updated dec. 2005 created by c. ippolito november 2002 1 taxonomy unity and diversity chapter 5 page...

Updated Dec. 2005Created by C. Ippolito

November 20021

Taxonomy

Unity and DiversityChapter 5page 89 -125

2Created by C. Ippolito

November 2002Updated Dec. 2005

Taxonomy

natural curiositynatural curiosity attempt to name the different organisms.



COMMON NAMES

•"local" names •natives of an area.

•confusion • scientists - global basis.



COMMON NAMES

• What is the name of this mammal?



Mountain Lion

•a.k.a. •puma•cougar•panther•Indian devil

•Need logical system.



systematic naming and classifying of organisms – To make identification and comparison easier.

TAXONOMY



based on:

1.1.habitathabitat - location where organism was found

2.2.basic structurebasic structure - similarity

Early Classification



Aristotle’s Classification Scheme

Two kingdomsTwo kingdoms– Plants –

stationary green things

– Animals - motile



Plant Kingdom

1.1. treestrees

2.2. shrubsshrubs

3.3. herbsherbs

- one wood stem- many wood stems- soft stems



Animal Kingdom

1.1. landland

2.2. waterwater

3.3. airair

- live on land- live in water- fly



Later Developments in Taxonomy

Immutability of SpeciesImmutability of Species – fixed number of living things

existed– all will be

foundidentifiednamed



• speciesspecies 1.similar individuals 2.common ancestor3.mate in nature 4.produce fertile offspring

John Ray (1700) - Species



Linneaus (1707-1778)

Swedish botanist– BinomialBinomial

NomenclatureNomenclatureTwo name naming

– Genus namegeneral type

– Species namespecific kind

– Latin names



Why Latin?

1. language of education2. basis of most languages3. dead language

meanings do not change



Binomial Nomenclature

Genus: FelisFelis (cat)– species: tigristigris (tiger)– species: familiarisfamiliaris (of the family)– species: domesticusdomesticus (of the house)– species: leoleo (lion)– species: concolorconcolor (puma)



Modern System

TAXON - (pl. taxa) – group of related organisms

– hierarchy diversity to unity.



Modern System

Kingdom – largest taxon – most different

Species – smallest taxon – most similarity



Hierarchy of Taxa

Kingdom Phylum (pl. phyla)

ClassOrder

FamilyGenus (pl. genera)species



Kingdom Systems

classification changes for: – new discoveries– use or purpose– viewpoint



Kingdom Systems

TwoTwo KingdomKingdom: Plant and Animal ThreeThree KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal and Protist FourFour KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Protist and

Monera FiveFive KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Protist,

Monera and Fungi SixSix KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungi,

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,



Fungi

Planta

Animalia

Protists

Eubacteria

Archaebacteriamethanogens

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms



Plant Kingdom

1. nutrition - autotrophicautotrophic2. cells - multicellularmulticellular 3. cell type - eukaryoticeukaryotic4. locomotion - nonnon motilemotile5. cell walls - cellulosecellulose



Animal Kingdom

1. nutrition - heterotrophicheterotrophic2. cells - multicellularmulticellular 3. cell type - eukaryoticeukaryotic4. locomotion - motilemotile5. cell walls – not presentnot present



Protist Kingdom

1. nutrition – autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

2. cells - unicellularunicellular 3. cell type - eukaryoticeukaryotic4. locomotion – most motile motile5. cell walls – cellulose cellulose or not present not present



Fungi Kingdom

1. nutrition – saprophyticsaprophytic(absorbs nutrients from “dead things”)

2. cells - multicellularmulticellular 3. cell type - eukaryoticeukaryotic4. locomotion - nonnon motilemotile5. cell walls - chitinchitin



Eubacteria Kingdom

1. nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

2. cells - unicellularunicellular 3. cell type - prokaryoticprokaryotic4. locomotion - motilemotile5. cell walls - peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan



Archaebacteria Kingdom

1. nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic

2. cells - unicellularunicellular 3. cell type - prokaryoticprokaryotic4. locomotion - motilemotile5. cell walls – not peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan



