

Jwsh ss, v.

th ur f c

pg h f

Gs' rrv, ws such

h r prs v r

xsg cs, sr

prs, ur chs.

arrgs k vr

uch k r cps, rgh.


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t ,

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1920

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q ,

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b 1933 x

i g . - x Geddes. The size of the whole city at the time was circa 8 sq. km. and had

60

J. a 1948 w 50 q. .,

300 .

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b

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t j .

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.


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part two

t s


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sir

p

g


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s pk g

p g (1854-1932)

. h

d u,

. h e

e s u,

r m,

,

f-s s, , i

c s b u, h u

in Jerusalem and the mid-northern plan for Tel Aviv, and nally retired tof c e m. g

nal years were spent there in an institute established to train students in his

,

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g ,

.

u, - s: Symy (

);Syss ( ) Sygy ( ) - - x.

His numerous brief sketches were of a similarly unrelated or systematized

. i r h

spr f ur cs, hr hsrc ssc cuus f, q

. t

poetic vision, while inspiring, is unt for general understanding.

Never a social or planning critic, Geddes' writings are in the main

. h ,

. o

g " x

, q". h

critique his own contrary opinion that the task of town-planning is to nd

the right places for each sort of people; places where they will really ourish.


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e

o(pps)

nw

eurgh

(uppr

)

r vr

ffr

pg

crs.


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th fus eurgh h r hr vg, s w kw P. Gs.

Cv Squr,l.o f h qh cu hv s P.Gs.


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To give people in fact the same care that we give when transplanting owers,

instead of harsh evictions and arbitrary instructions to 'move on', delivered in

the manner of ofcious amateur policemen.

Geddes also pioneered a sociological approach to the study of urbanization.

h x ,

predicted that the process of urbanization could be analysed and understood.

i x

. b g

; . t

,

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e.

One of Geddes' rst reports as a town planning advisor, was ond,

s. h c d 1904, j

d c t

work. This judgment was the rst of a series of disappointments for Geddes

as he attempted to secure employment as a social scientist. Most signicant

in this respect was his failed candidacy in 1907 for the rst British chair of

.t, 1919, g uk p s

c u b, 1924. a

the job fullled his ambition of becoming a full-time social scientist and

,

g e usa. i

x , , a

l m (

Regional Planning Association of America in 1929, inuenced by Geddes

) g .

b 1920, e

legislation. Much of the US had already zoning. The development of planning

. t

- ,

. t


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th rchcur fvr P. Gs s rv hs

skchs su fr h Hrw Uvrs, wh sc

r k.


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, 1914

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j

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s) , , .

m p g.

f

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( , x

).

t u e

Geddes' childhood home of Edinburgh bears a characteristic 'duality', with

g . t n t

q o t. h

the comfortable citizenry on the other side of Princess Street. Geddes also

u ( )

o t

, u.

g , c , g

from a worldly agenda that privileged art and culture as the civilizing agents

. t

,

.

t e

is thus not merely pictorial. Spectators, be they conscious or not of the city's

, -

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r , r

, h

s. l : -

e f r f e,


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a ( kw) prjc Gs,

whr hs s r cr shw,

r s frv s. th

pc cs r gr

s uvr, 'ff' h

rgh g f grc grs.

P rsu t

avv, s cprs.trs (uppr qurr) Gs &

G, 1920.

er r ph shws rsus f h

p v, usrv f Gs' s

p t avv, cr gr

fr husg ru , s

uvr, c fc p (rgh).


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the next generation's reaction in the Romantic Movement, with the neo-

g s . t

l, e,

;

and nancial companies, with publishers as monument builders.

o e x

g ;

everywhere, a model of what urbanism is all about. The inuence of this

g

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civilization lie super-imposed upon another, like geological strata, and asks:"u ,

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x,

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civilization shall be reared by those who knew how to apply it. This, Geddes

claims, will happen as a "Decentralization of Industry", a great, but as yet g c.

Instead of taking into account Geddes' own background and views as they

appear above, interest in Geddes's work and thought has, at different times

, . m -

- g ""

- , .

t g 1970 1980

. o , 1970 i ,led by Adam Mazor (and including the author of this book) were involved in

s. t

Geddes' name in any planning connection there, as he and his work were at

q .A comprehensive view of Geddes' work and interests reveals them as

, - - .


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Skchs P. Gs f prps f hugh, cprhsv

rkg hs prfrcs fr ffr qus Ur Rur pg.

Wh w s hr s xur f s. ths skch Gs sr cv h uch f hs 'scur' wrg. i shws h kw vr

w x 'ur' wh 'ur', kp hs ss qus

clearly dened. There are no trees in town, see URBAN sketch!

o skch s r h hus wrs.

t at Geddes' espousal of "conservative surgery" in his many town-plans froms, c, i, t a-J, . master plan for mid-Tel Aviv (1925, realized) and his design for the HebrewUniversity in Jerusalem (1919, not realized).

a , , , g , , . a , p g , , . t 'renaissance man' was able to produce such a focussed, 'conservative' plan for

x t a .


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local

conditions


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Jff ws cece Pese's r

syse by rrw guge r.

mshh ghrh,

rh Jff.

Cr Jff s spr,

crc 1920.

Vws f Jff f19h cur hprs. b shwsh r rs, r, hr prcpr.


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J

Tel-Aviv's neighbouring ancient city of Jaffa is at the same

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J q ,

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.

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t 700 q (

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a p suh f Gs

Prs f mshh, Jff qurr, gr vw f Jff's c, wh rhr prs cs fuur t avv ()

Start of Neve Zedek (right, inr) u p f mshh,'07 '25


44/265

44

l

g J

t a,

. i x , ,

well. The plan for that area (ofcially amdm 44) ,

(. ) : ) n Z

q, ( ), ) f (, ),

x , ) , , x

e, m (

of legend) d) Ahuzat Bait of initial Tel Aviv (center) with its orthogonal plan,

r , (, ), ) a ,

- north and bent westward at its end to reach the beach. f) represents Jaffa's

, m. k g ,

Allenby st. at a central square. Thus it is a mixed compilation of haphazard

, .

It is a difcult plan to work with, even today.

b g ,

x ,

. r J

. t 44

. i , ,

. i g '44'

much to it, but his own thoughts t well into the mixed picture, compromising

.

Even to the untrained mind, the strange shape of 'a 44'

q , . g,

did not attempt to revolutionize the exi

,

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. 3). t , ,largely responsible for the plan's success.


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o h f r shwr ps. Hrz sr h Gsu frg , rrk. Sr ( gr) f h

Rch v.

i c f ahuz b, pr Gs s: (r)Jff r r. ss h g f h gr, whch w ur fuur, s s g wh h s.

