Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

t]∏¿ ˛ 208 Ie, {]hrØn hnZym- ym-kw,t_m[-\-imkv{Xw

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

bqWn‰v -- 1 tcJIƒ, h¿W߃

bqWn‰v -- 2 KoXhpw hmZyhpw

bqWn‰v --˛ 3 ImadbpsS Ie

ska-ÿ ˛ 2

1

bqWn‰v 1

tcJIÄ hÀW§Ä

Iem-hn-Zym- ymkw

2

]T-\-t\- -߃

$ Bib hn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPyamb D]m[nbmIp∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v

hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XoIcW coXnIfpw ¢mkvdqw kao]\ßfpw Xncn®dn™v ¢mkvdqw

{]h¿Ø\߃ Hcp°p∂p.

$ te˛Hu´v cN\mX{¥ßƒ F∂nhsb∏‰n [mcW t\Sp∂p, D]tbmKn°p∂p.

$ tcJIƒ cq]߃, h¿W߃, F∂nhbpsS [mcWtbmsS kwtbmP\w kwXpe\w

F∂nh Xncn®dn™v Nn{X߃ cNn°p∂p.

$ kzX{¥ cN\Iƒ e`n°p∂ BibØn\\pkrXamb Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨

Imcnt°®¿, sImfmjv XpSßnb cN\mcoXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂p, ]cnioen°p∂p.

{][m\ Bi-b-߃

1. $ Zriyÿe]c_p≤n

$ Nn{XIebpw ImgvNbpw

$ hnhn[ ho£W tImWpIƒ

$ Bib hn\nab km[yXIƒ

2. $ apXn¿∂hcn¬ \n∂pw hyXyÿhpw `mh\mkº∂hpw Bib cN\m coXnIƒ

Ip´nIfn¬ D≠v.

$ Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XcN\bn¬ AhcpsS kzm`mhnI Hgp°n\v XS w \n¬°msXbp≈

]cnt]mjn∏n°¬ thWw.

$ Ip´nIƒ hc°p∂ Nn{Xßsf KpWmflI hnebncpØen\v hnt[bam°Ww.

$ {]tXyI ]cnKW\b¿ln°p∂ Ip´nItfbpw Nn{XIebn¬ sa®s∏SpØm≥ Ignbpw.

3. $ ISemkv, ªm°v & ssh‰v t_m¿Uv, XpSßnb {]XeØn¬ Nn{X߃, Bib߃

F∂nh kuμcymflIambpw hy‡ambpw hn\yknt°≠Xp≠v.

$ Nn{XIebn¬ [mcmfw cN\m X{¥ßƒ D≠v.

$ Geometrical Pattern A[njTnXamb Nn{X߃, I´u´v Nn{X߃, Spry Printing,Mabiling, Spattering Printing, \q¬ Nn{X߃, aS°p Nn{X߃ A£c Nn{X߃,

{]IrXnZØ h¿WNn{X߃, \ng¬ Nn{X߃ F∂nh GsXmcmƒ°pw A\mbmkw

cNn°mhp∂XmWv.

4. $ hyXyÿ tcJm Nn{X߃

$ {Xnam\cq]ßfpsS Nn{XoIcWw

$ {]mYanI h¿W߃, ZznXob h¿W߃ {XnXob h¿W߃

$ LS\cq]߃, \ngepw shfn®hpw

5. $ Im¿´q¨ Imcnt°®¿ F∂nh ^enXck {][m\hpwNnt¥mZo]Ihpamb

Nn{XimJbmWv.

$ sImfmjv cN\bneqsS F¬.]n. bq]n. Ip´nIƒ°v h¿Wt_m[w, cq]t_m[w,

Bibhn\nabtijn F∂nh hnIkn°m≥ Gsd km[yamIp∂p.

3

BapJw

tcJs∏SpØm≥ km[n°p∂ BZy Iemcq]ambncp∂p Nn{XIe. GsXmcp Iebpw t]mse

Nn{XIebpw ]mcºcyhpw P∑kn≤hpamb Ignhne[njvTnXamWv F∂ ap≥hn[ntbmsS

ImWmdp≠v. F∂m¬ hcbneqsS Bib߃ {]ISn∏n°m\p≈ Ignhpw tijnbpw

F√mhcnepap≠v F∂XmWv hkvXpX. Ip´nIfpsS Zriyÿe]c_p≤nsb

]cnt]mjn∏n°phm≥ Nn{XIe°v Ignbpsa∂ B[p\nI a\imkv{X ]T\߃ \¬Ip∂

Xncn®dnhv \Ωƒ kzoIcnt°≠Xp≠v.

`mh\m]q¿Wambn Nn{XcN\bn¬ i‡amb Bib߃ k∂nthin∏n®v kmaqly

{]Xn_≤Xbp≈ hy‡nXz߃ krjvSn°m\pw BkzmZ\ {]IS\tijnbp≈ Xeapdsb

hf¿ØnsbSp°m\pw\ap°v IgnbWw. Nn{Xw cNn°p∂Xn\pw BkzZn°p∂Xn\pw

hna¿i\mflIambn {]XnIcn°p∂Xn\pw ¢mkv apdnbn¬ Ahkcsamcp°m≥ \ap°v

Igntb≠Xp≠v. ¢mkv apdn Iebnse ]pXnb ]co£W߃ \SØp∂ em_pIfmbpw Ip´nIƒ

k¿KmflIXbn¬ ]pXnb taJeIƒ tXSp∂ Iem imkv{X⁄m≥amcmbpw hftc≠Xp≠v.

X\n°v sshImcnIambn {]XnIcnt°≠ CSßfn¬ k¿§mflIambn {]IS\߃ \SØm\p≈

`mjbmbpw Nn{XIe D]tbmKs∏SptØ≠Xp≠v. CXn\p≈ A\p`hßfmWv ]T\taJebn¬

D≠mtI≠Xv.

DtZiy߃

$ Bib hn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPy D]m[nF∂ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

$ inipIe kw_‘n®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

$ kzX{¥tcJm Nn{X߃, BibØn\\pkrXamb Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨, Imcnt°®¿,

sImfmjv F∂o cN\m coXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\v.

$ tcJIƒ, cq]߃, \nd߃ F∂nhbn¬ [mcWcq]oIcn°p∂Xn\v.

$ Nn{XIebpambn _‘s∏´ hnhn[ am[ya߃, D]IcW߃ F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcW

ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v.

$ te˛Hu´v, cN\m X{¥ßƒ F∂nhsb∏‰n [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

4

Bibhn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPyamb D]m[nbmWv F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

\Ωƒ bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ ImWp∂ Nn”߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

XmsgImWp∂ Nn”߃ F¥v BibamWv ssIamdp∂Xv?

$ ]pIhen ]mSn√

$ Fb¿tlm¨ D]tbmKn°cpXv

F{X Ffp∏ØnemWv Cu Bib߃ \Ωfn¬ FØp∂Xv? N¿®.

\nXyPohnXØn¬ Bibßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw ssIam‰w sNøm\p≈ G‰hpw efnXamb

am¿§ßfn¬ H∂mWv Nn”߃. hfsctbsd hm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v ssIam‰w sNtø≠

Bibßsf sNdnb Nn”ßfneqsS hfsc thKØn¬ hy‡ambn Bbmk clnXambn

Fhn-sSbpw D]tbmKn°m\mIpw. Nn”߃ D]tbmKn®v Bi߃ {]ISn∏n°p∂

coXnsbbmWv Nn”imkv{Xw (semiotics) F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.

\Ωƒ HcmibsØ as‰mcmfnte°v hm°pIfneqsStbm, A£cßfneqsStbm

{]ISn∏n°ptºmƒ `mjbpsS klmbw Bhiyambn hcp∂p. \Ωƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ `mj

tIƒ°p∂bmƒ°v As√¶n¬ hmbn°p∂ Bƒ°v Adnbn√/ Abmƒ ]Tn®n´n√ F¶n¬

\Ωƒ ]dbm≥ {ian°p∂ Bibw a‰p≈h¿°v ]q¿Wambn {Kln°m\mhn√. AYhm ]dbp∂

Bƒ Bib {]Imi\Øn¬ ]cmPnX\mbn Xocp∂p. CXv mjbpsS henb {]Xnk‘nbmWv.

