urban cableways study france.pdf

8/14/2019 urban cableways study france.pdf

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CERTU

STRMTGPPCI transports du quotidien

PCI Interface voirie et transports collectifs

CETE

Aerial cableways as urban transport

systemsDecember 2011

French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and ousing


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AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPRT SYSTE!S

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Ca'le transport s-ste&s are effectivel- a'sent fro& t.e ur'an and su'ur'an pu'lic transport landscape in/rance0 1.ere 2ondola lifts and aerial tra&1a-s re&ain essentiall- perceived as s-ste&s for t.e transport ofs3iers in 1inter sports resorts4

Ca'le s-ste&s can0 .o1ever0 'e used in ur'an areas4 Europe .as a nu&'er of 2round$'ased s-ste&s 5suc.as funiculars in cities includin2 L-on0 Barcelona0 Inns'ruc3 and Le 6avre a&on2st ot.er locations7 and a s&allnu&'er of ca'le cars0 lar2el- ai&ed at t.e tourist &ar3et 5for e8a&ple in Barcelona0 Colo2ne and Lis'on74Several &etropolitan areas 5!edell9n0 Caracas0 Rio de :aneiro0 Portland0 Ne1 Yor30 Al2iers and ot.ers7 .aveeven incorporated 2ondolas and aerial tra&1a-s into t.eir pu'lic transport net1or3s4 E&'le&atic pro;ectssuc. as t.ese can provide an effective ur'an transport solution4

In /rance0 t.e la1*identifies ca'le s-ste&s as one of t.e alternatives t.at could offer an efficient solution aspart of a polic- of reducin2 pollution and 2reen.ouse 2as e&issions4 And so&e ca'le transport pro;ects arecurrentl- 'ein2 run '- local aut.orities4

T.e conte8t in 1.ic. ca'le s-ste&s operate0 1.at needs do t.e- &eet and 1.at are t.e costs involved in t.eirdevelop&ent are funda&ental questions local aut.orities &ust address4 T.is for&ed t.e fra&e1or3 for a stud-underta3en '- !inistr- of Transport to 'e pu'lis.ed earl- in ()*(4 T.is docu&ent provides a su&&ar- of t.isstud-4

!erial tram"ay in #ortland $ %regon&photo Doppelmayr'

* T.e Au2ust ())=$=?@ addressin2 t.e i&ple&entation of t.e #renelle delenvironne&ent %isposals

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Cable transport systems : terminological clarifications

T.e voca'ular- used varies accordin2 to t.e conte8t D usual lan2ua2e0 re2ulator-0 industrial environ&ents

T.e ter&inolo2ical c.oices in t.is docu&ent 1ere &ade onl- in order to s.are t.e sa&e definitions4

Two families of aerial cableways

Aerial tramwaysare ca'le transport s-ste&s 1it. one or t1o ve.icles &ovin2 'ac3 and fort. on a fi8ed trac35e8a&plesD Portland0 Ne1 Yor374 T.e ve.icles are 2enerall- lar2e0 var-in2 in passen2er capacit- fro&


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Tricable )ondola in *oblen+ $ )ermany &photo Doppelmayr'

!t"er types of cable systems not included in t"is document

#unicularsare s-ste&s pulled '- a ca'le and runnin2 on rails4 T.e- usuall- operate out and 'ac34 So&eco&para'le s-ste&s can incorporate a declutc.in2 &ec.anis& and &ove continuousl-0 for e8a&ple inPeru2ia 5Ital-74$iftspulled '- ca'les are so&eti&es desi2nated as a funicular4 T.e- are 'ased on specific tec.nolo2ies and2overned '- separate re2ulations to funiculars0 applica'le to all 3ind of lifts4

A highly regulated sector in France

/renc. re2ulations 2overnin2 t.e desi2n0 safet- and operation of ca'le transport s-ste&s are split 'et1een t.eTouris& Code 51.ic. applies to specific tourist areas7 and t.e Transport Code4

S-ste&s providin2 pu'lic ur'an or su'ur'an transport services are 2overned solel- '- re2ulations 'ased on

t.e Transport Code0 and in particular decree n> ())


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Ser'ice le'els comparable wit" ("ig")capacity( modes of transport