Pl "44",

collecio

of erly

pls, h

ws goig

o block

Jff.


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46

t a l

p

i 2009, t a 100 ,

quiet and unassuming tributes were paid to the Scot who dened the shape

- . m t a

s p g. l

in his homeland and only now beginning to be recognized as one of the

, g

, a e

c d, .

g

Edinburgh's Old Town, delivered the plans that eventually helped establish

Tel Aviv's White City as a Unesco World Heritage Site. Driven by his vision

for "neotechnic order, characterized by electricity, hygiene and art, by efcient

", g

, q (

e).

h J 1925,

x a J , J q .

This is a legacy that organizers of the Tel Aviv celebrations are quick

. a ,

, : "w g, t

a .

Today's Tel Aviv, with its approximately half a million residents, is to many

i J, w-

, . t g

in the 1920s is worth going into in detail, since this would go on to inuence

his thoughts, his plans and the future of Tel Aviv's development.


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47

i grwh f

t avv, 1922

wh uvr

gr, rr

(r) Jff

r., fuur chg rc f

h uvr s

c. Grwh

s uc

1930, s ck

pr h

44 p,

h suh.

Scp f hGs p prcr Jff hsuh, ck h rw

cpkw s h44 mdm,g Gsvp hrh .

Rugh rc w Jff t

avv, r, v.a 44 pw.


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d

The rst neighborhood founded by the new Jewish settlement in 1909,

named "Ahuzat Bait", was located on the outskirts of Jaffa. As seen in theillustrations, Ahuzat Bait lay on a newly extendedroad (the future Herzl str.)

J ,

n-e p, J-t a . i

m a q, J,

there was a rudimentary but well organized plan based on European lines of

. t 45 . i

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--, g,

. a ,

, x g . t r .

The plan's only obvious aw was the blocking of the main street, Herzl street,

g. t

the street's natural progress in the years to come. By the sixties, the building

was erased and the mistake rectied, but rather late in the day to really allow

.

Another close look will reveal that due to the small size of the individual , , 50% .

t

climate, which relies on access to the sea breeze. The high utilization of land

g e , -

x -

. t

.

By 1925, the local situation had fast developed into a denite planning

. i , ,

g

. Due to the city's urgent need of

x, .


49/265

49

g 1925 J

, J

x m. t

q J r , n Z,

x J of Ahuzat Bait. Ahuzat Bait also extended to the east (Florentin quarter), and

, a .

Jaffa's Manshieh quarter included a group of ofcial British public

buildings, ofces, a rail station, schools, and even an army base. The local

a , ,

rudimentary semi organized plan. It bordered some Jewish extensions on its

north, like the Yemenite quarter (today's "Kerem Hateimanim"), also not very

.

At the center of this preexisting plan, various Jewish extensions to Ahuzat

b ,

to Jaffa, better planned, and given ofcial status.This plan survives to this

day, as "Amendment 44", which, though ofcially established, is nevertheless

. i , x

uses (some of them benecial) but no persistent concept except basic health

.

i a , gplan. Allenby's limited potential for development seems to have been worrying,

t a . i

J.

In the meantime, Jaffa was lling in areas to the south and the east, plans

m, e

. s J

was still being cultivated, and its fate was unclear. It was later to be lled in

.

t r b.,

- , a r.

x q j

a, m d sq. t q

converging point, a focal trafc orientating crossing. It is also the starting


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50

k g,

, j x J. t

. t J (instead become today's Carmel Market, south of the saquare). Originally this

1948 ,

.

i ,

g . a (x , )

x, . i

, .. . t

1923 ( )

. t . t vicinity of Arab quarters (Manshieh) had no inuence in planning terms. The

same applies to the south, with Florentin quarter, and eastern parts, Ahuzat

b, . a

x . t k g x, J .

w ,

,

. b 1930, g, x,

, .

By 1938 Tel Aviv promised to need more land, and was successfully lling

. t 1943 x g ,

, . b 1950, q

J , t a (

).

1965 shows the complete city, including the nalized Geddes plan, with

q : J,

, ,

y . t .


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a clsr lk h cmpili kw s h 'p 44'.(nx sprs).

b 1926 (h rwg s f sgh r ), ur ffrs r

hrw ghr, j ur hg, u r ur, h

fr fuc. th r squr f mg dv s cr ppr,h crssg f a Kg Grg sr.

th rwg f h p, 1941, shws h spr fucs zs f

h p. n p s v gv c ss f rc, us,

hghs, ccv h cp. th p hs r s uusu

fr hs . i h cr vrs qus h vpg c.

th chf s h crsg chrcr h rh pr f t avv, s

a denitely mixed commercial zone, with differing orientations. It does not

cc Jff, s sr shp ( rw) hu, s prv f cg

pv h suh. i s fs p h ch, whch s cs .

Failing to nd sense in this situation in planning terms, had also retarded itsvp, cs prr prs, rrg sus cs. n

vr p hs g h c, hphzr ps f c

s ugs grups cus.

o h f, wh pchs shws h x csss f mshh, h

Jaffa northern extension, that was very much alive during the fties (inhabited

Jwsh grs, pr c). i ws cp wp u h

late fties, to become to this day a ''no man's land". In the adjacent map, two red

rrws p h rc f ccv ru, xsg 1925, h cu

hv h ckg cc, u rz. th a r(rk gr , r h rgh) s h hrughfr

f t avv, srg prpcur h uvr r,(gree bue)

rechg he se v mge dv Sq. mugrb Sq. (gr ).

th uvr urs s qurr crc h pr H pc (gr

rcg). th suh h r sc (u ) hs w scrp ps

rw, h wr s c sus fr h pr, ffr

hr rhr curprs Gs' p.

th c p f 1930 shws h r ffcs f h p Gs.

Tel Aviv is growing quickly (only ve years have elapsed!), lands are bought,

rs r x, prgrssv g.


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52

org rksa R. crssgKg Grg sr.,whch cupush suh Jff

m sc sp ph, &w vw, h mg dv Sq.

wh shps h h w h suh, Jff, fr h squr,

whch ws cr p. i ccs pr Gs a R.

( r), Kg Grg Sr. wh rhr rc ( rchgff Jff). ths ccv psss wr s, wr vr

csr hp h ur frc f t avv, wh s scrpcs.

S wph, reve ps, wh pr vew f he squre.


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53

ne he ef, Kg Gerge Sr.

bue, pprchg mge dv

Sq. and Allenby str., white, the rst

fc p f w.See s ph,reve ps, frer spre.

wh pr vew f he squre.


