urban mining to recycle critical metals in electric …...30 sb cu au in pb pt ag ta sn zn) ① ①...
TRANSCRIPT
Urban mining
Kohmei HALADA
Center for strategic natural resource
National Institute for Materials Science
urban mining
Speaker Ferrite, Cu
metals in cell phone an example of urban mine
電子機器内の基板(都市鉱石)には様々な部品が存在します。 それぞれの部品の中には、希少、有価な金属が含有しています。 一例として携帯電話の基板を示します。
IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
Connector Cu, Ni, Au
Buttery Ni, H
Tip Ceramics Capacitor Ag, Sn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zr
Coil Cu
Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
Shield Plate Fe, Ni, Cr
Circuit Board Cu
Plastics Sb
Lens Si
LCD In, Sn,Ba
Plastics Sb
IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
Connector Cu, Ni, Au
Shield Plate Fe, Ni, Cr
Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
Circuit Board Cu
Lead wire Cu
Tip Resistance Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
IC Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
Connector Cu, Ni, Au
Connector Cu, Ni, Au
exploration
Plastic Cu
Fe Ni Sn Ba
Au
Zn Mg Zn Al Ca
Cr Ag Co W B Mn
P
Nd
Sb Na
Zr Sr Mo K Pr La Y Pd As V Li In Ho Gd
Mg Pb
Cu4000 Sn 2000
Ta 300 Ag 100
Au 4
Ni 10000
Ta
grade
refiner mining manufacturer
Dissipated
stock
assembler use recycler Used stock
In-Use stock
metal parts products
Meta; parts products E-reuse/
waste scrap
® ® ® ®
country
Industrial
statistics
I/O
small small
ore
Trade
statistics
export
import import import import
I/O
Trade
statistics
Trade
statistics
export export
Trade
statistics
Country’s accumulation can be estimated by considering metals which transported
in products.
Urban mine
Top down method
18
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
1954
1952
1950
Pd素材輸出
Pt素材輸出
Pd自動車輸出
Pt自動車輸出
Pb電子輸出
Pt電子輸出
Pd蓄積
Pt蓄積
Pd export as material
Pt export as material Pd export as automobile Pt export as automobile Pd export as electric equipments Pt export as electric equipments
Pd accumulated in Japan Pt accumulated in Japan
わが国の都市鉱山蓄積は、 世界の年間消費を地球何個分まかなえるか
6.8kt 60kt
38Mt
1.2Gt 5.6Mt
660kt 130kt
2.5kt
140kt
150kt
4.4kt
1.7kt
PGM
Total accumulation in Japan compared with annual consumption in the world
Japan has great possibility of urban mining because Japan has developed with integrating
resources fronm all over the world
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sb Cu Au In Pb Pt Ag Ta Sn Zn
日本
の蓄
積量
/世
界の
埋蔵
量
(%)
①
①
②
③
③
③ ④
⑤
⑥
②
Acc
um
ula
tio
n p
ote
nti
al I
Jap
an
/ a
mo
un
t o
f w
orl
d p
rim
ary
rese
rve
Colaboration team since2008
METI MOE
colaboration team
- Collection measure
- Recycling technology
- Hazardous management
- System construction
Akita Ibaraki Fukupka
Tokyo Osaka Kyoto Nagoya
Local government
collector Dis-assembler separator smelter
From
viewpoint
of
resource
From
viewpoint of
waste
management
Recycling
material is
“goods”
Recycling
material is
“bads”
買い取り
センター持ち込み
目の前で破解 (物材機構の技術)
まとめて粗選別 (簡単、雇用対策)
基板 (緑と銅色)
その他 不燃物
モータ
磁石
貴金属 再生へ
他金属 再生へ
タングステン 回収
物材機構新技術
本選別
国環研or 筑波大 効果評価
物材機構 技術指導
リサイクルの二つの側面 リサイクルにはgoodsとbadsの2側面があり、
循環型社会形成基本計画などではbads対策の側面が強く表に出ている。
製品
bads
goods
(goods)
bads
最終処分の減量 有害物質の管理
資源の再利用
リサイクルの役割
天然資源採取の削減
11
Global climate change
Resource sustainability
Chemical hazard
Heaven (tian)
Earth (di)
Being (ren)
As the climate change is getting important, therefore, we need to take care of other risks.
Catastrophe comes from neighboring risks.
