Upper extremity 2Lower extremity 1

Carpal grooveHook of hamateHamateCapitateTrapezoid

TrapeziumPisiformTriquetrumLunate

Scaphoid

Carpal bones

Styloid process of third metacarpal [III]

HeadShaft; BodyBaseMetacarpals [I-V]

Head of phalanx,Trochlea of phalanxBody of phalanxBase of phalanxTuberosity of distal phalanxDistal phalanxMiddle phalanxProximal phalanxPhalanges

Greater sciatic notchObturator foramenIschiopubic ramusLunate surfaceAcetabular notchAcetabular fossaAcetabular marginAcetabulum

Hip bone; Coxal bone; Pelvic boneIschium, Ilium, Pubic

Iliac tuberosityAuricular surfaceSacropelvic surfaceInferior gluteal linePosterior gluteal lineAnterior gluteal lineGluteal surfaceIliac fossaPosterior inferior iliac spine

Posterior superior iliacspine

Anteriror inferior iliac spineAnterior superior iliac spineIliac crestArcuate lineAla of ilium; Wing of iliumBody of iliumIlium

Inferior pubic ramusObturator groove

Pecten pubis; Pectinealline

Iliopubic ramusSuperior pubic ramusSymphysial surfacePubic tubercleBodyPubisLesser sciatic notchIschial spineIschial tuberosityRamus BodyIschium

Intercondylar lineIntercondylar fossaPatellar surfaceLateral condyle and epicondyleAdductor tubercle

Medial condyle, Medial epicondylePopliteal surfaceGluteal tuberosityPectinal line;

Linea aspera, Lateral lip, Medial lip

Shaft of femur; Body of femurIntertrochanteric line and crestLesser trochanterNeckFovea for ligament

Head

The proximal femur is bent (L-shaped) so that the long axis of the head and neckproject superomedially at an angle to that of the obliquely oriented shaft This obtuseangle of inclination in the adult is 115 to 140 degrees, averaging 126 degrees. Theangle is less in females because of the increased width between the acetabula and the greater obliquity of the shaft. The angle of inclination allows greater mobility of

the femur at the hip joint because it places the head and neck more perpendicular to the acetabulum.

When the femur is viewed superiorly, so that the proximal end is superimposed overthe distal end, it can be seen that the axis of the head and neck of the femur and thetransverse axis of the femoral condyles intersect at the long axis of the shaft of thefemur forming the torsion angle, or angle of declination. The mean torsion angleis 7 degrees in males and 12 degrees in females. The torsion angle, combined withthe angle of inclination, allows rotatory movements of the femoral head within theobliquely placed acetabulum to convert into flexion and extension, abduction and

adduction, and rotational movements of the thigh.

Inferior articular surfaceFibular notch

Articular facetMalleolar groove

Medial malleolusInterosseus borderMedial borderAnterior borderSoleal lineTibial tuberosityShaft; BodyIntercondylar eminenceAnt. et post intercondylar areaFibular articular facetMedial and lateral condyleSuperior articular surfaceTibia

Malleolar grooveMalleolar fossaArticular facet

Lateral malleolusPosterior borderInterosseus borderShaft; BodyNeckApex of headArticular facet

FibulaHead