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54

precedents


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55

th cr qus rgrg h p's rg.

i ur pg, h surcs f p r pr,hus gc s pss surcs s prs hr

shwg pg prcs hr pcs.


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56

Chz 1911

mws l cr

r,

hrugh rs,

difcult for

trafc.

av f.

Chz,

v

rgh,

mrrg

rgh, c

s f

pg

srgs

h shw

Gs'u.


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57

Vrus psh shw srsg s Gs' p,such s grswh hrughr sss,r wshps. S

wr crkw Gs.


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58

w p g p

a , y

v g, y

( . 3

). w v x g

y yy x (

y ), v

v , .

f v x y

cul-de-sac, commonly referred to as 'mews'. Initially used for carriages,

they became inner streets, were barred to trafc, and enjoy a sense of

q - l. o y ,

their many forms and variations, as forerunners of a trafc obstructing

.

i y e

v y g Tel Aviv. Random examples of this include the plan of Chemnitz from

1911, m. b vy

arrangements, reminiscent of Geddes' windmill patterns.

Some examples of possible inuences follow.

t c ( l c

1950) y .t

, y

vehicles from pedestrians. As we know, this backred and destroyed any

qy, , v-

v x vy y

. t , v

y ,

g.


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59

SamaRRa, iRaQ


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60

t y b d e, 19 y,

x j y y,

in a broken fashion reminiscent of Geddes' 'windmills'. This planning

, , y q g.

t y a (i, tj m), v

g, v v.

i y , , j q

internal gardens, well disposed against trafc intrusion. Similar patterns

exist in Delhi as well, where the inuence of British colonial planning

was signicant. Methodically, these once again bear strong similarities

g .

o g ( ) s (iq), 1000 y

y . s

hard sand, the archaeological imprint of old congurations are visible in

, y

. t

, g

t avv. t y . i

g v ? i b ,

b, v. t ,

y v

, v .

a sv, g,

usa. h y q,

y a . t q

v , 18

y. f v,

,

y . t y v q, y . i , v

g , , ,

v . t v

similar traits in Geddes' plan, but this did not happen.


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61

It is possible to mention the presence of the 'close' in Edinburgh, v , x Geddes' background in planning. The very fact that the close is an

, , v . t the 'rambler' as another of the qualities in the city dweller is thus .a x v y ,v . hyhas recognized the simple fact that the city, as the container ofa perpetually changing civilization, must have a form t for

, y . hy charactaristically impossible to dene, even socially, and its culturalv . r analyze their tness, along with the manner in which they haveevolved in humanity's variously differing civilizations and continued

.


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62

part three

the plan


63/265

63

p t

i

t x t a p

Geddes in 1925 was benecial from the start. Some necessary order was

,

sprung up north of Jaffa could be rectied to some degree. The early plans

, .

i g j ,

. f,

,

looks coherent, sizable, applicable, and contains mature planning measures.t

,

. t

took some years to become law, and other particulars had to be rectied

- . t

amendments proved benecial in time, as any plan needs (by denition) some

. o , , ,

additive measures, and plans to supersede ran over the next 50 years to ll

.a (

) q

city, and its inuence stopped for the most part at its near vicinity. Instead of

x, t a ,

for small and localized amendments (sometimes concerning tiny pieces of

property that are applying for localized betterment, building rights or zoning).

t ,

. t

, . p

, .


64/265

64

f v


65/265

65


66/265

66

s p

The rst results of the Geddes plans are shown here on a circa 1940

. i , j ,

. o , , g

begins, above it are the rst results, a spread of buildings to the north,

Dizengoff sq. (in green), and some boulevards coming into being. The

J .At the bottom, in blue, Ahuzat Bait, the group that started Tel Aviv,

n Z, ( ), J J

. t .

y , , a q

m, x , .

i . t , ,

1948 (

). b

,

,

Geddes plan's inability to overcome its southern shortcomings. a

a ( ),

g .


67/265


68/265

68

f s

From a planning point of view, it is intriguing to see the nal developments

that took place in the plan's implementation. The sketch left by Geddes(unsigned and unauthorized) by 1925 (left) is one of the few planning

. r ,

the plan nevertheless retains its signicance, as it shows the importance and

uniqueness of Geddes' new ideas, a compound grid, (never to be repeated

),

( ),

g. t q

. t q ,

, . t

, (

).

i q

realized exactly in the manner prescribed here; they are all different today.

t ,

. t

have many nal phases to them, but still retain their basic concept. Dizengoff

Street (in orange, marked with an 'a'), is retained, with one basic aw in that it j r s. ( )

r b. t j

creates a roundabout (started as a hexagon) - the famous Dizengoff Sq. -

g . t

p s. x m sq.,

a s. (

). t b y

Street, located west of Dizengoff (left street on plan, in orange).

t - ( x )

fact that the plan was just one attempt of many. Others did not materialize at, . t

. t ( ),

for example, took a different shape in the nal plan, (see below on color

photo in red and green), where it has been nalized as the only truly perfect

x t a.


69/265

69

av, 'p 44' , ckg h

suh f h Gs p, (f r).

Rgh: ( bue), spsc

er bcks by rchecs

ppse he Gees ew urb

fbrc, shw rgh ( gh gree).


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70

t p ay

w g ?

t :

t a 20 ( 1909, )

x ( ) . t

only other city that comes close on both counts is Soa, Bulgaria, which was

1900. w ?

physcl intensty asects

1. m

*t x , , ( ),

q ,

integrated within the city's structure and fabric.

*a - - .*sq x.

*Highly dened borderlines between different urban fabrics.

2. mx y, y

*Ample commercial space on ground oor, not more than 3% of the total

. 60% , q

.

*d , .

3. fxy

*px J , .*f e .

*a .

*t

(municipal) planners, and at the governmental level (British Mandate ofcials).

*Q : 100,000 15 , .

*p , , x

( ).

*p .

urbn diversity aspects

1. p s*s , , (, ,

boulevard and squares) in a dened way.

* p .

* Street section is classic, not modern. Ground-foor columns help natural ventilation.

* i j .


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71

Gr vw fsuhr s fh p, v. prcs ckgru, rgh h

'Gs' p, whr ph shwgh x f ffrur frcs hsuhr prs fw, crs ckg h suh 'p 44' (rk).

ovrvw fp:s shw uhrs,f, prfurs, h rgh. i

rw, suhs. R s ruusccsuh rh.i u, rs ss


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72

2. c, s, e

* Private parcels are small and medium size, manageable by local economy.

During hard periods of wars and duress, the plan's modest size allows it to

.

* Size of ats is small and therefore affordable.

* a .3. Trafc and movement

* The size of the whole section is not huge, 3 km. sq., with a hinterland

, .