Archaebacteria

• Simplest and most primitive• ProkaryoticProkaryotic - no membrane

bound organelles• methanogens of swamps• thermophiles of ocean vents



Eubacteria

1.1. SchizophytaSchizophyta (heterotrophs) -bacteria

2.2. CyanophytaCyanophyta (autotrophs) cyanobacteria

3.3. VirusesViruses ?? - obligate intercellular parasites

4.4. PrionsPrions ?? – naked proteins – “Mad Cow” disease



Schizophyta - bacteria

Basic shapes

1.1.bacillusbacillus - rods

2.2.coccuscoccus - round

3.3.spirillusspirillus - spiral



Viruses

“phagesphages” - Greek = to eat.– proteinprotein covercover – nucleic acids ( DNADNA or RNARNA))



Types of Viruses

1.1. BacteriophagesBacteriophages – attack bacterial cells

2.2. ZoophagesZoophages – attack animal cells

3.3. PhytophagesPhytophages – attack plant cells



Viral Life

Cycle


November 200234

Protists



Protist Groups

• Two types:

1.1.ProtozoaProtozoa - animal-like

2.2.AlgaeAlgae - plant-like



Protozoa

CiliataCiliata – cilia (i.e. paramecium)

SarcodinaSarcodina – pseudopodia (i.e.

ameba) ZoomastigophoraZoomastigophora

– flagella (i.e. euglena) SporozoaSporozoa

– spores (i.e. Plasmodium – causes malaria)



Algae

• ChlorophytaChlorophyta (green plant)• green

• RhodophytaRhodophyta (red plant)• red pigments

• PhaeophytaPhaeophyta • brown pigments



Algae

• ChrysophytaChrysophyta (crystal plant)• silica shell – diatoms• shells of dead cells

form diatomaceous earth – grit of toothpaste

• PyrophytaPyrophyta (fire plant)• fluoresce• responsible for St. Elmo’s

Fire



Plant Kingdom

Phyla of plant kingdom are called divisions.– Bryophyta – mosses and liverworts– Pterophyta – ferns– Cycadphyta – cycads– Ginkophyta – ginko– Coniferophyta – conifers– Anthophyta – flowering plants

Alternation of Generations– Gametophyte (haploid - n) – produces

gametes– Sporophyte (diploid - 2n) – makes spores to

reproduce



Division: Bryophyta

Mosses, Liverworts– No

vascular tissuerootsstemsleaves

– Gametophyte dominant

– Sperm swims to egg– Sporophyte

dependent on gametophyte



Division: Pterophyta

Ferns– Rhizoid

root like structure– Fronds

finely divided leaves

– Gametophyte – rarely seen

– Sporophyte spore sacs (sori)

under leaves



Division: Cycadophyta

Gymnosperms - naked seeds Cone protects seeds Stems underground



Division: Ginkophyta

Gymnosperm– fan-shaped leaf– was thought to be

“extinct” One species found in

China in 1920’s

– tolerant of pollutants often planted in cities



Division: Coniferophyta

Gymnosperm Cone bearing Needles Many evergreen



Division: Anthophyta

Flowering plants Angiosperms -

(hidden seed)– Vascular tissue– Stems, roots, leaves– Sporophyte

dominant– Gametophyte

dependent on sporophyte



Class: Monocotyledonae

Grass, Orchid, Bamboo Monocot

– characteristics FlowerFlower – parts in

multiples of 3 LeavesLeaves – have

parallel veins SeedSeed – single

cotyledon (food storage for embryo plant)

StemsStems – have scattered vascular tissue – “monkey face”

– XylemXylem – water up – “mouth”

– PhloemPhloem – food down – “eyes”

RootsRoots - fibrous



Class: Dicotyledonae

Apple, Sunflower Dicot

– characteristics FlowerFlower – parts in

multiples of 4 or 5 LeavesLeaves – netted veins SeedSeed – two

cotyledons StemsStems –vascular

tissue in rings around periphery

– XylemXylem – inside carries water up

– PhloemPhloem – outside carries food down

RootRoot – Tap root


November 200248

Kingdom: Animal

Phyla:Porifera

Coelenterata (Cnidaria)Platyheminthes

NematodaAnnelida

ArthropodaMollusca



PoriferaPorifera( L: hole bearer)- sponges

most sessile – (stationary) most marine – (salt water) asymmetrical body fibrous skeleton made of