Ca'le s-ste&s ac.ieve relativel- .i2. perfor&ance and are co&para'le to transport s-ste&s 1it. a .i2. level

of service0 suc. as tra&1a-s and B6LS4

T.eser'ice fre*uencyof t.e 2ondolas at stations varies si2nificantl- 'et1een s-ste&s0 fro& tens of secondsto around *G &inutes4 Wit. 2ondola s-ste&s0 t.e cars can arrive into stations and depart on an al&ostcontinual 'asis4 ne e8a&ple of t.is is in !edell9n0 1it. cars departin2 ever- *( seconds at pea3 ti&es4/requencies are lo1er0 .o1ever0 in t.e case of aerial tra&1a-s4 T.e Roosevelt Island Tra&1a- in Ne1 Yor3departs ever- H &inutes durin2 pea3 ti&es and ever- *G &inutes off$pea34

T.e commercial speedof ca'le s-ste&s depends &ainl- on t.e speed


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5uality of ser'ice

Ca'le s-ste&s provide different levels of service 1it. co&pared to ot.er transport s-ste&s4 T.e- also .ave

so&e tec.nical features 1.ic. li&it passen2er co&fort in spite of re2ular tec.nolo2- i&prove&ents4

T.e a'ailability le'els of ca'le s-ste&s are equivalent to &etro s-ste&s 52enerall- a'ove ==4G 0 all eventsco&'ined74 As for ot.er ur'an transport s-ste&s0 ac.ievin2 t.is level of availa'ilit- &eans i&ple&entin2 aneffective preventive &aintenance and c.ec3in2 polic-4 Poor 1eat.er0 and in particular .i2. 1inds0 are t.e &aincauses for service interruptions4 T.eir real i&pact on t.e operation is not so i&portant4 T.e &a8i&u&accepta'le 1ind speeds var- fro& @) to **) 3&+. dependin2 on t.e tec.nolo2- used4 Bica'le and trica'les-ste&s are &ore resistant to 1ind speed4

%uplicatin2 a nu&'er of 3e- co&ponents 5suc. as t.e &otor0 speed reducer0 e&er2enc- pulle-0 2enerators4447also .elps to &aintain t.e availa'ilit- level required4 Suc. &easures0 not ;ustified for &ountain services0 areessential in t.e conte8t of ur'an pu'lic transport4 Si&ilarl-0 in t.e event of 'rea3do1n0 it is prefera'le to use

evacuation procedures 'ased on ve.icle recover- at stations4Ca'le s-ste&s are one of t"e safest transport s-ste&s in t.e 1orld0 'ased on t.e ratio of t.e nu&'er ofaccidents to t.e nu&'er of people transported per 3ilo&etre4Conversel-0 t.e comfortof ca'le s-ste&s is not co&para'le to ot.er for&s of pu'lic transport4 T.e a'senceof a live electric current is a restriction despite t.e pro2ress noticed on t.e &ore recent services4 n$'oard'atteries provide li2.tin2 in t.e cars 'ut not air conditionin24 Researc. is on2oin2 and pro2ress could 'eac.ieved in t.e s.ort ter&4 T.e lar2est cars used in aerial tra&1a-s s-ste&s offer ver- .i2. levels of co&fortdurin2 t.e ;ourne- 51it. little noise and li&itin2 s1in2in27 'ut fe1 seats 52enerall- arran2ed alon2 t.e 1alls oft.e cars4 /or e8a&ple D *? sittin2 seats for **) people in Ne1 Yor374 Conversel-0 s&aller cars often 2uaranteepassen2ers can travel seated 5for e8a&ple D (, sittin2 seats for


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!perational Safety re*uires robust estimates of passenger demand

T.e need for a ro'ust esti&ate of passen2er de&and is &ore crucial for ca'le s-ste&s t.an for ot.er transports-ste&s4

T.e capacit- of a ca'le transport is strictl- li&ited '- t.e &a8i&al 1ei2.t t.e cars t.at t.e ca'les can carr-4Ca'le supports and ot.er civil en2ineerin2 co&ponents are siFed for a predeter&ined 1ei2.t4 T.is safet- li&iti&poses a relia'le control of t.e passen2er loadin2 on 'oardG4

It is .o1ever possi'le to ad6ust t"e capacityof a ca'le s-ste& to respond to periodic fluctuations in de&and4T.e &ost co&&on operation consists of &odif-in2 t.e speed of t.e traction ca'le4 Reducin2 t.e speed of t.eca'le increases ;ourne- ti&es 'ut can reduce ener2- consu&ption si2nificantl-4 It is also possi'le to var- t.enu&'er of cars in service0 alt.ou2. t.is .as onl- a li&ited i&pact in ter&s of operatin2 costs and so is rarel-i&ple&ented4 It is onl- relevant for so&e co&ponents 1.ic. are less used and t.us &a- .ave a lon2er lifespan4