This presentation’s focus
Zr
25kt 0.9kt
I
15Mt 38Mt
V
13Mt
62.4kt
Mo 8.6Mt
179kt
Co 7Mt
57.5kt
Sn
6.1Mt 273kt
Nb 4.4Mt
59.9kt
Li
4.1Mt
21.1kt
W
2.9Mt
73.3kt
Y 540kt
8.9kt
Bi
320kt
5.6kt
Ag
270kt 19.5kt
Se
82kt
1.39kt
PGM
71kt
445t
Hg
45kt
1.4kt
Ta
43kt
1.3kt
Au
42kt 2.5kt
In 2.8kt
450t
20年
50年
100年
200年
Cr
1200Mt
20Mt
Cu 480Mt
15.3Mt
Mn
440Mt
11Mt
Zn
220Mt
10Mt
Ni
64Mt
1.55Mt
Pb
57Mt 3.3Mt
Fe
858Mt
79Gt
Al
P
177Mt
29Gt
K Mg Ti
18Gt
145Mt 30Mt 4Mt 10Mt
8.3Gt 2.2Gt 1.3Gt
Causes of resource risk
Line By = 0.0064x + 440
R2 = 0.4506
Line Ay = 0.056x
R2 = 0.9501
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
y = 9.01E-04x
y = -3.13E-05x + 6.74E+00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
y = 3.91E-05x
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
y = 2.19E-03x
y = 0.0057x
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Fe Zn
Si R.E.
GDP per capita ($)
m
etal con
sum
ptio
n p
er capita
(kg)
Fe-type: weakly de-coupled Al, Ni, Mo, Ag, Sb
Zn-type: de-coupled Cu, Sn, Pb, W, Cr, Mn, Au
Si-type: still coupling Pt, Co R.E.-type: further coupling Li, In, Ga
Four types of the two step line model of metal consumption v.s. GDP per capita
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
Fe
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Fe
(K t
on)
Accumulated
consumption
reserve
reserve base
already mined
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
Cu
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Cu
(K t
on)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Pt(
K t
on)
Pt
Annual
consumption (kt)
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fe Mn Zn Al Cr Pb Cu Ni Sn Mo W Sb RE Co Li Ag Pt In Au Ga Pd TMR
10.3 72
Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050. re
se
rve
s
rese
rve
ba
se
s
Accumulated consumption
from 2000 to 2050
Already mined
It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050: Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga
It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050: Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn
It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050: Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd
HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410
Energy
Generation, conversion, storage
Energy use
Heat, actuation, illumination, information
cleaning
Fuel Cell Solar Cell battery Thermo-
Electric motor LED
Electronic
parts catalyst
Ga
As
In
Cd
Ru
Pt
Rh
La
Ce
Gd
Li
Co
Ni
R.E.
Bi
Te
Co
Sb
Dy
Nd
Sm
Co
B
Ga
In
La
Eu
Y
Ag
Au
Pd
Rh
In
Ta
W
Ni
Pt
Pd
Rh
R.E.
Eco-innovation requires new demand of rare materials.
A 25m pool An Olympic pool 1500 Pentagons
Top of mount Fuji 10Gton
mount Fuji 100Gton
two mount Fijis 215Gton
Pt Au Fe
Extr
acte
d m
etal
(c
on
sum
er v
iew
) M
ined
mat
eria
l (r
eso
urc
e vi
ew)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
L i B e B F2 N e N a M gA l S i P 2 S C l2 K C aSc T i V C r M n Fe C oN i C u Zn G a G e A s SeB r2 R b S r Y Z r N b M oR u R h Pd A g C d In SnSb Te I2 C s B a La C eP r N d Sm Eu G d Tb D yH o E r Tm Yb Lu H f TaW R e O s Ir P t A u H gT l P b B i R a Th Ucoa l o il s tones aggrega tes p lastic
p roducts v iew56g
resouece v iew31kg
(g )
(100g)
p lastic
A uPd
Fe
C u
C u
A g
39404142444546474849505152535556
0.0010.010.1
110
100
plastic37.1
Pb 0.006
Sn 0.11
Al 2.65
Ba 0.17Ir 0.005 Au 0.02
Ag 0.14
Cu 9.8Ni 0.27Fe
4.72Cr
0.004W 0.39
Co0.51
製品重量 55g
plastic0.36
Pb 0.0002
Sn 0.28
Al 0.13
Ba 0.09
Au 22Ag 0.68
Cu 3.53Ni 0.07Co
0.31Fe 0.39
Cr 0.001
Pd 3.7
W 0.07
資源重量 31kg
Cell Phone Product-end Resource-end
0
5,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
15,000,000,000
20,000,000,000
25,000,000,000
200419991994198919841979197419691964195919541949
Others
Ag
Pb
Ti
Mo
Li
Si
RE
Cr
Pt
B
Sr
Mn
Zn
Zr
Ni
Sn
Al
Au
Cu
Fe
560million ton/y
380million ton/y
Increase of Total Material Requirement
20 Giga tons/year are mined at the resource end. Increasing at the rate of 560million tons per year.
1.5 times serious than
In 1960-70s
y = 441 x + 6,921,315
y = 1406.1x
y = 17,967,817
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP ($/capt)
TM
R (
g/capt)
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 4
Factor 8
2050
2020
2030
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
TM
R /
yea
r (M
t)
f=1 till 2050
f=2 by 2050
f=4 by 2050
f=8 by 2050
f=16 by 2050
f=5 by 2050
f=6 by 2050
Lifestyle change into “Factor8” is required !