“spongin” filter feeders

– numerous holes – draw water and plankton in

– Osculum – opening at top releases water



Coelenterata (Cnidaria)Coelenterata (Cnidaria) (L: hollow gut) hydra, jellyfish

mouth with tentaclestentacles

twotwo wayway digestivedigestive cavity

two cell layers– endodermendoderm – inner

layer– ectodermectoderm – outer

layer radialradial symmetrysymmetry



PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes - (L: flat worms) Planaria, tapeworms, flukes

bilateral symmetry three layers of cells

– endoderm-endoderm- inner layer– mesodermmesoderm – middle layer– ectodermectoderm – outer layer

two way digestion– Food enters and wastes

leave from same opening free living or parasitic



NematodaNematoda – (round worms) Trichinella, Ascaris

round body bilateral symmetry oneone wayway digestiondigestion

– mouthmouth – receives food– anusanus – releases wastes– tubetube inin a tubetube organization

free living – important decomposers

parasitic– filarial worms– cause elephantiasis– cause schistosomiasis



AnnelidaAnnelida (L: ring)- segmented worms. leech, earthworm

segmented bodies bilateral symmetry one way digestion

– mouthmouth – receives food

– anusanus – releases wastes

– tubetube inin a tubetube organization



ArthropodaArthropoda (L: jointed legs) insects, spiders, lobsters

segmented body exoskeleton jointed appendages



Class: Crustacea – crabs, lobsters, pill bugs

Two body regions– cephalothorax –

“head and chest”– abdomen

Two antennae



Class: Arachnoidea

Two body regions– Cephalothorax– Abdomen

Four pairs of legs



Class: Chilopoda

Multiple segments

One pair of legs per segment

carnivorous



Class: Diplopoda

multiple segments

two pairs of legs per segment

herbivorous & decomposers



Class: Insecta

three body regions– Head– Thorax– Abdomen

three pairs of legs two pairs of wings



EchinodermataEchinodermata (L: spiny skinned) starfish, sea cucumbers

radial symmetry internalinternal calcium

skeletonskeleton– plates of calcium

under skin– thought to be

ancestor of chordates water vascular

system for movement



ChordataChordata (L: cord) fish, mammals, birds

dorsaldorsal hollow nervenerve cordcord gillgill slitsslits during some part

of their development most are vertebrates



Class: Agnatha

• (L: jawless fishes) hagfish, lamprey



Class: PiscesOrder: Chondrichthyes

•(Gr: cartilage fish) sharks, manta rays

white whalewhite whale

hammer headhammer head



Class: PiscesOrder: Osteichthyes

• (Gr: bony fish) bass, trout, barracuda, flounder

striped bass

barracuda



Class:Amphibia

• (L & Gr: both lives) salamanders, newts, frogs, toads• moist skin

• larva aquatic • adult lungs

but breathes through skin

• reproduce in water



Class Reptilia

•(L: to creep) Snakes, lizards, turtle, crocodile

• dry scaly skin• land dwelling• breathe with lungs• amniotic egg with

leathery shell



cobracobra

crocodilecrocodile

iguanaiguana

box turtlebox turtle



Class: Aves (L: birds) Avocet, barn owl, chaffinch

feathers Homeothermic

– Maintain constant body temperature amniotic egg with calcium shell



avocetavocet barn owlbarn owl

chaffinchchaffinch



Class: Mammalia (L: of the breast)

bear live young– develop with in uterus (womb) of female

young fed milk bodies covered with hair Homeothermic -warm blooded

– Maintain constant internal body temperature



Order Monotremata

•(Gr: one hole) Spiny anteater, platypus

•lay eggs•feed young milk



spiny spiny anteateranteater

platypusplatypus



Order Protheria

•(Gr: early womb) kangaroo, opossum

• live youngyoung incompletelyincompletely developeddeveloped

• finish development in pouch (marsupiummarsupium)



Order Eutheria

•(Gr: true womb) Cats, dogs,

• bears, monkey, man•Bear live young from womb

updated dec. 2005 created by c. ippolito november 2002 1 taxonomy unity and diversity chapter 5 page...

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