upbringing cognition * biology · •wikstrom and tafel (2000): key findings: •individual...
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TURNING TO CRIME UPBRINGING
COGNITION
* BIOLOGY
Turning to crime
*
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Turning to Crime: UPBRINGING
• What will influence us in our upbringing?
• Disrupted Families
• Learning from Others
• Poverty
Turning to crime
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The Research
• There are three studies that we will look to in order for us to better understand how upbringing effects people in turning to crime:
• > Farrington et al., The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
> Sutherland. Theory of Differential Association
> Wikstrom and Tafel, The Peterborough Youth Study
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
• Farrington et al.’s research is longitudinal.
What does this mean?
What would be an advantage and disadvantage of this kind of research?
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
• Farrington et al: A longitudinal study: Focused their research on just over 400 boys aged between 8 and 9, born in 1953/54. At the age of 48, the sample was researched again.
• The study aimed to look at the start, duration and end of criminal behaviour as well as the influence of life events.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
• What would Farrington et al. want to find out about the experiences of these “chronic offenders”?
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
Chronic offenders shared common childhood characteristics:
• More likely to have a convicted parent
• More likely to be highly ‘daring’
• More likely to have a delinquent sibling
• More likely to have a young mother
• More likely to be unpopular
• More likely to have a ‘disrupted family’
• More likely to have a large family
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
• Comparatively, the proportion of men leading successful lives increased from 78% to 88% between the ages of 32 and 48.
• Even chronic offenders increased their life success between these ages.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Disrupted Families
• Key Study: Farrington et al: The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Behaviour
• Aim: To investigate the start, duration and end of criminal behaviour and the influence of life events; particularly intergenerational transmission.
• Method & Design: Longitudinal study
(studied at age 8/9 & followed up at age 48)
Data gathered from criminal records & interviews
• Participants: 411 boys aged 8-9 (born 1953/4) from the registers of 6 state schools in East London. Mostly white working class. 397 families involved.
Turning to crime
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FARRINGTON ET AL: Disrupted Families
Method: Data gathered from criminal records and interviews at age 48.
Results: Farrington found:
• At age 48, 40% had convictions
• those who committed a crime at age 10 -13 were more likely to have re-offended,
• 7% were defined as chronic offenders, and of these they were more likely to have come from “disrupted families” (i.e. Single parent,
delinquent sibling, convicted parent)
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Imagine this...
A psychologist is asked to investigate attitudes to criminal behaviour and their relationship to criminal activity. His sample is taken from students at the university.
How might he investigate this?
What measures would he use?
What kind of data would he collect?
What would be his research design?
What are the strengths or limitations of this?
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Learning From Others
Turning to crime
• SUTHERLAND (1947): Theory of Differential Association: Sutherland’s textbook ‘Principles of Criminology’ lists nine principles:
• Basically the theory proposes that through interaction with others (personal groups), individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques and motives of criminal behaviour.
• Delinquency is due to excess
of definitions in favour of
violating law (over definitions
not in favour of violating law)
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What do you think...
• How might Sutherland’s model describe learning from others as an explanation for why people turn to crime?
Turning to crime
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Turning to crime
Criminal behaviour is learned. Not
inherited.
It is learned via interaction
with others.
The largest influence comes from intimate
personal groups.
Learning criminal behaviour in this way includes learning the tricks of the trade...
An individual is also influenced by what they regard as
favourable or unfavourable (i.e. Pointless)laws
The principle of “differential association” comes into play with
those who make repeated criminal links in their processing of laws.
Differential association (i.e. Contact with criminals or non-
criminals) will vary.
Learning criminal behaviour by association is a process of learning
like any other
Thus...criminal behaviour is an expression of needs and values but is not explained by needs and values as
non-criminal behaviour is just the same
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Upbringing: Learning From Others
• Sutherland is using two core assumptions: 1. Deviance occurs when people define that a situation is an appropriate time to violate social norms or laws. 2. These situations are defined according to the individual’s past experience.
• Normal learning processes are important in a person deciding whether or not a situation is more or less appropriate for deviant behaviour.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Learning From Others
• In twos or threes, generate some strengths and weaknesses of Sutherland’s model.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• The Peterborough Youth Study was designed to investigate government figures that showed those in the most disadvantaged 5% of the country were 100x more likely to have multiple problems ( conduct & mood disorders, police contact, alcohol abuse, etc)than those in the advantaged 20%.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
Key study: Wikstrom & Tafel (2000): The Peterborough Youth Study:
Design: Cross-sectional study
Sample: Nearly 2,000 14 – 15 year olds
Methodology: Interview and data collection
Aim: To investigate
what were the
significant predictors
of criminal behaviour
for youth in Peter-
borough. Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Key findings from Wikstrom and Tafel include:
Turning to crime
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Male Female
Committed one of the studied crimes during the year 2000
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Key findings from Wikstrom and Tafel include:
Turning to crime
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
Male Female
Committed a serious crime or theft
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Wikstrom and Tafel: other findings include: - High frequency offenders commit a range of crimes. - 1 in 8 were reported to/or caught by the police for
their last crime. - Offenders are more victimised than non-offenders
and more likely to be victims of violence. - Offenders are more often drunk and use more drugs
than other youths.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Which do you think are the most important risk factors for criminal activity?
• Rank them in order from 1 (the most important) to 5:
- Family social position
- Individual characteristics
- Social situation
- Lifestyles and routine activities
- Community contexts
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Wikstrom and Tafel (2000): Key Findings:
• Individual characteristics and the way people lived their lives.
• Key risk factors are weak family and school bonds as well as poor parental monitoring.
• Social disadvantage was not a strong predictor, but those from a poor social background encountered a greater number of risk factors.
Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Conclusions: Wikstrom and Tafel proposed three groups of adolescent offenders:
- Propensity-induced:
- Lifestyle-dependent:
- Situationally-limited:
See if you can come up with definitions of these with the person next to you. Turning to crime
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Upbringing: Poverty and Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
• Wikstrom and Tafel proposed three groups of adolescent offenders:
- Propensity-induced: linked to their individual characteristics.
- Lifestyle-dependent: linked to the type of lifestyle; high or low risk.
- Situationally-limited: linked to those who are well-adjusted, but may offend if the situation calls for it.
- Examples?
Turning to crime