Cu {]Xnk‘n adnIS°m≥ Hcp ]cn`mjIs‚ klmbw Bhiyambnhcp∂p.

5

$ F∂m¬ Zriy`mjbv°v (Nn{XØn\v) Cu ]cnanXn D≠mIp∂n√. Hcp Nn{Xw, As√¶n¬

Hcp Zriyw ap≥t]m v sh°p∂ BibsØ GXv mj D]tbmKn°p∂h¿°pw, GXv cmPyØv

Xmakn°p∂h¿°pw a\knem°phm≥ `mjbpsStbm, ]cn`mjIs‚tbm klmbw

Bhiyambn hcp∂n√. DZmlcWØn\v hoSv F∂ BibsØ Cw•ojn¬ 'HOUSE'F∂v \Ωƒ

tcJs∏SpØnbm¬ B hm°pw AXns‚ A¿∞hpw Adnbmhp∂ Hcmƒt° AXv a\knemIq.

F∂m¬ CuNn”ØneqsS Hcp mjt]mepw AdnbmØ Bƒ°pw Bibw {Kln°m\mIpw.

Hcp Nn{Xw apt∂m v h°p∂ Bibw mjbpsS ]cnanXnIƒ adnIS°pIbpw

Bibw BkzmZIcn¬ FØn°p∂Xn¬ ]q¿Wambn hnPbn°pIbpw

sNøp∂p.

AXn\memWv Nn{XsØ A¥¿tZiob`mj International Language F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv. $

]m_vtfm ]n°mtkmbpsS tKm¿Wn° F∂ Nn{Xw hniz{]kn≤amWv. tKm¿Wn°bn¬

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ GsX√mw Nn”߃ \n߃°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v?

Fßs\bmWv Nn”߃ \ap°v Bib߃ \¬Ip∂Xv

1937 ¬ t\m¿Øv kvs]bn\n¬ B`y¥c Iem]Øns‚ `mKambn P¿Ω\nbpsS ssk\nI

Xeh\mb P\d¬ {^mt¶mbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ tKm¿Wn° F∂ sNdp{Kmaw

t_mw_m{IaWØn¬ \in∏n®p. s]mXpth kam[m\{]nbcmb P\߃ A[nhkn®ncp∂

tKm¿Wn°mbpsS Zpchÿ ]n°mtkmbpsS a\kn¬ henb thZ\bpfhm°n. bp≤tØmSp≈

{]XnIcWambn 3.49 7.76 ao‰¿ (11.5 feet x 25.6 feet) hen∏Øn¬ Idp∏v sh≈ Nmc\ndw Ch

D]tbmKn®v. tKm¿Wn° F∂ Nn{Xw cNn®p. bp≤Øn¬ a\pjy\pw arK߃°pw D≠mb

\misØ ]n°mtkm Iyq_nkw ssienbn¬ ]p\chXcn∏n®p. kvs]bn\ns‚ kwkvImc

Nn”amb Imfbpw Imft∏mcpw, Icbp∂ IpXncbpw, AΩbpw Ip™pw, XI¿∂ inev]w

6

XpSßnb Nn”ßfneqsS temIw apgph≥ N¿® sNbvX Cu Nn{Xw

C∂p bp≤Øns\Xnscbp≈ Nn”ambn \nesIm≈p∂p. mjbptStbm,

h¿Æh¿§ßfptStbm th¿Xncnhn√msX ]n°mtkmbpsS tKm¿Wn°

BkzmZIcpsS a\w Ih¿∂psIm≠v \nesIm≈p∂p.

Bibhn\nabØn\v G‰hpw A\ptbmPyamWv Nn{XIe. Hmtcm

Nn{XØn\p ]n∂nepw AXoh{][m\amb Ncn{Xw \nesIm≈p∂p. Hcp Nn{Xw

hmbn°ptºmƒ \Ωƒ Nn{XØneqsS B ImeL´Øns‚ Ncn{XamWv

hmbn°p∂Xv.

AXpt]mse Xs∂ Edvard munch s‚ The screme, cmPm-c-hn-h¿Ω-

bpsS Here comes pappa, kp[o -jns‚ A Train from the pastXpSßnbhsbms° CØcw i‡amb Bib߃ kaqlØnte°v hn\n-

abw sNøp-hm≥ {]m]vXamWv. Cu Nn{XßfpsS BkzmZ\Ipdn∏v

Xbmdm°pI

]cnKWn¡mhp¶LSI§Ä

$ Nn{X-¯nsâ Bibw, $ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn¨ NnÓ-

§Ä, $ kt¦-X§Ä ($ am[y-aw, $ {]X-ew, $ ssien, $ hen-¸w) $ Ime-

L-«w, $ kuµ-cymw-i-§Ä.

Here comes pappa,

RAJA RAVIVARMABorn 29 April 1848

Kilimanoor, Travancore(present day Kerala)

Died 2 October 1906(aged 58)Attingal,Travancore, British Raj

Other namesKoili Thampuran of Kilimanoor,Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran

Occupation Painter, artist

Pablo Ruiz PicassoSpanish painter, sculptor,printmaker, ceramicist,stage designer, poet andplaywright who spentmost of his adult life inFrance.Born: 25 October 1881,Málaga, SpainDied: 8 April 1973,Mougins, FranceOn view: Museum ofModern Art, Art Institute ofChicago,Periods: Cubism,Surrealism, Expression-ism, Post-Impressionism,

7

The screme

kp[o-jv

A Train from the past

Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter,whose best known work, The Scream,has become one of the most iconic imagesof world art. His childhood was overshad-owed by illness, bereavement and thedread of inheriting a mental condition thatran in the familyBorn: 12 December 1863, Ådalsbruk, Nor-wayDied: 23 January 1944, Oslo, NorwayPeriods: Expressionism, Modern art, Sym-bolism, Impressionism, Realism, Post-Im-pressionismKnown for: Painting and graphic artistEducation: Oslo Engineering College (1879–1880)

8

Fw.‰n. tPmk^nt‚bpw Nn∂Ω

tPmk^ns‚bpw aI\mb ¢n‚ v

Xs‚ Ggp hbkphscbp≈

sNdnb PohnXØn¬ GItZiw

25,000 e[nIw Nn{X߃

hc®ncp∂p. 15 G{]¬ 1983 ¬

acn® ¢n‚ v X\n°p Np‰pw Xm≥

I≠Xpw tI´Xpsams° Xs‚

coXnbn¬ Nn{Xambn

Bhnjv°cn®p. "" AΩ

]d™psImSpØ IYIƒ ¢n‚ v

kzmwioIcn°pIbpw Xm\nXphsc

I≠n´n√mØ hkvXp°fpw

PohnIfpsams° Xt‚Xmb

coXnbn¬ Bhnjv°cn®p.

Ip«nIfpsS Nn{XIe

""Rms\mcn°epw Ip´nIsf t]mse hc®ncp∂n√. Rm\mZyw {ian®Xv sl¿°peokns‚ {]Xna

]I¿Øm\mbncp∂p. hc®p Ign™t∏mƒ AXv ]I¿∏v Bbncp∂n√, sl¿°qeokns‚ {]Xna

Xs∂bmbncp∂p. \nßsft∏mse Ip´nbmbncp∂ ImeØv Rm≥ dmt^ent\bpw, UmhnVvNntb

t]msebpw hc®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ Ip´nIsft]mse hc°phm≥ F\n°v hfsc°mew

]Tnt°≠h∂p.''

20--˛mw \q‰m≠v I≠ G‰hpw {]K¤\mb Nn{XImc≥ ]mtªm, ]n°mtkmbpsS ""Ip´nIfpsS

Nn{X{]Z¿i\w'' DZvLmS\w sNbvXpsIm≠v ]d™ hm°pIfmWnh. Fßs\ Bbncn°Ww

Ip´nIfpsS Nn{X߃ F∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\ BibamWv ]n°mtkmbpsS hm°pIƒ.