/or practical purposes0 t.ese &easures .ave rarel- 'een i&ple&ented4

!ptimising maintenance and c"ec7ing is essential to year)round operation

T.e issue of &aintenance is crucial in ur'an environ&ents0 1.ere s-ste&s are su';ected to .eav- use4 As fort.e siFin2 of t.e s-ste&0 t.e &aintenance polic- &ust 'e carefull- planned on t.e 'asis of accurate anal-sisat t.e desi2n sta2e4 Practical &easures 5suc. as a 2ara2in2 for t.e ca'ins0 standardised co&ponents andc.oosin2 &ore ro'ust co&ponents7 .elp to si&plif- and opti&ise &aintenance4 !ost tas3s can 'e underta3enoutside of revenue service0 t.erefore0 do not i&pact on t.e co&&ercial availa'ilit- of t.e s-ste&4 Initialfeed'ac3 of i&ple&entations of ur'an ca'le transport internationall- s.o1s .o1ever t.at it is 'eneficial tos.ut do1n t.e s-ste& for a fe1 da-s a -ear to carr- out &ore co&ple8 &aintenance operations4

/renc. re2ulations require t.at s-ste&s are su';ect to periodic c.ec3s includin2 dis&antlin2 and reinstallin2various co&ponents4 Nonet.eless0 t.ese operations do not necessaril- i&pl- a prolon2ed s.utdo1n of t.es-ste&4 T.e- can0 in fact0 'e carried out in p.ases as 'ac32round tas3s0 in t.e sa&e 1a- as on2oin2&aintenance4

The capacity of buses and tramways is usually calculated on the basis of a & minute fre$uency and a density ofpassengers of , people per m. /et it is allowed on rush hour to exceed this ratio to reach to " people per m

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** H+*,

5arcelona4 maintenance "or6shop for the gondola lift ofMont8uic9 hoto !nne (e 7uyet $ *ETE of (yon'


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$imited land ta7e but a c"allenging implementation of large stations

Ca'le transport tec.nolo2- requires a straig"t line 5or practicall-7 'et1een t1o stations? J 1.ic. can 'erestrictive0 especiall- in ur'an environ&ents4

6o1ever0 ca'le s-ste&s do .ave t.e advanta2e of overco&in2 t.e difficulties associated 1it. 2ettin2 overobstacles and dealin2 1it. c.an2es in level4 T.eir land ta7e at ground le'el is ver- li&ited0 as t.e space'eneat. under t.e ca'les can 'e used for ot.er purposes4

T.eintegration of t"e stationsin a constrained area can 'e pro'le&atic4 T.e actual &ini&u& di&ensionsfor stations are around *) &eters 1ide '- (G &eters lon2 5G) &eters for inter&ediate stations74 T.e level at1.ic. people enter t.e ca'in influences .o1 &uc. land is needed4 W.ere passen2ers enter at 2round level0t.e space needed to lift t.e cars up 1it. sufficient clearance .as to 'e allo1ed for4 Enterin2 1.en t.e cars areup .i2. overco&es t.is difficult-0 'ut requires a &uc. lar2er 'uildin24 T.e lo1er floors0 in t.ese confi2urations0can 'e used to store t.e cars or acco&&odate ot.er activities 5s.ops44474

(o"er station on the bicable gondola in5ol+ano &photo (eitner'

!erial tram"ay station of 7oosevelt :sland in;e"$


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!ngoing difficulties in estimating in'estment and operation costs

Identif-in2 t.e various in'estmentcosts is a co&ple8 &atter0 as t.is is co&&ercial data for &anufacturersand pri&e contractors4 In addition0 t.ere still is too little data availa'le on ur'an ca'le transport s-ste&s to 'ea'le to calculate avera2e invest&ent costs accuratel-4

Several recent pro;ects in &ountain environ&ents can 'e used to define orders of &a2nitude for eac. ite& ofe8penditure4

System Monocable Tricable

%rive station@ (4G to < !K , to G !K

Inter&ediate station *4( to *4G !K

Return station * !K < to , !K

H to *) seats ca'in


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Effects on t"e en'ironment and t"e urban landscape : a sensiti'e sub6ect for t"ein"abitants

Visual impact and intrusion

T.e visual i&pact of ca'le transport s-ste&s is a su';ect e&inentl- su';ective and co&ple8 to descri'e4 T.elac3 of pilot pro;ects in /rance &eans t.at t.is t-pe of infrastructure is unfa&iliar in ur'an environ&ents4 T.evisual i&pact re&ains a &a;or factor in opposition to t.is t-pe of s-ste&4

