upstream vs pipeline flow computer
DESCRIPTION
As presented at Entelec...Understand the differences between Upstream vs Pipeline flow computer.TRANSCRIPT
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Pipeline Vs. Upstream Flow Computers
Understanding the Differences
Grant Van Hemert, P.E.
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Flow Computation
• Very Important Process Criteria• Used In A Variety Of Industries• Flow Is Determined By Two Means– Flow Meter– Flow Computers
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Flow Computers vs. Flow MetersFlow Computer Flow Meter
Flow Direction
Leak Detection
Flow Total
Flow Composition DeterminationRevenue Billing Oil & Gas Drinking Water, Steam, etc.
Revenue Billing Based on Flow CompositionNeeds Flow Meter to Function
Not Applicable
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Flow Computer Uses
• Oil or Gas Well Measurement• Pipeline Applications• STAR (Ship, Truck, Airplane, Rail) loading• WAGES (Water, Air, Gas, Electric, Steam) billing• Others
We Will Focus On Well and Pipeline Applications
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O&G Flow Computer Differences
• Gas– Measures 1 or more
types of gasses– Must preserve records– Interfaces with Gas
Chromatograph– Typically compliant with
API-21.1
• Liquid– Measures 1 or more
types of liquids– Must preserve records– Interface with Density
Meters– Typically compliant with
API-21.2
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Gas Measurement
• Easily Separates From Oil And Water• Natural Gas Has Multiple Components– Natural Gas Found At Production Well
• Transmission Can Be Pure, Or Natural Gas
• Gas Chromatograph Can Determine Composition
• Governed By API-21.1
Transportation and Production Product Is Similar
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Liquids Measurement
• Does Not Separates Easily From Water• Refined Liquids ≠ Unrefined Liquids• Volume Varies By Temp Not Pressure • Different Liquids Applications• Governed by API-21.2
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Liquid Pipeline Application Transportation
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Pipeline
Same Pipeline could be used to Transport Different Liquids
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Liquid Pipeline ApplicationTransportation
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Pipeline
Same Pipeline could be used to Transport Different Liquids
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Liquid Pipeline ApplicationTransportation
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Heating Oil
Gasoline
Diesel
Pipeline
Same Pipeline could be used to Transport Different Liquids
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Production Pipeline Application
• Same Liquid• Multiple Destinations (Refinery)• Multiple Sources (Batteries & Fields)• Custody Transfer At Input and Output
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Upstream Application
• Only Three Products– Liquid (Sellable)– Gas (Sellable– Water (Non-Sellable)
• No Change To– Source (Always the Same Wells)– Destination (Same Tank or Pipeline)– Pipeline Contents
Water Must Be Accounted For and Managed
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Upstream Application
• Separation Measurement– Test Separators– Portable Separators– Continuous Net Oil Measurement
• Calculations– Allocation• Estimate of Actual Production
Assigned to Each Well
– Proration• Estimate of Forecast Production
From Each Well
Allocation and Proration
Balanced at end of Month
Sporadic Well Testing
Result is Rounding and
Estimating
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Pipeline Versus Upstream
Pipeline
Upstream
• Permanent Provers• Pure Liquid• High Accuracy Measurement• Not Tolerant of Instrument
Errors
• Small Volume Temporary Provers
• Mix of Water and Oil• Harder To Measure
• Tolerant of Instrument Errors
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About API-21.2
“…apply to new metering systems that performs continuous on-line gross standard volume (GSV) calculations.”
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About API-21.2
“…apply to new metering systems that performs continuous on-line gross standard volume (GSV) calculations.”
Upstream Allocation ≠ Continuous Measurement• Test Separator•Portable Separators
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About API-21.2“Single-phase liquid hydrocarbon streams may include permissible amounts of water or other nonsalable components. Measurement of gas/liquid two-phase mixtures is not covered
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About API-21.2“Single-phase liquid hydrocarbon streams may include permissible amounts of water or other nonsalable components. Measurement of gas/liquid two-phase mixtures is not covered
Upstream:• Too Much Water For “Permissible” Clause•Water & Oil = Two Phase mixture
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What about API21.2 in Upstream
• Theory:– Does Not Apply
• Reality:– Must Conform to Record
Keeping and QTR– Required by BLM, and
others.
Upstream = Accurate Low Cost Measurement of 3
Phase Liquids
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Other Upstream Considerations?
• More tolerant– Meter failure– Impurities
• Simpler to use and configure
• Less Expensive Then Pipeline
Upstream = Accurate Low Cost Measurement of 3
Phase Liquids
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Conclusion
• Flow Meters ≠ Flow Computers
• Many Flow Computers Designed for Pipelines
• Not Suited for Upstream Applications– Allocation Determination– Tolerant of Impurities– Ease of Use– Lower Cost