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fe Mn Zn Al Cr Pb Cu Ni Sn Mo W Sb RE Co Li Ag Pt In Au Ga Pd TMR
10.3 72
Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050. re
se
rve
s
rese
rve
ba
se
s
Accumulated consumption
from 2000 to 2050
Already mined
It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050: Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga
It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050: Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn
It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050: Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd
HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410
石垣島宣言
材料はこれまで人類社会の発展に貢献してきました。しかし、その一方で大量生産・消費・廃棄を通じて環境負荷を増やしてきたことも指摘されています。
現在、人類活動の更なる発展を求めて材料への要求が一層高まってきています。そのために、材料に係わる資源リスク*も急速に増大しようとしています。
そこで、材料を持続可能な社会の構築に役立てることを目指す私たちは、資源利用に関する以下の3原則の重要性を再確認します。
資源利用の3つの原則
資源を枯渇させない
環境リスクを増やさない
地域的世代的公正に配慮する
また私たちは、材料を利用し使用する全ての人々に、この原則に則った以下の4つの実践を呼びかけ、私たち自身も、これらを具現化する材料技術を開発していく決意を
表明します。
資源利用の4つの実践
使わずにすむものは使わない(Reduce)
丁寧に使う(Reuse)
何度も使う(Recycle)
ありふれたものを使う(リプレイス)
Http://www.nims.go.jp/ecomaterial/hal/MR/ 53
DECLARATION OF ISSEM 2007 at ISHIGAKIJMA
While materials play an essential role in the development of human society, their
negative aspects of environmental burden through the massive production,
consumption, and disposal have been pointed out.
The demand for materials is now expanding further in order to satisfy growing human
needs. It may cause a rapid increase in the resource risk.
We, who aim to utilize materials to construct a sustainable society, reconfirm the
importance of the following three principles.
Three principles in the area of resource use
Resource Conservation
Environmental Protection
Regional and Generational Equity
Based on these principles, we ask you, consumers of materials, to observe the
following four practices. We also pledge ourselves to advance technologies which
realize these four practices in material research.
Four practices in the area of resource use
Use minimum quantity
Use completely
Circulate as many times as possible
Use abundant resources
International Symposium of Sustainable Energy and Material was held at 2007 at Ishigaki Island,Japan to discuss the contribution of materials science and engineering to sustainable use of energy and resource.
Some metal has more on-surface stock than underground stock
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
04999489847974
Cu (Mt) : 48%
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
04999489847974
Au (t) : 69%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
04999489847974
Ag (kt) : 70%
underground stock
(reserve)
On surface stock
Primary Stock
Secondary Stock
Annual products 26 million
In use 100million
New 5million
Replaced 21 million
About 7mg Gold Is contained
700kg Au Is in-use.
6.5 million phones are recycled.
50kg
100kg
Major part of urban mine is dissipated stock.
But, at the current status,
We have a lot of things to do !!
In-use stock
Recovered from Used stock
150kg
We have not yet explored the vein of urban mine.
Challenge of urban mining
ビデオカメラ
オーディオデジタルカメラ
ポータブルMDプレイヤー
ポータブルCDプレイヤー
液晶テレビDVDプレイヤー
電話機 カーナビゲーム機
フラッシュメモリーオーディオ(A)
携帯電話
¥/台 150 372 110 108 67 70 32 10 21 66 43 119
Co 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.45
Ni 1.90 6.99 2.86 1.54 1.15 0.60 0.43 0.18 0.79 2.80 0.38 2.34
Cu 4.21 28.97 12.75 6.15 3.74 10.88 4.17 0.71 6.90 8.32 1.50 5.01
Zn 0.07 0.52 0.25 0.06 0.10 0.48 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.01 0.09
Mo 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.04
Pd 40.07 12.33 3.08 1.23 4.31
Ag 7.12 32.74 10.61 6.21 6.37 3.18 2.43 1.58 3.18 2.73 1.70 5.62
Sn 1.27 8.47 2.11 2.01 2.32 3.16 0.85 0.51 0.95 2.12 0.28 0.93
Ta 2.82 6.26 0.94 0.31 0.63 0.06
W 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.05
Au 77.32 274.90 51.54 85.91 51.54 25.77 17.18 3.44 8.59 34.36 37.80 96.21
Pb 14.87 7.48 16.24 1.97 0.79 23.48 5.91 3.47 0.25 14.87 0.08 3.96
Bi 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00
Metals per unit are not so expensive
31
¥/unit
Cam
coder audio camera
MD
Player
CD
Player
DVD
player LCD
TV
Table
Tele
phone
car
navigat
ion
mobile
game
Smart
Audio
Cell
phone
large scale waste
product
product
product
product
product
materialize request materialize
request
accumulation of property
consumer of materialized
product
consumer or pro-sumer of service
materialize request materialize
request materialize
requests
service materialize the request
production
large scale
resource
mass production
select
many variety of request
appropriate presentation of request
customize
less waste
circulation of materials
small scale circulation
less resources
1) material flow in the era of mass production
2) material flow in the era of dematerialization
satisfaction and content
summary • Resource risk is near at hand
• We are at the entrance where secondary resource is more than undergroung resource.
• For effective urban mining, recyclable design is the master card
• Circulation chain (material leasing system) should be constracted.