* Size of blocks is manageable for the pedestrian, around 100 150 meters long.

* Moderate to narrow road widths, permitting only a given trafc quantity,

500 , .

s , g:

1. t , 150X150 .

streets, which Geddes used in India and Tiberias. He did not trust trafc and was

, .

2. u c , g

. o ,

( J), j

( ) .

3. l , ( 30%, 40%)

e 60%. m ( 20%)

.

4. Geddes' code calls for: A. s, ,

. b. t to take care of trafc. C. Acceptance x of commercial, ofce, and residential use (abandoned by

modernism), and at roofs similar to local Arab construction.


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73

t avv fr v,s v,Gs w, s ss f grs.

m

grs

r h

fr vw,

gur


74/265

74

t r

i 1925, p g J-t

a, ( )

. t 1926,

c c u p p 1927. h

for it to be fullled gradually, keeping pace with the expected growth of the

. a , ,

g j . i ,

Z

, .

In quotes from local architects of the time, one nds sayings like: Every x ,

, . b

? a

h p

dream inspiring Tel Aviv's architects in the 1930s. They would have liked to

x ,

the pedestrian and trafc ow. Although on some points their aims are akin

p g, . t

, 6 7 . i

q ,

. t, ,

. a

r b Z b t a

proof that the boulevard's stigma of pretension is undeserved.

i e, 1925, l c p v p,

. a x w 1927, -

. t

.


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75

Fu f wr prs, ffr rg hr ccv prcsswh rs (s pw).

th vrs f pg:

hr cscuv vrss

f h s c h

rsu, 1960.


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76

f

The Geddes plan is less than 3 sq. kms. in size (the size of Hyde Park in

l 4 q. .) i

g s ( . ), y

b s . i blocks (roughly 150 by 200 meters in size). It includes three or four major

( ), x

by boulevards running east to west. The plan's avenues, while well ordered,

. b

way that restrains through trafc, and thus constitute a quieter residential

. t

,

breeze. The smaller subdivision in the block is done in a windmill pattern

j . t .

At the plan's center lies a prospective focal point of cultural importance that

h , m, o h.

t

(.. r, h b Z) q ,

including what is today's Rabin square, which was to contain the Municipal

b.

h b , b-g b,

meets the sea. The meeting point is the site of a major city park (the Azma'ut

) g ( ), m (n) .

Some squares thus serve as guides for orientation, of which Dizengoff Square

is the most prominent mark, the hub of Tel Aviv, with the Dizengoff main

. s q

k , . g

x , .

o , a g

, , . i

. b ,

, , e,

( ) .

This latter is less signicant in contributing to the public good, but for some

, .

g j , ,


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77

b


78/265

78

,

(

subtropical climate, where shade by vegetation is essential but not sufcient).

Similarly he was for the cultivation of greenery and trees, as bets his origins

. m ,

. i t a gwere not at all tied or concerned with the sea, which may be a reection of the

e j .

t g :

500 q. , 3., 4 6

. t

, . o

,

. t , ,

25 1000 q.. (

14-15 . ). t 45,000 . t 7.5 1000 q.. -

g .

a b d l a d

( j )

i , 1925, g

1920s in Tel Aviv at rst seems a mere medley, a struggle of individual

. t ( ).

For instance, the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, built by Joseph Barsky,

t h ax b,

e o

such as domes, vaulted arches, at roofs and decorative roof lines. This style,

, x ,

i ( ). s

architects were attempting at the time to devise a 'Jewish style' (cultural and

) .

At rst, as much of the city itself suggests, Tel Avivs special quality could

-

. f t a

.


79/265

79

Articles published by these architects in 1935 show that they were ercely

opposed to the traditionalism of Geddes' city plan. They complained that it

x

it be modied. They not only wanted to redene the already mapped out

(.. a s yr),

, i g s

y r. a ,

Geddes' ideas, though today he is considered a principal gure in Tel Avivs

. a

,

( , ).

a ,

. t b ,modern but consciously sculpted, which the small plot size made possible

nancially. The means of construction (local camels to help in transport) hint

.

One example of this lack of adherence to Geddes' plan will sufce. The

well known architect Sharon planned and designed a few workers' cooperative

housing projects within the connes of the plan, but he was well aware of the

benecial attributes of the Geddes plan and did not deviate from its principles.

h ,

,

( b 80 ).d g y

(bottom of previous illustration page). The area shows the haphazard planning,

the abandonment of street life, the rst move towards future suburbia and

, . i ,

-- ,

x x

.


80/265

80

maps

tel aviv plan 44


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81

th 44 aP h ck Gsfr Jff. bck s rpg dzgff Sq.

th rg cp f h rchv Gsp, f. tp s h c up vrs.


82/265

82

p f p

The maps presented here will serve as visual summaries of the plan's

. t

radial system (which has its origins in Jaffa's basic plan marked in blue) into

a simple and efcient orthogonal one.

t a 1908 ,

(Herzl Street) (right map, red square) and a public garden that would grow

into the future Rothschild boulevard. The boulevard's direction was to change

: 1925 g ,

(.. r hb. b-g, , ).

o

the plan (Dizengof square, black dots), though central in importance, loses

.

f, q

to be its practical role as a trafc regulator (a roundabout to counteract an

j). t 20

,

q -, .Thus from its rst role as a symbol and forum for the city, as was intended, the

square became an unfortunate trafc coordinator, and then was (in retrospect)

.

t g . t

the only sketch that is ofcially acknowledged after a fashion as the one done

g ( ?) 1925. t

,

, ( ) r b,

j "44 " x .

t 44 amdm (

),

J g ( p 3). t


83/265

83

buvr:

cr

vp

hrugh ,

v r

"th '44' p

gr cp,

rrr h suh.

Gr pprc s x


84/265

84

plans is so pronounced that today local citizens of Tel Aviv-Jaffa differentiate

( )

( ,

case to the individual's implied social status as well). The '44 Amendment'

has become the area considered 'southern' and remains a barrier between the

g J.t 1924 , j 1930 ,

, x .

w ,

. t (r h)

, (). t

backbone of Tel Aviv, if not for the fact of their importance as road and trafc

,

. i

, ,

e . i q , J ,

e , ,

. t

, . t

attitude had partly inuenced Geddes inclinations in planning.

The innovative schemes of the windmill internal street conguration were

being applied. The rst ones are marked in red, 1932 plan, in the next spread.

This can be seen as another physical idea, a solution to a trafc problem x 75 . i

-

ideas, when tted to a denitive urban context (and the Geddes context is

, )

. s ,

, .

t r b, q

,

the pedestrian. The reason for its inception, with the initiation of the Ahuzat

b , ( J), . t

j

grid (Jaffa's) - two elements that will never blend well with one another -

, x ,

.