""A\izc _meNn{XImc≥ tXmakv FUva≠v ¢o‚n s‚ Nn{X߃ \n߃ I≠n-cn-°pw. Fs¥√mw

{]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv B Nn{X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≈-Xv.?

9

¢n‚ns‚ Nn{Xßfn¬ πmtªm ]n°mtkmbpsS hm°pIƒ F{XtØmfw

{]mtbmKnIamIp∂psh∂v Is≠ØpI

Fs¥ms°bmWv Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XØns‚ {]tXyIXIƒ?

$ kzm`mhnIamb cN\

$ kzX{¥ambpw \n¿`bambpap≈ CSs]S¬

$ kz¥w ImgvNIsf X\n°njvSap≈ coXnbn¬ BhnjvIcn°¬

$ BkzmZ\Øns‚ ]p\cmhnjvImcw

$ Nn¥Iƒ°v {]m[m\yap≈ krjvSn]cX

$ kmt¶XnIX tcJ, h¿W{]tbmK kn≤m¥ßƒ F∂nhbn¬ B[njvTnXa√mØ Nn{X߃

¢mkv apdnbn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v cN\°mhiyamb A¥co£w Hcp-°p-tºmƒ \Ωƒ Cu ]d™

Imcy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xnt√?

Ip´nIƒ XßfpsS Bißsf efnXambpw kzm`mhnIambpw Xs∂ Bhnjv°cn°p∂p.

AXn\p≈ A\pIqe kmlNcyw Hcp°ns°mSp°pI F∂Xmbncn°Ww A[ym]Icpw

c£nXm°fpw a‰v apXn¿∂hcpsSbpw _m[yX.

Nn{X߃°v km¿Δ euInIamb Hcp `mj klPambp≠v. 3 apX¬ 11 hbkphscbp≈

ImeL´Øns\ a\imkv{X⁄≥am¿ ssiih_meyImeL´w F∂mWv hntijn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv.

\nch[n hkvXp°fpambpw kw`hßfpambpw ka{]mb°mcpambpw Ah¿ Cu _‘w

ÿm]n®ncn°pw. Ip´n hc°p∂ Nn{XØn\pw AhcpsS mh\°pw CXmbncn°pw {]tNmZ\tI{μw.

Ah¿°v ]cnNnXhpw kzm`mhnIhpamb kμ¿`߃ hoSpw Ab¬]°hpw a‰pambncn°pw. Ip´nIƒ

krjvSn°p∂ Cu {]XoIcN\Ifn¬ \n∂pw \ap°Xv Xncn®dnbm\mhWw.

\nc¥camb tNmZyßfneqsSbpw kw`mjWßfneqsSbpw Nn{XImgvNIfneqsS Ip´nIfpsS

k¿§mflI taJe Xncn®dnbm≥ \ap°mhWw. km[mcW ]cnNnXcq]ßfneqsS {]Xew \nd°m≥

{ian°p∂ Ip´nIsf GI hkvXp°fnte°v (kvYqeØn¬\n∂pwkq£vaØnte°v) {i≤

tI{μoIcn®v cN\\SØm\p≈ t{]m’ml\w \¬Im≥ \ap°v IgnbWw.

10

Ip´nIfpsS Zriy ÿe]camb _p≤nsb ]camh[n ]cnt]mjn∏n°m≥ Ffp∏Øn¬

D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbp∂ {Itbm¨kv, Hmbn¬ t]ìkv XpSßnb am[yaßfn¬ hg°w e`n°p∂

{]h¿Ø\߃ ¢mkv apdnIfn¬ \St°≠Xp≠v. H∏w \nc¥cw Nn{Xw ImWm\p≈ Ahkchpw

D≠mIWw.

Ip´nIfpsS Nn{Xw hnebncpØptºmƒ KpWmflIamb hnebncpØepIƒ am{Xw \SØp∂Xn\v

hnebncpج kqNI߃ Ip´nIfn¬ \n∂pXs∂ cq]s∏SpØWw. CXv ]T\ {]h¿Ø\Øns‚

`mKambn ¢mkv apdnbn¬ \S∏m°pIbpw thWw.

CXnsâ `mKbmbn Fs´Ãmw {]hÀ¯\§Ä \St¡-Xp- v?

$ Ip´nIƒ hc® Nn{XßfpsS {]Z¿i\w

$ kzbw hnebncpØm\pw ]ckv]cw hnebncpØm\pap≈ Ahkcw

$ hnebncpØen\p tijw ho≠pw sa®s∏SpØm\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃

$ A`n\μ\߃

Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XoIcW coXnIfpw ¢mkvdqw kao]\hpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ Hcp

skan\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v \n߃ Fs¥√mw Bi-b-ß-fmWvv Dƒs∏Sp-Øp-I.

\n߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n-®-t√m? CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n߃ Xbm-

dm-°nb Ah-tem-I-\-Ip-dn-∏ns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb

Ah-tem-I-\-°p-dn∏v t]m¿´-vvt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I.

te˛H´v, cN\m X{¥ßƒ F∂nhbn¬ [mcW t\Sp∂p. Ah {]tbmKn°p∂p.

Hcp BibsØ kaqlØns‚ ap∂nseØn°m≥ \nch[n BhnjvImc am¿§ßfp≠v. GsX√mw

am¿K-ß-fmWv \n߃°v \n¿tZ-in-°m\p≈-Xv.

$ \mSIw

$ kn\na

$ Nn{Xw

$ t]mÿ

$ ]pkvXIcN\/teJ\w

¢mkvapdnbn¬ \ap°v Ffp∏Øn¬ \SØm\mhp∂ {]h¿Ø\w GXmbncn°pw?

t]mÿ Xbmdm°ptºmƒ \Ωƒ Fs¥√mw aps∂mcp°ßƒ \StØ≠Xp≠v?

Fs¥ms° km[\ kma{KnIƒ Is≠ØWw?

$ Bib cq]oIcWwv

$ Xes°´pIƒ, ap{ZmhmIy߃

11

$ Bhiyamb Nn{X߃

$ t]mÿ Xbmdm°m≥ Bhiyamb kvsI®vs]≥, ]i, I{XnI XpSßnb D]IcW߃

t]mÿ Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Fs¥√mw {i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

$ s]´∂v hmbn°m\mIp∂ coXnbn¬ A£c߃ FgpXWw

$ Nn{X߃ `wKnbmbn {IaoIcn°Ww

$ A\ptbmPyamb ]›mØe \nd߃, ]mt‰WpIƒ \evIWw

$ s]´∂v {i≤]nSn®p]‰p∂ coXnbnep≈ \ndhyXymkw km[yamIWw

as‰-s¥√mw Imcy-߃ \n߃°v \n¿tZ-in-°m-\p-≠v.

t]mÃdpIƒ \n¿ΩmWw. {]Z¿i\w.

Cu t]mÿ `wKnbm°p∂Xn¬ {][m\]¶v AXnse A£cßfptSbpw Nn{XßfptSbpw

{IaoIcWw BWv. C{]Imcw IrXyambn LSIßsf {IaoIcn°p∂Xn\mWv te˛Hu´v F∂v

]dbp∂Xv. te˛Hu´v `wKnbmIptºmƒ t]mÃdn\v IqSpX¬ Bkzm[\£aX, angnhv Ch

ssIhcpIbpw A\phmNIcpambn kwthZn°pIbpw sNømw.

t]mÿ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn\v AXns‚ te˛Hu´v Fs¥∂v GItZi[mcW D≠m°nbXn\ptijw

\n¿ΩmWw XpSßnbm¬ t]mÃdns‚ X\na \ne\n¿Øm≥ km[n°pw.

A£c߃ Left, Center, Right XpSßnb Allaignment Ifn¬ {IaoIcn°phm\pw,

{i≤nt°≠XmWv. H´nt°≠ Nn{X߃ hnhn[ coXnbn¬ h®v t\m°n anI® coXnbn¬ \n¿Ωn°mw.

12

PymaXobcq] Nn{X߃

CØcw t]mÃdpIƒ `wKnbm°phm≥ Fs¥ms° cN\m X{¥ßƒ \ap°v D]tbmKn°phm≥

km[n°pw?