!ore co&&unication fro& pro;ect &ana2ers on t.is topic alon2 1it. specific efforts '- t.e &anufacturers ont.e er2ono&ics of t.e cars0 of t.e stations and of t.e p-lons could &a3e t.e de2ree of intrusion &oreaccepta'le and less of a constraint4

8n"abitants to con'ince

M Aerial ca'le1a- D t.e Burna'- &ountain residents .ave concernsBurna'- residents 1.ose .ouse is located under t.e ca'le put for1ard for t.e aerial ca'le s-ste& leadin2 tot.e Si&on /raFer Universit- are 1orried a'out t.e i&pact of t.e pro;ect on t.eir private life and t.eir propert-value O T.e la-out put for1ard 1ould carr- t.e passen2ers 2ondolas a'ove t.e .ousin2 cooperative PineRid2e4 #len Porter0 o1ner of one of t.ese residences0 sa-s t.at .is nei2.'our and .e .ave &an- questionsre2ardin2 t.e pro;ect4 6e e&p.asiFes t.at a 2ondola 1ould fl- over t.e cooperative ever- *= seconds0 andt.at t.e residents as3 t.e&selves 1.at t.e passen2ers could see and 1.at i&pact it could .ave on t.eirprivate life and t.e value of t.eir propert- ORadio$Canada !a-0 ? ()**

System noise

No1ada-s in /rance noise of t.e s-ste& is still not 1ell assessed in ur'an environ&ents4 T.e ori2ins of t.eS-ste& noise assess&ent in ur'an environ&ents is an e&er2in2 consideration in /rance4 T.e ori2ins of t.ee&ission of noise co&in2 fro& t.e ca'le transports s-ste&s are &ainl- located at t.e station and as t.e- passunder p-lons4 T.e 'ica'le and trica'le s-ste&s .elp to reduce t.e level of noise si2nificantl-0 unli3e&onoca'le s-ste&s 1.ic. require &ore p-lons and .ave &ore &ovin2 parts4

/irst investi2ations on t.ese s-ste&s 1ere &ade '- t.e STR!T# 5Tec.nical service in c.ar2e of safet- forrope1a-s and 2uided transport7 in order to descri'e t.is p.eno&enon on &ore o';ectives 'asis4 A fe1si2nificant conclusions can 'e dra1n D

In stations0 t.e noise of t.e &ac.iner- and t.e noise &ade durin2 t.e slo1do1n and t.e accelerationof t.e cars are t.e &ost pro'le&atic4

T.e operatin2 speed is an si2nificant para&eter D t.e level of t.e &easured surroundin2 noise is lesst.an ( dB5A7 1.en t.e speed decreases fro& ? &+s to G &+s All p-lons dont produce t.e sa&e level of noise D t.e line support structures co&pression and support$

co&pression are noisier t.an t.e support to1er in t.e 2ap ran2e of *) dB5A74

T.e &anufacturers .ave alread- 1or3ed to reduce t.e noise pollution4 In stations0 3eepin2 t.e &ec.anicalco&ponents separate0 for e8a&ple '- installin2 t.e& under2round0 ensures quieter operation4 Reducin2 t.elevel of noise on t.e platfor&s0 .o1ever0 requires furt.er tec.nolo2ical innovations4

Energy consumption

Ca'le transport s-ste&s are relativel- ener2- efficient overall4 !onoca'le s-ste&s are less efficient 'ecauseof t.e friction 2enerated '- passin2 over nu&erous p-lons4 Load and c.an2es in level .ave a &ore li&ited

i&pact t.an t.e speed of t.e ca'le4 T.erefore t.ere is a real advanta2e in ad;ustin2 speed in line 1it. t.e levelof use4

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** **+*,


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T.is anal-sis re&ains insufficient in esti&ate ener2- consu&ption D a 2lo'al assess&ent of LCA t-pe 5life c-cleanal-sis7 of ite&iFed ele&ents of infrastructure 1ill 'e required4 Stoc3 lists of ite&s are not availa'le4 T.isassess&ent is also valid for all t.e ot.er ur'an transports &odes4

Long term effects on urban environments

As an- ne1 for& of transport infrastructure0 t.e develop&ent of a ca'le transport s-ste& can .ave contrastin2effects on t.e area fro& openin2 up0 developin2 and redevelopin2 particular nei2.'or.oods and renovatin2t.e 'uilt environ&ent and pu'lic spaces0 to increased pressure on land and su'ur'aniFation4