85/265

85

bw s h vw, wh rs shw,

start of windmill pattern in red. The lling up, fast

, h rh, s shw v.


86/265

86

g

. i , ,

. a ,

.

t - x, (.. y,

Ben-Yehuda and Dizengoff streets), were swiftly created in the short period

of some dozen years, beginning around 1920. Along these axes, commercial

x. p

big garage on Arlozorov Street, between Ben-Yehuda and Dizengoff (marked

x x ,

).

b, J (1945) . eland has replaced the formerly cultivated orange groves, and its overall size is

. s q

J , x t a

.


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87

b 1950 h p ws vru. a rs wr xsc, s wr uvrs,squrs, c. CcgJff s s ssu, w r

usv hprs , cusf gvr wrshp.

b f pg: Gs

p, cr up

vrs, h ck

f h '44 ',

rk r. S s

s prcg h

pg. bw, 1943,

w up ,

sh r, fs

fw h Gs p.

mps f 1950 1965 shw

p p fu.


88/265

88

the model


89/265

89

t s m g' p

Geddes' windmill idea went through different changes, especially in the

rst years of its existence. It was clearly adopted by the authorities and the

q , x . t

, , g

. w q x g

1925. i ,

. b 1935

- . s

possible trafc obstruction. The nal congurations were not windmill in

, ,

. h, q . ajtrafc is undisturbed and does not interfere. The three rows show examples

,

situation was nalized. It is clear that conscious efforts were made to create

the ideas inherent in Geddes' plan.

c , ,

? w ,

an urban situation, like Tel Aviv, in a variety of shapes and congurations, is

. i x ,

applicable in any new situation. It solves, relatively well, the trafc associated ( ), ,

, ( b

j). t .

i

,

( ). a

, ().


90/265

90

th w pr prs s. bw xps f h

essential changes and modications in implementing the plan.


91/265


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92

i t

By 1934, not many years after the nal acceptance of the Geddes plan, we

can see (top left), the formation of a major civic function, namely Dizengoff

sq, . t , , :

, , , ,

. t

( ), q j x

.

o g , (

q), ( ). a j

axes efciently bypass the windmill's arms, thus protecting the public garden

and residents from trafc. The nal shape is shown in the aerial photo from

1998 (-) . u,

protective measures, which are not difcult to implement if the planning

. i t a, ,

,

unsightly purposes, albeit for the common benet. The photograph presented

(-)

, , .

t ,

x . o g ,

, q. v

. a ,

. a j , f , ,

garden is reshaped to t. It is also accordingly moved inwards, and the denite

. s ,

, . o

. w ,

.One major lesson for planners: Geddes' plan started with the wish for a

, , ,

. t ,

, .


93/265


94/265

94

t

g j (

, )

. v

. b ,

. i , ( ).

s , ( )

, j q ,

surrounded (like a proper roundabout) by the trafc passing by. This is the

m sq, x . a ,

three examples show another exception, where trafc is not a very strong

, ,

. t f ,

, .

t

, ( - ) y . i

conveniently ts into the plan.

Can Geddes' windmill conguration be adopted as a model for urban

? w . t

. i, ,

. t usa . u

congurations arranged as a potential model. The proximity to a square, as

, ,

- . t q, ,

, .

The next spread shows the nal result of the plan at its peak, circa the early

. w 40 ,

, .

t g, , , .

t x . t

,

.


95/265

95

th Gs cks h k up h p, r h rs wh s

p. o prcp rus hrughu, vr h s. i c

rp us, s shw. i s r h 'r' gr, r

fr , r cssr vr h h f pg.


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96

bcks cr h r pr, vc vrs. a sp v h.

b f h p (44 a cp f ps) s s pr

Gs sus, h c fr w cprhsv pg.


97/265

97

th hrc vqu Gsp, s prcp. bw h crc vus r r. S xpsf h Gs w cks r rk.

ess s r

uvrs squrs, wh

crc vus. m ck

s cu gr shp

rs ug rk

rs.

main commercial avenue


98/265


99/265

99

Pr f h cu

p s skw (p)

s s k r

grc vw.

i s cr h h

cks r ffr,

u vr hc

srucur ccrg

h s xr

gc (rh-suh

w, s-ws

rrwr), h

s r fru,

h rk f h

pr f puc gr.

brg h

srch fr , h

rsfr s

gr (), s

ccs sss

f h Gs p r

fru. thus h

ss f c

ssh.

apprc f f

h s succssfu

grs f h

Gs p, cs

scu sps,

fg f c

crfu sg

upkp. i s f fr, s

urs h

r f h s ur,

(yhzk sr. jc

dzgff).


100/265

100

, x ).

4. t q, ,

x 3-5 . t q ,

.

5. s , , , (2 ),

such a way as to discourage trafc. They will form a small communal garden

( , ).

6. b

, ( 2 . ),

,

cuts across it, and realizing vistas of moderate monumentality and aesthetic

( , , , ).

7. c ( ) ,

q .8. u ,

1000 q. ., . s

.

9. d 200% ,

50%. h 25 x. i

12000 q. . (p, f,

, ,

b ).

10. c-- . p ,

, , , , .

t

: 1. s ; 2. e ; 3. mx ; 4.

a; 5. fx .

The aims for the public benet in its quest for diversity are to be observed

: 1. p ; 2. c

; 3. a

; 4. f y ,

; 5. Trafc

.


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101

The nal, up to date and precise map of the 40 'blocks' that constitute the

Gs p. th r s hr wh hr vrs f r srs h

grs. i fc w hv h vv ur frc, h uusu

pattern t for the conservation of this historic and aesthetic achievement ofh c, sc fs f wh pr. i shu hv

past but also a future, if urban fabrics are the reection of the society that

pruc h hr . i s hsrc csrv f uqu

ur , h crrs wr w ssg. i c srv w urs

pg fr ur, vrsus suur, s.


102/265

102

results

tel aviv

created


103/265

103

SuggsBp

Piazza

t q


104/265

104

sq m

dz c

This square and its thoroughfare, Dizengoff Street, are a major detailed

g . t

t a 80 . t , ,

.

a , g

t a, x J,

. g

- ,

1925. l (

), g r

b, a J. h

j x. h roads of Ben-Yehuda and Dizengoff, a pair of them in parallel, seen above.

t ( a),

(popular in Britain), but it did not help rectify a hazy decision. It would have

been better (at B) to join Dizengoff southward with the west branch at Pinsker

Street, and eastward with Reines, thus avoiding cross trafc at this important

, () q

undisturbed. The slip backred by 1978, when trafc rose (bottom right).

o (, ) g

x, ( x - v h s

us ). t

q (, ). s

Geddes was also inuenced by the hexagon presented in the plan by Victor

b s a, b. t "q"

1934.