$ PymaXob cq] Nn{X߃

$ kvt{]s]bn‚nwKv

$ am¿_nfnwKv

$ \q¬{]n‚ v Nn{X߃v

$ aS°pNn{X߃

$ A£cNn{X߃

$ aW¬Nn{X߃

$ \ng¬ Nn{X߃

$ PymaXobcq] Nn{X߃

{]IrXnbnse hkvXp°ƒ F√mw Xs∂ PymaXob cq]ßfn¬ A[njvTnXamWv. Cu cq]߃

Xncn®dn™m¬ cN\ A\bmkw \SØmw. hrØw, NXpcw Zo¿LNXpcw, {XntImWw XpSßnb

cq]ßfn¬ \n∂pw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xv ckIcamWv. BbmkclnXambn Ip´nIƒ Cu

{]{Inbbn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xv ImWmw. ¢mkvapdnbn¬ ^e{]Zambn\S∏m°m≥ ]‰p∂ coXnbmWnXv

.$ kvt{]bnwKv (Spraying)

hfsc efnXamb coXnbn¬ \ndßsf [qfnIfmbn sXdp∏n®v h¿Wte]\w \SØp∂ coXnbmWnXv.

Pe®mbw, t]mÿ If¿, XpSßnb am[ya߃ D]tbmKn®v kvt{]s]bn‚nwKv \SØmw. SqØv

{_jv {]IrXnZØ \mcpIƒ F∂nh D]tbmKn®v [qfnIƒ krjvSn°m≥ Ignbpw. CXn\mbn

cq]߃ sh´nsbSpØpw (cut out) sh´nb Dƒ`mKhpw (stencil) {]tbmP\s∏SpØmw. A®SntbmSv

InS]nSn°p∂ coXnbn¬ hfsc hnZKv[ambn CØcw kvt{] Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°m≥ km[n°pw.

`mh\, akvXnjvI t]in hnImkw, GIm{KX XpSßnbh Cu {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS e`n°p∂p.

13

kvt{]bnwKv (Spraying)

am¿_vfnwKv

$ am¿_vfnwKv

Ccpºn\v teml\mi\w kw`hn°mXncn°m≥ te]\w sNøp∂ C\ma¬ s]bn‚ v (enamel paint)

D]tbmKn®v sNøp∂ coXnbmWnXv. _°‰n¬ sh≈w \nd®v D]cnXeØn¬ s]bn‚ v Xqhp∂p.

sh≈Øn¬ C\ma¬ s]bn‚ v ebn°mØXn\m¬ AXv sh≈Øn¬ s]mßnInS°pw. Cu¿°n¬

D]tbmKn®v sh≈Øn¬ Cf°n Ptem]cnXeØnse h¿W߃°v cq]am‰w hcpØmw. I´nbp≈

ISemkv sh≈Øn¬ C´v AXnte°v \nd߃ H∏nsbSp°mw. ]e \nd߃ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ

AXnat\mlcamb ]mt‰WpIƒ D≠mIp∂Xv \sΩ A¤pXs∏SpØpw. Nn{Xw DWßm≥ Ipd®v

aWn°qdpIƒ th≠nhcpw.

$ kv]m‰dnwKv (Spattering)

\nd߃ ISemkn¬ Pemwiw Iq´n XqInbXn\ptijw DuXnbpw {]Xew Nen∏n®pw \ndßsf

btYjvSw hy]n∏n°p∂ coXnbmWnXv. Pe®mbw, t]mÿ Nmbw XpSßnbh D]tbmKn°mw.

{Ko‰nwKv Im¿UpIƒ \n¿Ωn°phm\pw t]mÃdpIƒ \n¿Ωn°ptºmƒ {]tXyI effect \¬Iphm\pw

Cu coXnIƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

14

kv]m‰dnwKv

(Spattering)

aS°p Nn{X߃ (folding art)

$ aS°p Nn{X߃ (folding art)Hcp t]∏¿ c≠mbn aS°n \nh¿ØpI. CSXp`mKØv Pe®mbtam, t]mÿ Nmbtam Aev]w

t\¿∏n®v Xqhnbtijw t]∏¿ aS°pI. \√t]mse Aa¿Ønb tijw Xpd°ptºmƒ CSXp`mKsØ

\nd߃ heXphiØpw ]Xn™ncn°p∂Xp ImWmw. Semitrical Design s‚ G‰hpw anI®

DZmlcWamWnXv. sNdnb hcIƒ D]tbmKn®psIm≠v cq]ßfn¬ hy‡X hcpØmhp∂XmWv.

\qepIƒ D]tbmKn®pw CØcw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°mw. \qev NmbØn¬ ap°nbXn\ptijw aS°n

\nh¿Ønb t]∏dns‚ CSXphiØv h®Xn\ptijw t]∏¿ aS°pI. \qens‚ Hc‰w t]∏¿

Aa¿Øn∏nSn®tijw]pdtØ°v hen°pI. \qev ]q¿Wambn ]pdØv h∂Xn\ptijw

\nh¿Ønbm¬ ]q°tfmSv kmayap≈ Nn{Xw cq]s∏Spw. Hcp t]∏dn¬ Xs∂ hnhn[ \ndØn¬

CØcw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°mw.

$ CØcØnep≈ a‰p coXnIƒ \ap°v Fßs\ Is≠Ømw.

Hcp Nn{X-Im-c-\p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øp-tºmƒ hnhn[ Nn{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw

Imcy-ß-fmWv \n߃ At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-I.

˛ Ah Dƒs∏SpØn Hcp tNmZymhen Xbmdm°mw.

˛ hnhn[ cN\mX{¥ßƒ \n߃ \SØnbt√m AXns‚ {]{Inbsb kw_‘n® Fs¥√mw

Imcy-ß-fmWv dnt∏m¿´n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\w

$ CØcØep≈ cN\m X{¥ßfƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]pkvXIØns‚ Ih¿ Unssk≥

\nßfpsS `mh\bn¬ Xbmdm°pI.

15

Nn{XoIcWw.

F.Fkv. \mb¿

Nn{XoIcWw.

\ºqXncn

Nn{XoIcWw.

sjdo vvNn{XoIcWw.

`mKy\mYv

$ tcJIƒ cq]߃ h¿W߃ F∂nhbpsS [mcWtbmsS kwtbmP\w kwXpe\w F∂nh

Xncn®dn™v Nn{X߃ cNn°p∂p.

aebmf {]kn≤oIcWßfnse IYIƒ°pw IhnXIƒ°pw teJ\߃°psams°

Nn{XoIcWw \SØnbncn°p∂Xv \n߃ I≠ncn°pat√m? anI® hmb\m\p`hw \¬Ip∂Xn¬

CØcw Nn{XoIcW߃ hln°p∂ ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. Hmtcm {]kn≤oIcW߃°pw

CØcØn¬ Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂Xn\v {]tXyIw ]cnioe\w e`n® Nn{XImc≥am¿

D≠mbncn°pw.

\n߃°v ]cnNnXamb {]kn≤oIcWßfn¬ hc°p∂ BfpIƒ Bsc-√m-am-Wv?

$ F.Fkv. \mb¿ $ Fw.hn. tZh≥ $ \ºqXncn $ kn.F≥. IcpWmIc≥

$ N{μtiJc≥ Nm≥kv $ `mkvIc≥ $ sjdo^v $ tSmw sP h´°pgn

$ `mKy\mYv

16(hyXykvX tcJIƒ

ChcpsS Nn{XoIcWßfpsS {]tXyIXIsf ASnÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿® kwL-

Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv F¥ns\ms°-bmWv?

kqN\Iƒ

$ ssien $ am[yaw $ kwtbmP\w $ h¿W߃

CXpIqSmsX as‰s¥√mw Imcy߃ \n߃°v Iq´nt®¿°m\p≠v?

$ Hmtcm Nn{XImc≥amcpw hyXykvX coXnbn¬ BWv Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂Xv.

ssieoIrXambpw, kzm`mhnIambpap≈ Nn{XoIcWw km[yamWv. tcJIƒ D]tbmKn®pw

h¿W߃ D]tbmKn®pw cN\ \SØmdp≠v.