Pro;ect sponsors t.erefore need to anticipate c.an2es in t.e re2ion 'ased on an overall and for1ard$loo3in2vision4

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** *(+*,

The *ableTrain in Medell=n ta6es is helping to open upand develop some of the city>s neighborhoods &photo#omagals6i'


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Conclusion

Aerial ca'le transport s-ste&s are particularl- 1ell suited to overco&in2 o'stacles and ot.er divisive features

in t.e ur'an landscape0 suc. as rail1a- lines0 1ater courses0 lar2e depressions0 c.an2es in level0 etc4T.e- .elp avoid t.e need to 'uild .i2.l- e8pensive infrastructure4

Unli3e ot.er for&s of transport0 t.e- are not li&ited '- &a8i&u& accepta'le inclines and can run in a strai2.tline even if t.ere is a c.an2e in level4

Ca'le transport s-ste&s can ac.ieve t.e sa&e levels of capacit- and co&&ercial speed as tra&1a-s orB6LS 5Bus 1it. a .i2. level of service74 But ca'le transport s-ste&s are not sufficient to for& t.e 'ac3'one ofan ur'an transport net1or3 in a lar2e conur'ation 'ecause of t.e len2t. of t.e lines 51.ic. is li&ited to a fe13ilo&eters70 t.e s&all nu&'er of stations on t.e sa&e line and t.e si2nificant difficulties associated 1it.construction in a dense ur'an fa'ric4

Ca'le transport s-ste&s do0 .o1ever0 offer a solution to de&ands 1.ic. traditional transports s-ste&s 5'uses0tra&1a-s0 and &etro s-ste&s7 are una'le to address satisfactoril- 'ecause of tec.nical or financialconstraints4 T.e- can open up areas 1.ic. 1ere previousl- poorl- served 'ecause of o'stacles or c.an2es inlevel4 T.e- can t.us co&ple&ent0 rat.er t.an co&pete 1it.0 ot.er transport s-ste&s4

No1ada-s0 t.e develop&ent of ca'le transport s-ste&s is still slo14 T.is is particularl- 'ecause of pu'licaccepta'ilit- considerations0 re2ulation0 propert- i&pact and safet- aspects4 Land re2ulation is a centralsu';ect0 to i&prove i&ple&entation ti&escales of ca'le transport s-ste&s4

Lessons &ust still 'e dra1n fro& t.e e8perience and assess&ents of lar2er international ur'ani&ple&entation0 to infor& future discussion in /rance4

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** *


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Acronyms

B6LS D Bus 1it. a .i2. level of serviceCETE D Centre tec.nique de lQquipe&ent 5Tec.nical Stud- and En2ineerin2 Centre7CERTU D Centre dtudes et de rec.erc.es sur les transports0 lur'anis&e et les constructions pu'liques5center for studies on ur'an plannin20 transportation0 and pu'lic facilities7LCA D Life c-cle anal-sisPCI D Ple de co&ptence et dinnovation 5innovative and 3no1led2e cluster7PTU D Pri&tre de Transport Ur'ain 5Ur'an transport area7STR!T# D Service Tec.nique des Re&ontes !caniques et des Transports #uids 5Tec.nical service inc.ar2e of safet- for rope1a-s and 2uided transport7

Contri'utors D Corinne A'ra.a& 5 STR!T#70 Ccile Cl&ent$Wern- 5CERTU70 %avid %u'ois 5CETE de L-on70Anne Le Ru-et 5CETE de L-on70 !ic.al Potier 5CETE de L-on70 Sandrine Rousic 5CETE !diterrane70 YvesSc.neider 5STR!T#74

%avid %u'ois0 Anne Le Ru-et and !ic.al Potier are &e&'ers of t.e innovative and 3no1led2e cluster Vdail-transportsVJ Sandrine Rousic and !ic.al Potier are &e&'ers of t.e innovative and 3no1led2e cluster VPu'lictransports and pu'lic roads interfaceV4 T.e- all 'elon2 to /renc. &inistr- of sustaina'le develop&ent4

T"e w"ole study will be a'ailable on CERTU and STRMTG sites from April /4/0

"ttp:;;www0certu0fr;"ttp:;;www0strmtg0de'eloppement)durable0gou'0fr;

Contacts

Ccile Cl&ent$Wern- 5CERTU7cecile4cle&entdeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr%%4certudeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr

Yves Sc.neider 5STR!T#7-ves4sc.neiderdeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** *,+*,
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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