By 1978 the inevitable happened, and the trafc to this most popular piazza

q q . i

elevated, the trafc won the day (see photo), and it took another twenty years

, .. ( ), t a , . t

has had a negative inuence on the urban advantages of the city, as dispersal

is not benecial when coupled with lost focal points of urban clarity.

The square's development can be seen clearly in the photos. The use of the

q , 55


105/265

105


106/265

106

of their birth and decline with trafc (both public and private). The very

. a ,

, , (

much apparent in the other photos, but hard to dene and volatile) has been

.

i ( ) (q) ,

, (x ). t

piazza was an unequalled success for modernity in using buildings for the

. t ,

. t

( ).

t : , ,

-

. t , x i s. h,

q ,

, . l q

town, it has suffered neglect and disregard as a public space. The haphazard

q,

, .

The history of Dizengoff Square - at least in terms of trafc - reects the

t a . a , q

g. w x,

, ,

. h . t

,

. t 44 a ,

- x,

, - . i

q ,

. i

, to be only a hindrance to Dizengoff St. as it became the main thoroughfare

x. w ,

, x q

the conicting trafc. The roundabout was abandoned, having never really

operated effectively to help vehicular trafc. Unfortunately, the change did


107/265

107

nothing to improve the situation of two of the square's converging streets, east

, . t

, . t q

, . i ,

( ), ,

cut by some moderate trafc from adjoining streets. The sepia photo below ,

.

t ()

access above the trafc and across (buses on south to north direction), an area

. t g .

t q, q, ,

and off the trafc line of Dizengoff St. All other future development would

. a g

a s. x , ,

subdued fashion, to Mougrabi Sq. but trafc never came through there. The ,

( x) .

Frr prs s f h squr. i uprc sp,

rs prpr chs, furhr ggrv s uwfuss,

1978, C H c sh h rsp dzgff squr, r

cg h c s fru. ths c, f wh c r 'ruf vs' rsu ug shp urspsv h ru

uqu spc. th chg sprk cr u f prs, u v.

ths ws fw furhr srgr fr hr squrs, wh r

srgs pg f rs. trs c h xcus h scr fr

hiding mistakes, while trafc was blamed for the theft of the public space.


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a ngd Squ - pm

ths puc squr ( h rhr f dzgff Sr) sr ffmagnicently, with the inauguration of the Levant Fair, 1934. Altough clear inGs' p s g h p's x h rh, s s sgs h rh vr c g hr, h vc c rwland, power station, aireld, many mistakes hard to repair. The photos denote itsgu ur uk, sgh csp. b s cr: h squrws u h ws hs vr prpr cc. nw s h rcsr hs v w w s r h k.


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109

exps usrg s w furs f h p.i ck wh, w pr ws g u. ths wsrvur fr s eurp Jws. ahr prsu, s w Jwsh cus, s ZgGd, xr ppur , hrur - srkg frhs w cur - phs s, g hrs. m.Schrs, fur, h sr, K mrcus, f h fu scupurs hr.

Sz h w buhus-ir Srchcur, rg f w cs. th abyc () s w prs. av s rsccu, h t a c, w g u fuch, (r dzgff Squr, sr 2010). th fussf ur f ws w cr fsg sf.


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Symbs d Mums

th Hrz 'Gsu'

h r sxs, s rs

hs ph, Hrz S. whr

g. i ws h sh,s hr ss wr.

th mugr C, s

u fc p h

squr h s , ws

r k h Gsu

v. a rr ug h ardc s, s h hurr f

h s h puc's ck

f pprc.

th rr s f h mucp

H, h shu rsfr

r sppr.

th pr sr f ur f s h pr h s fr. i ks

vsh sp f hr s, 1930-40. Whr chs furhr .


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mps r h gu rprcs ursg f h

Gs p...


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tel aviv

created

maps


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mp rgh shws h su cg

fr h Gs p, wh h suhr pr

f cps f ur ps.


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t g , ( 1930)

are shown in dark brown on the lower right. Barely ve years later, 1934,

,

. t ,

( )

hand. Those were not entirely nal; the period is clearly one of a medley

, . o :

e,

,

. t

with unbuilt rights, on subsequent oors. The other peculiarity in local

, g (

) x

, (

depend on the westerly breeze, a cross ventilation being obligatory). Thus

5-6 ,

(e ) .

l g

( ), ( amdm 44)

, e , . 44

g J,

, . t 1934

the whole northern part of the former 44 plan lled up to the Dizengoffq. g ,

r ( ) ,

with Dizengoff square (green dot) as the focal point of his vision, settled

.

b 1944, x , ,

20 . b y

, g . Z

g , ,

( 1948). b 1952

were fully implemented (despite the war of 1948-9), and completely lled 2000 (x , ).

t 1960 1970 (x ),

realization of the plan's potential, with extensions to the East and North

(1970, & , ). s

. t


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115


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116

varying, strange for a medium sized city. New planners had different opinions

, g

. t a x

, . t

y ( 1970),

. t , x (

). p

g

, .

t , ( a

), g. t

,

, ( ,

). o , q (

), , . t ,

. t

2000 (!)

( ),

. w 50 ,

, , ,

and most important, totally uncalled for aws in the urban fabric.

t t a j

, g ( 80 ). t , 3 q.

km. of land, about 5% of the citys area. But it is the most signicant piece

. i

, u. f

( : t a). o

, x ,

i , , , .

Ten years saw the development of about 40% of the plan, ('52, upper right)

. t 1960

, a similar size and nature as its essential formula. They all contain an internal

marked aw, the communal small garden. The full extent of the end result

is thus seen. In 20 years, the nalized Geddes plan, showed a fast growth

rate. This proved - both politically and professionally - the plan's necessity, as

well as the wisdom in its implementation. The inux of new immigrants was


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117

well served, and created a very westernized city, socially and culturally, in

fact the proof of a possible rst Jewish town. The proximity of Jaffa, fairly

, . t

the two, and through Tel Aviv's radical and innovative development according

g , x .t

.b . t

the establishment of the Ben Yehuda and Dizengoff parallel streets as a

, . c

, f q.

b 1948, ( a) i g,

planned and shows a mild inuence of the Geddes block (only vaguely, as it

). t

g ,

. i x (

m q, , the city's fabric), with none of the clear directions exhibited in the Geddes

. l .

i , i g ,

. i ,

, "g" , " g"

.

th fu spr

of the nal result, prs s, s

prs h

rgh. i h

w pch, h "44"

p s shw s h

rrr h

south, still afrming

s prsc ur

s. o h f,

s ps

cc Jff,

sc ,

v.