ASpØImewhsc tcJm Nn{XßfmWv D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. Chcn¬ ]ecpw tcJmNn{X-

Imc≥amcmbmWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Ch¿ XßfpsS Nn{Xßfn¬ ]eXcØnepw coXnbnepap≈

tcJIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p. t]\bpw, {_jpw, Nm¿t°mƒ AS°ap≈ aoUnbw D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.

FÆ®mbw, A{InenIv XpSßnb aoUnbßfn¬ Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂hcpap≠v. tcJm

Nn{X߃°mbn ]e XcØnep≈ t]\Iƒ D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.

$ \n߃ \nco£n® Nn{XßfpsS Hcp {]Xn^e\°pdn∏v Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

CØcw Nn{XoIcWßfnepw s]bn‚nwKpIfnepw hnhn[ tcJIfpw h¿Wßfpw am[yaßfpw

D]tbmKn°mdp≠v F∂v \n߃ I≠t√m. Nn{XImc≥am¿ km[mcW D]tbmKn°p∂ kt¶X߃

Fs¥ms°bmbncn°pw.

$ tcJIƒ $ {Xnam\X $ h¿W߃

$ \ngepw shfn®hpw $ am[ya߃, $ {]Xew, D]IcW߃

tcJIƒ

{]IrXnbn¬ tcJIƒ C√ F∂mWv hn{ipX Nn{XImc≥

""{^m≥knkv tKmb'' A`n{]mbs∏´Xv. At\Iw _nμp°ƒ

tN¿∂XmWv tcJ. t\¿tcJIfpw h{ItcJIfpw D≠v. \nd߃

ISp∏߃°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂Xpt]mse

t\¿ØtcJIƒ (thin lines) ISpØtcJIƒ (thick lines) F∂pw

Xncn°mw, ew_tcJIƒ (vertical lines) Xnc›o\tcJIƒ

(horizondal lines) tImWnIv tcJIƒ (sloping line)

kzX{¥tcJIƒ cN\bn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. km¶ev]nIamb

Hcp ]pdw hc (out line) Nn{XØns‚ ]q¿ØoIcWØn\v

BhiyamWv. F∂m¬ {]IrXnbntem hkvXp°fntem

CØcØn¬ ]pdw hc (out line) ImWphm≥ km[n°n√.

At\Iw tcJIƒ Iq´nt®¿Øv shade, shadow XpSßnbh

Nn{XØn\v {Xnam\X hcpØmdp≠v.

17

$ {Xnam\X

\ofhpw hoXnbpw am{Xapff Hcp {]XeØn¬ L\Xzw krjvSn°pI F∂XmWv {Xnam\X.

hkvXphn¬ hogp∂ \ng¬, shfn®w Ch kzm`mhnIambn Nn{XoIcn®v {Xnam\X km[yam°mw.

Hcp {Xnam\ hkvXphns‚ apIfn¬ kzm`mhnI shfn®w ]Xnbptºmƒ Ccp´mb`mK߃ ()

hyXyÿISp∏ßfn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. ]q¿Wshfn®Øn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿W Ccp´nte°p≈

h¿WhyXymksØ kq£vaXeØn¬ \nco£n°pIbpw hkvXphns‚ bYm¿∞ \ndØn\\pkcn®v

Nn{XoIcn°phm≥ {ian°pIbpw thWw. IqSmsX hkvXp ÿnXnsNøp∂ ÿeØv ]Xn™ncn°p∂

\ngepw hkvXphns‚ {Xnam\X krjvSn°≥ klmbn°p∂ LSIamWv.

h¿W߃

\ΩpsS ImgvNIsf at\mlchpw lrZblmcnbpam°p∂Xn¬ h¿WßfpsS ]¶v F{Xtbm

hepXmWv. h¿Wßfn√mØ Hcp temIsØ°pdn®v Nn¥n°pIXs∂ Akm[yamWv. Hmtcm

hkvXphpw hy‡nbpw hyXyÿamIp∂Xn¬ h¿W߃ F{X kzm[o\w sNepØp∂psh∂v

{]tXyIw ]dtb≠Xn√t√m.

Hmtcm h¿Whpw \Ωfnep≠m°p∂ A\p`qXnXe߃ hyXyÿamWv. Hmtcm a\pjys‚bpw

h¿Wt_m[hpw hyXyÿamWv. Nne {]tXyI h¿W߃ \nd™ ÿe߃ \ap°v im¥amb

{]XoXn Dfhm°p∂Xpw. Nne \nd߃ AkzÿX D≠m°p∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

{]ikvX Nn{XImc\mbncp∂ Paul Guagin At±lØns‚ Yellow Christ F∂

s]bn‚nwKn¬ {InkvXphn\v a™ \ndamWv \¬InXv. At±lw ]dbp∂Xv a™

{]WbØns‚ \ndamWv F∂XmWv. temIsØ apgph≥ kvt\ln®{InkvXphn\v G‰hpw

tNcp∂ \ndw a™bmWv F∂ At±lw AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v.

F¶n¬ a‰v \nd߃ Fs¥ms° A\p`qXnIfpw `mh-ß-fp-amWv \¬Ip∂Xv.

18

Yellow Christ

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguinwas a French post-Impressionist artist. Unap-preciated until after his death, Gauguin is nowrecognized for his experimental use of colorand Synthetist style that were distinctly differ-ent from Impressionism.

Born: 7 June 1848, Paris, FranceDied: 8 May 1903, Atuona, French PolynesiaPeriods: Post-Impressionism, Modern art, Impres-sionism, Primitivism, Synthetism, SymbolismKnown for: Painting, sculpture, ceramics, en-gravingChildren: Pola Gauguin, Jean René Gauguin,Émile Gauguin,

Nn{X߃ ]cntim[n®v Ahbn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂ \nd߃ Nn{XØns‚ `mhsØ BibsØ

Fßs\bmWv kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

N¿®m kqN-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?

$ sshImcnIA\p`qXnkrjvSn°p∂p

$ Zriy`wKnIq´p∂p

C\n Fs´ms¡ ]dbm\mIpw...

F¶n¬ hyXykvXamb h¿W{]]©ßƒ krjvSn°m≥ GsX√mw \nd߃ ]ckv]cw tN¿Øv

]pXnb\nd߃ krjvSn®n´p≠mhmw. GsXms° \nd߃ ]ckv]cw tN¿Øv ]pXnb \nd߃

D≠m°m≥ km[n°pw?

$ {]mYanI h¿W߃ (Primary Colours) : a™, Npa∏v, \oe

$ ZznXob h¿W߃ (Secondary Colours) : Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ h¿W-߃ kwtbm-Pn-

∏n®v ]pXn-b-Xmbn In´nb h¿W-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

a™ + Npa∏v =

a™ + \oe =

Npa∏v + \oe =

19

$ {XnXob h¿W߃ (Tertiary Colours) : kn{S≥, Heohv, dqk‰v

Hmd©v + ]® = kn{Sn≥

]® + hbe‰v = Heohv

Hmd©v+ hbe‰v = dqk‰v

$ amcnhn¬ \nd߃ (Rainbow Colours): hbe‰v, C≥UntKm, ªq, {Ko≥, a™, Hmd©v, Npa∏v

$ Hcp \ndØnt\msSm∏w sh≈ tN¿Øm¬ B \ndØns‚ Tone Iƒ e`n°pw, Idp∏v tN¿Øm¬

shade Dw In´p∂p.

{]h¿Ø-\w

CjvS-ap≈ Nn{Xw hc®v {]mY-an-I, ZznXo-b-h¿W-߃ \¬In `wKn-bm-°p-I.

tIcfØn¬ Nn{XIebpsS \thmYm\Øn\v

XpS°wIpdn®Xv cmPmchnh¿Ωbmbncp∂p.

cmPm°≥amcnse Nn{XImc≥, Nn{XImc∑mcnse cmPmhv

Fs∂ms°bmWv At±lsØ IemtemIw

hntijn∏n°p∂Xv. cmPmchnh¿ΩbpsS t]cv

]cma¿in°msX tIcfob Nn{XIem Ncn{Xw

Nn¥n°m≥ Bhn√.

