Urban characteristics

Megalopolis.Megalopolis. Mass Transit.Mass Transit. Magnet for economic and Magnet for economic and

social opportunities.social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions.

- Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core New frontier of opportunity New frontier of opportunity

for women.for women. Squalid living conditions for Squalid living conditions for

many.many. Political machines.Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

The Streetcar

Zones of Emergence

Vanderbilt Mansion NYC

Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 19241856 – 1924

The ChicagoThe ChicagoSchool ofSchool ofArchitecturArchitecturee

Form Form followsfollowsfunction!function!

Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

D. H. BurnhamD. H. Burnham

1846 – 19121846 – 19121846 – 19121846 – 1912

Use of steelUse of steelas a superas a superstructure.structure.

FlatironFlatironBuilding Building

NYC – 1902NYC – 1902

D. H. D. H. BurnhamBurnham

Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 19591869 – 1959

““Prairie Prairie House”House”School of School of ArchitectureArchitecture

““OrganicOrganicArchitectureArchitecture””

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915Allen-Lamb House, 1915

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936“Falling Waters”, 1936

Interior of “Falling Interior of “Falling Waters”Waters”

F. L. Wright FurnitureF. L. Wright Furniture

Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC - Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 19591959

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge, 18831883

Steiglitz - NYC

The White City

Frederick law Olmstead Landscape Architecture- Green Space

““Dumbell “ TenementDumbell “ Tenement

““Dumbell “ Tenement, NYCDumbell “ Tenement, NYC

Jacob Riis: Jacob Riis:

How the How the Other Half Other Half

LivedLived(1890)(1890)

Tenement Slum LivingTenement Slum Living

Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether

Tenement Slum LivingTenement Slum Living

Hester Street

Jewish Section

Chinatown

Urban Growth 1870-1900

Morals: Birth Control Battle

Comstock Sanger

Comstock Law

The Political Machine

Bossism – filled a power vacuum Politics as a business Cities grew quickly – had no

services or infrastructure Bosses gave structure and order Provided – services, social

services, infrastructure development, identity

Boss Tweed Frequent target of Thomas Nast

Political Issues Pensions Rights for African Americans Tariffs – McKinley Tariff Monopolies and trusts – abuse of power Monetary Policy – Sherman Silver Purchase “Politics of Equilibrium” – stalemate

Patronage, ideology, culture, campaign style

Impact

Bosses gain votes, power, money

“good honest graft” Gave the city form and identity Corrupt – but did provide

development and services The machine – precinct, ward

bosses – tied to the Mayor KC = Pendergast machine

Voting Blocks

DemocraticBloc

DemocraticBloc

RepublicanBloc

RepublicanBloc

White southerners(preservation ofwhite supremacy)

Catholics

Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)

Urban working poor (pro-labor)

Most farmers

Northern whites(pro-business)

African Americans

Northern Protestants

Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)

Most of the middleclass

Laissez Faire Federal Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Govt. Laissez Faire Federal Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Govt.

From 1870-1900 Govt. did verylittle domestically.

Main duties of the federal govt.: Deliver the mail. Maintain a national military. Collect taxes & tariffs. Conduct a foreign policy.

Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

Presidency – symbolic office

Patronage & Civil Service Reform Stalwarts

Half breeds

Mugwumps

Pendleton Act 1883 Pendleton Act 1883 Pendleton Act 1883 Pendleton Act 1883

Civil Service Act.

The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.

1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.

1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinionChanging Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion Americans wanted the federal govt. to

dealwith growing soc. & eco. problems & to curbthe power of the trusts: Interstate Commerce Act – 1887 Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890 McKinley Tariff – 1890

Based on the theory that prosperityflowed directly from protectionism.

Increased already high rates another 4%!

Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).

Supreme Court Supreme Court DecisionsDecisions

Supreme Court Supreme Court DecisionsDecisions Munn vs. IllinoisMunn vs. Illinois (1877) (1877)

- GrangerLaw- GrangerLaw

Wabash, St. Louis, & Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railroad Pacific Railroad Company vs. IllinoisCompany vs. Illinois (1886)(1886) == ==ICCICC

US V EC Knight(1895)US V EC Knight(1895)

Pollack V Farm Loan & Pollack V Farm Loan & Trust(1895)Trust(1895)

Depression 1893-1901unprecedented length & severity

Underlying Issues Agricultural

depression European

depression Structural flaws Over investment

and over development (rr)

Interconnected economy

Impact Corporate failures SM crash Banks close and

contract credit 22% unemployment Panic, sense of

crisis Strikes Fear of class

warfare or revolution

Response

Cleveland – monetary policy Au only

Pullman Strike/UMW strikes 1894

Coxey’s Army 1894

Coxey’s Army