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118

tel aviv

createdboulevards


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119


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120

t b

The boulevards of Tel Aviv are the Geddes plan's proudest, most . i

,

. a ,

x . t

, h p l,

c e p (x ,

g , , 3-4 .

). t,

( ),

, . t 3-4 ., 40

.

In planning terms, the boulevard's reason for being is easy to

j. i , g

x t

Aviv (Rothschild Blvd.). Rothschild was a branch of the central Herzl

, 1910, J x,

q . t

, . t ,

,

q ( 90 ). t ,

, g ,

.

t ,

near the Gymnasium building at Herzl str. (now tall ofce on photo) to

, .

Parallel to the above Herzl street, another fact had also been

established, that of the rst major vehicular axis, Allenby Rd. which,( g ), ,

. i

, b y s., g x,

parallel to the other main axis of Dizengof St. located slightly further

east, and acknowledging for the rst time, the beach line.


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122

To recapitulate the plan's guiding notions, Geddes was given an existing

r b.,

off the early main street of Herzl, but was at the time leading nowhere. Toq , r

. g ,

( h t

i p), (

today's Hen and Ben-Gurion Blvds.) and lead to the sea (imagining, one would

, , J).

i g u

. w h

University (a few years before, in Jerusalem, his submitted plans for the rstJ h i )? h , ,

c , . t,

duly pursued, would have had a lasting benecial inuence on the town.

In 1966, the Gymnasium on Herzl Str. was replaced by the tall Shalom

Tower, in the midst of the old quarter of Ahuzat Bait, still recognizable by its

( ). t

( g) 1966,

a s. x. b to inuence the local fabric at all.

t ,

( ), . t

,

g

, . r

,

, g ""

, t a. t ,

. i

q, , ,

, ,

x .


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123


124/265

124

t t

a, q, q, m d sq ( ). (s b, ,

124). i s s.

. s x, (

, J), x

, , q

x . i . u

J x

, ,

,

( , x ).

t . a

, . t ,

Tel Aviv's prominent cus (Ficus Microcarpa) and the Shikma (Sycamore

g), both shown, and both somewhat hard to maintain. A newer inclusion is

the palm tree, symbolically tting but useless for the provision of shade.

a ,

. t

evident in today's boulevards.

.


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125

n h vr rpc

surpc rs.

th ksk s prs

fr h sr f

t avv, wh s

rsfrs,

ps pr

puc r, h ur

cf, wh s esrvrs.


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127

GeDDeS' plan KeepS thetraDitional Street SYSteM

aS the MarK oF UrBanitY


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129

awgs, cs i Gvr S., h

isr Phrc H, uug srs


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131

.

au f Gr Frsh S. h ch, fr wsr rz.

ar ph (v) f hp rsus. i Gvr S.rk r , s hsr rr f h p, dzgff s.

r s.a S. () sch, f, b yhuS. hs rh, rgh.bh r f x uss.


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p g , (

e)

,

i e,

J,

.i , ,

that sustains life 24 hours a day, of trafc, and of a meeting place for various

, , , q ,

,

of Geddes' plan.

a -

x . t , 2500 ,

( )

. t 70 x. a

metropolitan regions grow the city's intensity grows with them, disperses and

g . o

,

( 40 ),

underground has thus far emerged, which has maintained the area's urban

, . a

, Ibn Gvirol St. is emerging as a new alternative to Dizengoff, a major

x x . b ,

q , .

tr crc sr,

t avv


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133

dzgff s. h w

Uug srs Gs,

r prc cff

rrcs.


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134

e , g ,

, ( ).These were deliberately chosen to bring the sea breeze into the warm town,

. t , (

, ), g s., f s., a s. (

) - . a b

y s., x g.

The most pronounced axis is that of Dizengoff Street. From its early days

, k g s.

(r) y (

), , ,

, ,

.

Dizengoff st. became the main public promenade of Tel Aviv, (at rst used

) . i

fact it is the emblem of urbanity, but is losing this state as the city's urban

intensity migrates elsewhere, moving and dispersing all over town. Dizengoff

( ), x,

, , ,

(

). p (1950-

2000) . o ,

,

( 2009 ).

f ,

town. On the way, it has another focal point, the big covered mall (Dizengoff

c) .

It harbours an ofce block and a residential tower, and is a very active and

.


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135

o sh qurr (w rgh, w)

dzgff sr. gvs w r

sr, (h squr s gr).


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137


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138

part four

the present


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139

part fouri

t b g p

i t a, g ,

in some ways this helped concentrate and nalize the plan. Furthermore, he

did not have to nd ways to tie his plan into its immediate surroundings, as is

. t

was to the south, the conglomeration from Ahuzat Bait to the sea through

a s. ( 44). f

lay Jaffa, which played a very reduced role in the plans nal shape. The sea to . g

,

there, and North-South was therefore his plan's principal orientation.

t q :

, ,

neighbouring estates, in the forties and fties? Knowing the prevalent modes

, (

q i),

g , in urbanity's cultural role, not merely in its function as trafc control or

. i , ,

g ( ),

, ,

.

w q

, ,

. a , , ,

80 20

, . o , , . i , (, x

southern one, are very clearly dened) will be used to dene - and assess the

x - .


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140

t b p

y r

s f

i g s

t s


141/265


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142

mp r ph f he Gees p's ur rher brer. ne

he scrcy f brges ( re bew) se suggese cecs.

mre cruc s he sue brek f he fbrc, hr exp fc.


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143

th pr f t avv,s sz, (vw

r ph), s cc f h w.


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144

t Yk r p

t iExhibition ground, and later as a sports stadium. It belongs chiey to the Land

Authority (Minhal Mekarke'ei Israel) as do most of the unbuilt regions in the

( 90%). t r e s

was not very benecial (too close to the budding city), as was the creation

( x). t

, ,

g

( x). s (

) , turning of this wasteland into a browneld estate of considerable size. The

.

o ,

, . w x (

70 ) ,

constraining the Geddes plan. While, it may have been benecial for a brief

, ,

. t , x, . t , x

limited use and value, conscated the area, and for 50 years prevented it

from being put to any proper use. The rst steps toward letting go of these

( , , )

taken, and have proved successful from the rst: the place has great potential,

. i x ( J ,

, ), ,

. e j,

. i

.s 2008


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th rvr s ks r kp v f cr.

th r chs r

rc h us

f rugh s s. n

p s cc

h sr prs.

a c ccv

surs r

hphzr k

prr, sp.

crss h rvr.