$ Nn{XIebpsS cmPmhv F∂ coXnbn¬ At±lw

hf¿∂Xn¬ At±lØns‚ AΩmh≥

cmacmPh¿ΩbpsS ]¶v hepXmWv. cmPmchnh¿ΩbpsS

Ip´n°meØv chnh¿Ω cmPsIm´mcØns‚ shfpØ

`nØnbn¬ Icn°´ sIm≠v hc® Nn{Xw AΩmh≥

ImWp∂p. chnh¿ΩbpsS {]Xn` Xncn®dn™

AΩmh≥ chnh¿Ωsb Nn{XIebpsS henb

temItØ°v \bn°p∂p.

F´mbncn¡mw chnh¿ΩbpsS PohnXIY? kvIqƒ

sse{_dnbpsS klmbtØmsS ]q¿ØoIcn°mtam ?

.

cmPmchnh¿Ω Nn{Xw hc®Xv cmPsIm´mcØns‚ nØnbn¬ Bbncp∂p. hc°m\p]tbmKn®Xv

Icn°´bpw. km[mcW Nn{XImc∑m¿ hc°m\p]tbmKn°p∂ XesØbmWv {]Xew F∂mWv

]dbp∂Xv. hc°m\p]tbmKn® hkvXp°sf am[ya߃, D]IcW߃ Fs∂ms° ]dbpw.

hc°p∂ {]XeØns‚ am[yaØns‚ D]IcWØns‚ anIhv hc°p∂ Nn{Xßsf kzm[o\n°pw.

anI® D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn®v cNn® Nn{X߃ Imem¥ctØmfw \ne\n¬°pw. A√msX

\ndwaßn, am™v C√mXmIpw. Nn{XImc≥ Xs‚ am[yaw Xncs™Sp°p∂Xv ImemXoXambn

\ne \n¬°p∂ IemkrjvSnIƒ cNn°phm\mWv.

lwkZab´n. cmPmchnh¿Ω Nn{Xw

20

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutchdraughtsman, painter and printmaker. An innovativeand prolific master in three media, he is generallyconsidered one of the greatest visual artists in thehistory of art and the most important in Dutch arthistory.Born: 15 July 1606, Leiden, NetherlandsDied: 4 October 1669, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPeriods: Baroque, Dutch Golden Age,Italian RenaissanceFull name: Rembrandt Harmenszoon van RijnSpouse: Saskia van Uylenburgh (m. 1634–1642)Known for: Painting, Printmaking, DrawingArtworks

v

Nn{XImc≥am¿ D]tbmKn°p∂ {]Xew am[yaw, D]IcW߃, Fs¥ms° Bbncn°pw Xmsg

X∂ncn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿ØoIcn°mw.

{]Xe߃ am[ya߃ D]IcW߃

Npa¿, \new Fa¬j≥, A{Inen¬ s]≥kn¬, Icn°´

Hmbn¬

XpWn/Im≥hmkv ^m{_n¬ s]bn‚ v hnhn[Xcw {_jpIƒ

A{Inen¬

\ngepw shfn®hpw

bqtdm]y≥ \thm∞m\ ImeL´Ønse {]K¤\mb Nn{XImc\mbncp∂p dw{_‚ v.

At±lØns‚ Nn{XßfpsS {]tXyIX \nb{¥nXamb shfn®ambncp∂p. Nn{XØn¬ {][m\

`mKØv tI{μoIcn°p∂ shfn®w, amkvacnIamb Nn{Xm\p`qXn {]Zm\w sNbvXncp∂p. kn\nabn¬

D]tbmKn°p∂ Nne shfn® kwhn[m\sØ dw{_‚ v C^IvSv F∂pXs∂ hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.

21"t_m_\pw tamfnbpw'

dw{_‚ns‚ Nn{X߃ ]cntim[n®v Nn{XØnse shfn®Øns‚ kzm[o\w Xncn®dnbmw.

Nn{XØn\v kzm`mhnIXbpw X\nabpw krjvSn°m\pw {Xnam\{]XoXn P\n∏n°m\pw \ngepw

shfn®hpw tI{μoIcn® Nn{XoIcWØn\v Ignbp∂p. shfn®Øns‚ IfntØmg\mWv \ng¬ F∂p

]dbp∂Xv. shfn®Øns‚ Xo{hX IqSptºmƒ \ngens‚ i‡n h¿≤n°p∂p. shfn®Øns‚bpw

\ngens‚bpw Xncn®dnhv Nn{XØns‚ BkzmZ\£aXsb h¿≤n∏n°mdp≠v.

˛ CØcw kt¶X߃ IqSpX¬ hy‡ambn a\knem°m≥ Hcp inev]ime kwLSn∏n°m≥

Fs¥ms° XbmsdSp∏pIƒ \Ωƒ \SØWw.

$ Fs¥ms° {]Xe߃

$ D]IcW߃

$ am[ya߃

$ ...........................

$ ...............................

kzX{¥ cN\Iƒ e`n°p∂ BibØn\\pkrXab Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨, Imcnt°®¿,

sImfmjv XpSßnb coXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂p. ]cnioen°p∂p.

"t_m_\pw tamfnbpw' aebmfnsb G‰hpw A[nIw Nncn∏n°pIbpw Nn¥n∏n°pIbpw sNbvX

c≠v IYm]m{X߃ BWv. Chsc \n߃°v Adnbmtam? tSmwkv F∂ {]Xn`mimenbmb

Im¿´qWnÃv krjvSn® Cu IpkrXnIpcp∂pIƒ aebmfnIsf apgph≥ s]m´n®ncn∏n®pw Nn¥n∏n®pw

IS∂pt]mIp∂hcmWv. Ch¿ \S∂pt]mb hgnIfn¬ Ch¿°p Iq´mbn a‰t\Iw IYm]m{Xßtfbpw

tSmwkv krjvSn®n´p≠v. Ch¿ kaqlØnse

Hmtcm kw`hßtfbpw AXv cmjv{SobamIs´,

aX]chpw kmaqlyhpamIs´ F¥nt\bpw

^enXck{][m\ambn lmkyØns‚bpw

hna¿iØns‚bpw AIºSntbmsS AhXcn∏n®p.

Ch¿ kv]¿in°mØ Hcp taJebpw aebmfn

kaqlØn¬ C√mbncp∂p. kaqlØn¬

\ne\n∂ncp∂ F√m A\mNmcßsfbpw Ch¿

hna¿i\Øns‚ apƒap\bn¬ sImcpØncp∂p.

C∂pw F√m ]{XßfptSbpw

B\pImenIßfptSbpw {][m\t]PpIfn¬

Im¿´qWn\v ÿew \¬Inbn´p≠v. Hcp BibsØ

/ kw`hsØ lmkymflIambn

hna¿i\mflIambn AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv

Im#m¿´pWpIƒ sNøp∂Xv.

22

Im¿´q¨. i¶¿v Im¿´q¨. A_p

Im¿´q¨. ejva¨

Im¿´q¨. Ip´n

i¶¿, A_p, Ip´n, B¿.sI. ejva¨ tSmwkv

˛ B\pImenIßfneqsSbpw a‰pw \n߃°v ]cnNnXcmb Im¿´qWnÃpIƒ Im¿´qWpIƒ

GsXms°bmWv?

˛ Im¿´q¨ Fßs\bmWv kmaqlycmjv{Sob cwKßfn¬ CSs]SepIƒ \SØp∂Xv?

-˛ Im¿´qWnÃns‚ [¿Ω߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

23

Im¿´q¨ Ie-bpsS \qdmw h¿jw BtLm-jn-°p∂ thf-tbmS-\p-_-‘n®v Hcp Im¿´q¨ B¬_w

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

i¶¿, tbipZmk≥, _n.Fw. K^q¿, A_p, Ip´n, B¿.sI. ejva¨ ...................

˛ ChcpsS Im¿´qWpIfpsS {]tXyIXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

-˛ Chc√mØ a‰v Im¿´qWnÃpIƒ Bscms°?

Hcp Im¿´q¨ cNn°m≥ Fs¥ms° XbmsdSp∏pIƒ \StØ≠Xp≠v?

$ Bibw $ IYm]m{X߃ $ UbtemKpIƒ $ ImenI {]k‡n

CjvSap≈ BibØn¬ kz¥-ambn Hcp Im¿´q¨ hc®v \ndw \¬IpI.

C¥y≥ Im¿´qWns‚ Ipe]Xn i¶¿ BWv. kzX{¥ C¥ybnse {][m\s∏´ F√m cmjv{Sob

t\Xm°fpw i¶dns‚ Im¿´qWpIfn¬ CSw t\Snbn´p≠v. lmkyckamWv Im¿´qWns‚ ÿmbo

`mhw. lmky Nn{X߃°v ASnÿm\w AXnib]cX (exageration) BWv. kmaqlyam‰Øn\v

Im¿´qWpIƒ Gsd {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p≠v.

Im¿´q¨ t]mseXs∂ {][m\ imJbmWv Imcnt°®¿. Hcp hy‡nbptStbm

hkvXphnt‚tbm cq]Ønse hyXyÿXIfpw khntijXIfpw lmkymflIambn

\¿Ω`mh\tbmsS Nn{XoIcn°p∂XmWv Imcn-t°-®¿. a\pjycq]߃ am{Xa√ ktNX\hpw

AtNX\hpamb F√m cq]ßfpw AXnib]cX Iq´n°e¿Øn Bhnjv°cn°mhp∂XmWv.

Ip´nIfn¬ kq£va \nco£W ]mShpw A\pIcW tijnbpw h¿≤n∏n°m≥ Imcnt°®¿

cN\bneqsS km[n°pw.

24

hyXykvX Im¿´qWnÃpIfpsS, Imcnt°®dpIƒ tiJcn®v B¬_w Xbmdm°mw

GsX¶nepw Im¿´qWpIfpsS BkzmZ\Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI

sImfmjv cN\

Nn{XcN\bnse Hcp apJyam[yaamWv sImfmjv. {^©p`mjbn¬ sImfmjv F∂ ]ZØns‚ A¿∞w

]eXp≠pIƒ H´n®p≠m°nb Nn{Xw F∂mWv. If¿ISemkpIjvW߃, [m\y߃ XpSßnbh

CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mw. h¿Wt_m[w, cq]t_m[w, Bibhn\nab£aX XpSßnb Nn{XcN\m

tijnIfpw £aX, GIm{KX, kqjvaX XpSßnb KpWßfpw sImfmjv cN\bneqsS e`n°p∂p.

F¬.]n. bq.]n ¢m pIfnse Ip´nIƒ°v hfsc anI® ]T\{]h¿Ø\amWnXv.

sImfmjv \n¿Ωn°m≥ th≠ kma{KnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

$ ISemkv, h¿WISemkv

$ XpWn IjvW߃

$ ]i

$ ..................................

$ .......................................

25

sImfmjv \n¿ΩmWØns‚ L´ßƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv. N¿® sNøpI.

$ Bibw

$ ]pdwhc

$ kzm`mhnI \nd߃°mbp≈ ISemkpXp≠pIƒ H´n°¬

$ ^n\njnwKv

$ .......................................

$ .......................................

CjvSap≈ BibØn¬ Hcp sImfmjv \n¿Ωn°pI.

ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ CXns‚ ]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v N¿® sNbvXv N¿®m°pdn∏v

Xbmdm°pI.

1Sys.05/Raji/Aca/Dep.tr/D.El.Ed._Cur./Psychology/Art.Edn.

bqWn‰v 2

KoXhpw hmZ-yhpw

Iem-hn-Zym- ymkw

2

]T-\-t\- -߃

$ hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn¬ kwKo-X- I-e-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb kwKo-X-im-JIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Be-]n-°p-∂p.

2. $ \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ, imkv-{Xob kwKoXw F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-®-dn™v A[-ym-]\ tijn ssIh-

cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse Ihn-X-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw

$ \mZw, {ipXn, Xmfw XpSßn kwKo-X-Ønse kmt¶-Xn-I-amb Imc-y-ß-fne [mc-W -t\Sp∂p.

$ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw, th¿Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Nneh hmZ\w \S-Øn-t\m-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf kwKoX Ie-bn-eqsS sa®-s∏-Sp-ج

[mcW t\Sp∂p.

{][m\ Bi-b-߃

$ kwKoX]camb _p≤n

$ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ kwKo-X-I-e-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw km[-y-Xbpw

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb kwKo-X-]m-c-º-cyw

3. $ {]Ir-Xnbpw kwKo-Xhpw

$ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb kwKo-X-cq-]-߃

$ Ihn-X-bpsS Bem-]\w

$ kwKo-X-Ønse kmt¶-Xn-I-amb Imc-y-߃

$ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W߃.

$ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw kwKo-X-Øn¬

3

BapJw

{]]©w a\p-j-y\v I\n™p \¬Inb hc-Zm-\-amWv kwKo-Xw. Cº-ap≈ B t]cp-t]m-se-

Xs∂ Bscbpw hio-I-cn-°p∂ AXns‚ amkva-c- mhw \sΩ GtXm A\p- q-Xn-bn-te°v

Iq´ns°m≠p t]mIp-∂p. AXv F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw a\- ns\ Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂p. Hcp

Kmb-Is‚ IWvT-Øn¬ \nt∂m, Hcp hmZ-y-Im-cs‚ Icmw-Kp-eo-b-Øn¬ \nt∂m \n¿K-fn-°p∂,

{ipXn-a-[p-c-amb kwKoXw AXn¬ \n∂p \ap°p ]I¿∂p In´p∂ B\μw Af-hn-√m-ØXpw

A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXv \ap°v bYm¿∞-amb im¥n-bpw, kvt\l-hpw, kmtlmZcyhpw

{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. temIØv Fhn-sS-bp≈ kwKo-X-am-bmepw tIƒhn am{X-bn¬ Xs∂ Bkzm-

Z-y-I-c-am-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS a\- ns\ Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂p. AsXmcp tZiotbm{K-Y\ ktμ-i-am-Ip∂p.

kwKoXw Be-]n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ DXvIr-jvS-amb Hcp KpW-amWv Bk-zm-Z-

\hpw a\- ns\ BI¿jn-°p∂ Cº-ap≈ [z-\n-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Hcp efn-X-I-e-

bmWv kwKo-Xw. kwKo-X-Øns‚ \mZ-ho-Nn-Iƒ a\p-j-y-a-\- p-I-fn¬ A\p-cW\w sNøp-tºmƒ

krjvSn-°p∂ B\-μhpw AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ a\-»m-¥n-bp-am-Wv. kwKo-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb

e£-yw. a\p-j-ys‚ hy-X-ykvX hnIm-c-ßsf {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ kwKo-X-Øn-eqsS km[n-°pw.

kwKo-X-sa∂ ]Z-Øn\v ""kar°v BIp∂ KoXw'' F∂¿∞w. kar°v F∂m¬ Iq´w F∂mWv

]cn- m-j. CuWw, Xmfw, {ipXn, mhw Ch-sbm-s° Xpe\w sNøp-tºm-gmWv AXv kwKo-X-am-

Ip-∂-Xv. {ih-W-kp-μ-c-ß-fmb i_vZ-߃ sIm≠v a\- n¬ hnIm-c-߃ krjvSn®v ckn-∏n-

°p∂ Hcp Ie-bmWv kwKo-Xw. cmK -Xmf ]Zm{i-b-am-b-Xm-Wv. kwKoXw F∂mWv \mS-y-imkv{X-

Øn¬ kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. A£-c-ß-fp-tSbpw hm°p-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b--tØmsS

klm-b-tØmsS Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂-Xv \mZ- `m-j-bmWv. hnImcßfpsS `mj-bmWv

kwKo-Xw.

hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn¬ kwKoX Ie-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ¢m n¬ ]m´p-]m-Sp-∂-Xn\p th≠n A[-ym-]nI Bh-iy--s∏-Sp--tºmƒ aSn-Iq-SmsX ]mSp-∂-

Xn\v F√m Ip´n-Ifpw Xbm-dm-Im-dpt≠m? F¥mWv \nß-fpsS A\p- -h-߃? Hcp ]m´p-

]m-Sm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp--tºmƒ kt¶m-Nan-√msX ]mSm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw.