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146

,

x. t

. i

24 hours a day, lled with bars, restaurants, shopping and open markets, all

j x

, , .

However the area's long neglect has taken its toll: the place (circa 0.5 sq.

.) x . i x

, . i

role as a full partner of the city centre, chiey as residential land, which it

. t , ,

, , .

t

. u, , q ,

.

t g y ,

.

i, x "k d"

. i ,

g , , ,

. p , that prevail. At present the 'green' is liked by all, for the simple reason that

. l

, t a ,

, . t

,

.

t ,

, . i

, , . slinks benet all: expansion should not be carried out by the simple adding of

,

. u

the area's use and intensity, which in turn fosters the diversity that is the reason

.


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147

w b

s f


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148

dvp f h p

h s fr. Fr

1940 1970, hs ws

sh w, u ck fmeans and a heavy inux

f grs (v). th

w vp w,

ws v w hs,

and it was nally provided

wh c r (w

x pg).

th rg grus

h rh wr ur

prk, (vsg Gs), wh s suh

g hv h k

f mrr c,

chs prfrg

fu g.


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151

A nal triumph of planning based on the Geddes sketch, and

susqu sg c rchcs, vr uch buhus

styled. By 1948 the look of Tel Aviv is denitive, and a modern, model

prk, fcg h ch vps, kp h x cur. bh

phs shw h scv cks h buhus r shp h

puc spc, yrk sr. bw, h prk vps cr prkg

fc ur , w rr sg frgs h psr, ch

road is infested with irrelevant, out of town trafc, and urban fabric

s frg cc, 2006.


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, , ,

become an isolated spot (next spread). As car trafc has better alternatives on

, ,

x ,

. t ,

(j ), .

Looking at the sea front from the south (from Jaffa), one realizes the

, g

, . a

, . t -

(). c ,

. l , ( )

,

( g )

, . o exclusive ones (the Dan Hotel) has a low prole and as many rooms. It was,

, . t

, . i

, q, , ,

. a ,

said, the sea, with its denite attractions, remains, as following pages attest.

er prk h s rh

, (ur h cr rp), ffcv crc

, rw f shps,

s rsurs. nwr

vp cr prk

urh r

h crc vus.

Frr x uss wr

pr. th fr h

ssg cc, s

sc, h xsg frc, h hs

urs r. C w

hr s srup h

prk.


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lf, vw fr ch shws kw, ccss, (r rrw).bw, h sr ccs r wkw. R sc ps.

Vw fr v rgh,

shws (r rrw) pu

ucc h

sr (yrk sr.). Ur

h fr vw r

gr ur f shps,

f fuc. expsur

f h pu su ks

pss us, s shps

rsurs u

survv. bw s h ucr

pprch fr h b

Gur bv. supps

k w crs, whchr fr w.

lw ef, suh pprchs scece he

pu, pssbe rech fr were

sree.the pce s pg fu,

gvere by pssgvehicular trafc, utter

sregr he wfbrc, hus prhbe peesrs. desg fs,when unbacked rst by

pg.


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tw p v. u d

"t " " " ,

(.. ),

former accounts only for its more 'basic' elements - the formation of its lots,, q . t b g b.

the singular places in Tel Aviv that denitively indicate their lack of planning,

and the inability of design and architecture to solve the planning stage's

.

a x b-g

, . n

. t g .

The trafc junction was hidden away, with no attempt to reduce the inordinate

trafc that was cutting the city off from its beach (still a problem today). The

9 , , (

) J . aj

( , ).

The problem of land ownership was 'solved' by a curious partnership of public

, , , ,

,

.

t , ,

( ), q , . i

. o

. f ( ) ,

, . a

to a hidden passage on the main oor, where there are additional hotel reception

. o q ( x

) x . t

j . s

puzzle, never to be revealed, though there are tens of them. Top left shows that

, . a ,

probably impossible, as a result of a lack of planning that would serve as a ne

x x.


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b h css f urs, hs hs frg, hc hs s f sur sss.

(bw) lkg hsuh wrs Jff, x f vcs hvr f h ps,u h pr s

prc. th frr prks w ss f furs sr 'furur', x

pg.b h ur f h cur,

hs chg, s hskyline lls up, and Telavv hs hr 'rss', ursc . nsrup c w, rr pr w x pg.


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156

te avv s uergg cs

chges, where s cer s whebserve s beches. 1960 (ef)

se f he perc chges

bew.


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157

t avv s w

ffrpc, chgg

s

fr s

cs w

c rch,

vpg

wsr c.


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i g

t g i g .

r ( ), , primarily the length of Tel Aviv, (unlike the seashore's long road, it has no

, ),

r sq . i

by east-west trafc often, but operates well just the same, as it is easy to

control and does not overextend its trafc sources and destinations. One of

, x g , (

), ( & ),

, x t a. t

existence of a lively commercial venue along it (as in the rest of the plan's

- , ), width of the plan being sufcient to carry its commercial venues (the local

citizens are its primary basis) with the necessary residential density. Both of

, x .

o , g ,

() ,

. i

g

x. a , ,

, ( x ). t ,

, , ..

. t , x,

,

,

g .

s , -

, ,

, . t

, , . h t

a, , g

,

x , .


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es s f i Gvr, rr f h Gs

p (gr), hs sz cc f gpublic buildings, not tted into any fabric.

thr r shw, h Hsru (Wrkrs

U) (w f), Gr Hh Cr,

w, Cu Cr,

arzrv sr (rk r).


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s b

t s


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163

Vr cr p spcs

h c's cruc

cr z, ffcv

w h l

auhr f isr, r

crg u fr p.

th rwcks f h cc Jff r s ppr. th

central parts of Tel Aviv have a neglected look. The few scattered tall ofces

hs p u h ck f g pg.

a suggs frrprg

ur fu s suv,rk puc

spc rs,cuxsg sr

frc, wxccvs h suhr prs

Jff. ths sursw rspc

squrs hcg hrsfr.


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165

th spr f t avv h suh s shw r h

Geddes plan or its conceptual inuence. It is mostly vacant land.

Vw f t avv fr h s, s cprs (v w).

aoher view of cerl souh prs, below, ixure of ew d old, looks egleced.

o , .


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public sQuares


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Dzgff Squ

th ugss f h

v pfr

gs h buhus

ckgru s cr.


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p q

A town's public squares serve as the regulating voids that help orientation

common meeting grounds. A look at the Tel Aviv's situation in that regard is

.

The most important square to emerge from the Geddes plan was Dizengoff

Square, which also happens to be one of the better stylized and uniquely

successful squares to materialize ou

urban miracle

Documents