F∂m¬ Hcp aqfn-∏m-s -¶nepw ]mSm-Ø-h-cp-t≠m? kwKo-X-]-c-amb _p≤n F√m-a-\p-j-y-

cnepw Ds≠-∂-XmWv ]T-\-߃ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu _p≤n-k-hn-ti-jX hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v

]c-ym-]vX-amb Ah-k-c-߃ \ap°v e`n-°p-∂p-t≠m? hnZ-ym- -ymkw _lp-ap-J-_p≤n-hn-

Im-k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ kwKo-X-]-c-amb _p≤n hnIm-k-Øn\pw ss{]a-dn-Xew

apX¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw F√m-h¿°pw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Bhn-jvI-cn-

°m-\p-ap≈ Ignbpw F√m-hcnepw D≠v. _lp-ap-J-_p≤n kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ kwKo-X-]-c-

amb _p≤nsb kw‘n®v Fs¥√mw hni-Zmw-i-߃ \evIn-bn- p-≠v F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°pw.

A[-ym-]-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ kwKo-X-Ie \ΩpsS ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Fß-s\-sbm-

s° {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Ipw.

4

]T-\-t\- -߃: (hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb kwKo-X-im-JIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Be-]n-°p-∂p)

\n߃°v GsXm-s°-Xcw ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSm≥ Ign-bpw. H∂v Btem-Nn®p t\m°q. hmbvØm-cn-

Iƒ \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ, kn\n-am-Km-\-߃, inip-Km-\-߃, {]m¿∞-\m-Km-\-߃, tZi- -‡n-Km-\-

߃, tZio-b-Km\w C\nbpw Nneh IqSn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. (tkm]m-\-k-Ko-Xw, am∏n-f-∏m- v......)

Ch-bn¬ GXm-bn-cn°pw BZyw ]mSn-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Fßs\bmWv CØcw Km\-ß-fpsS D¤hw.

BtemNn®v t\m°n-bn- p--t≠m. {]Ir-Xnbpw kwKo-Xhpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap--t≠m.

a\p-j-y-N-cn--{X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≠v kwKo-X-Øn-\pw. {]Ir-Xn-bnse Cº-am¿∂-Xpw, IuXp-I-ap-

W¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb i_vZ߃ tI´pw Bk-z-Zn®pw A\p-I-cn-®p-amWv kwKoXw Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-

∂-Xv. Ah ]n∂oSv CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Øn-ep-ap≈ i_vZ-ß-fm-bpw, `mj-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-

tØmsS km¿Y-I-amb hm°p-I-fmbpw hm°p-Iƒ tN¿∂v Km\-ß-fmbpw ]cn-e-kn-®p.

]£n-I-fp-tSbpw arK-ß-fp-tSbpw i_vZw, Acp-hn-IfpsS If-IqN\w, Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS i_vZw

Ce-I-fpsS a¿Ω-cw. apf-¶m-Sp-I-fpsS Nqfw hnfn. ag-Øp-≈n-I-fpsS aWn-In-ep°w Im´m-dp-I-fpsS

If-I-fm-c-hw. CSn-ap-g°w Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂v a\p-j-y-\n¬ P∑\m Aen™p tN¿∂n- p≈

Xmf-t_m-[w, kwKo-X-t_m[w, Bk-z-Z-\-tijn, A\p-I-cWw Chsb DW¿Øp-Ibpw Ime-

{ItaW hmbvØm-cn-I-fm-bpw, kz-c-ß-fmbpw hnhn[ imtJm-]-im-J-I-fmbpw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. k]vX-k-z-c-ß-fpsS D¤-hhpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fpsS i_vZhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ°pdn-

°p∂ Hcp \mS≥]m- p-Xs∂ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. ""h∂p-Zn-t® \n∂p-Znt® BZ-y-X-y≥ `a-hm\pw''

Cu Km\-Øn¬ k]vX-k-z-c-ß-fmb jUvPw (k), Ej`w (cn), Km‘mcw (K), a[-yaw (a),

]©aw (]), ss[hXw ([), \njmZw (\n) Ch bYm-C-I-a-Øn¬ abn¬, Imf, BSv, {Iu©w,

Ipbn¬, IpXn-c, B\ F∂n-h-bpsS i_vZ-sa∂v ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ

Xm\m-X-\, X\, Im\m-X-\-X-\, sXøvXn-an-ØI Xmc ˛ XnØ-I, sXtømw XI CØcw F{X

hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ \n߃ sNm√n-bn- p-≠v. tI´n- p-≠v. {]tX-yI A¿∞w C√m-Ø-hbpw Ie-ap-d-

bmbn hmbvsam-gn-bmbpw ]I¿∂p In´n-b-h-bmWv hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ. Xmf-\n-_-‘-amWv Ch.

hyXykvX CuWhpw Ch-bv°p-≠v. an° \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ°pw AXw-]-Sn-bmbn hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ

D≠v.

\mtSmSnkwKoXw

km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]mtZ-inI kwKo-X-amWv \mtSmSnkwKo-Xw.

\msSm´v \mSpsI \m´n¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ A¿∞-amWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv.

imkv{Xob \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p XnI®pw ASn-sa-∏-SmØ \mtSmSn kwKoXw efn-Xhpw Cº-td#n-

b-Xp-amWv CXv {KmaoW kwKo-Xw, {Kma-y-kw-KoX AYhm P\-Io-b-kw-Ko-X-am-Wv. tZi-Øns‚

kwKo-X-]m-c-º-cyw hnfnt®mXp∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-Iƒ A\p-jvTm-\-]-cw, aX-]cw, sXmgn¬]cw

F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≠v.

kn\n-am-kw-KoXw

P\-Io-b-kw-Ko-X-amWv CXv. F√m-hn- mKw P\-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øp-Sn-∏p-I-fmWv kn\n-am-Km-\-߃.

]fin-X-]m-a-c-t -Z-sa-t\y F√m P\-hn- m-K-߃°pw {]nb-s∏´ Km\-im-J-bmWv CXv. i_vZ-kn-

5

\n-a-bpsS D¤hw apX¬ Xs∂ Ah-bnse Km\-ßfpw ]›m-Øe kwKo-Xhpw \sΩ Ah-

bnse Km\-ßfpw ]›m-Ø-c-kw-Ko-Xhpw \sΩ Gsd hio-I-cn-°p-∂p. henb Hcp Bi-bsØ

lrZ-y-hp-ambn Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v P\-lr-Z-b-Øn-te°v FØn-°p-hm-\p≈ CXns‚ ]¶v

hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse kn\n-am-im-J-sb-°p-dn®p ]d-bp--tºmƒ [mcmfw t]sc \Ωƒ°v

kvacn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. tbip-Zmkv Bbn-cn°pw Kmb-I-cn¬ H∂mw \nc-sb-¶n¬ kwKo-X-kw-hn-[m-

b-I-cn¬ tZh-cm-P≥ amjn-t\bpw Z£n-W-aq¿Øn-tb-bpw, chn-{μ≥am-jn-t\bpw Fßs\ hnkva-

cn-°pw. ]pXp-X-e-ap-dn-bnse Kmb-I-tcbpw Hm¿Øp-t\m-°q. Fw.Pn. {ioIp-am¿, tPm¨k¨ amjv,

Fw. Pb-N-{μ≥, hnPbv tbip-Zmkv Cßs\ Cu ]´nI F{X Zo¿L-am-Wv. Fkv. Pm\-In,

sI.Fkv. Nn{X, XpS-ßnb {]i-kvX-Km-bn-I-am-cm-Wv. Fw._n.-{io-\n-hm-k≥ ae-bm-f-Øn\p kΩm-

\n® kwKo-X-a-{Xbpw Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂ knan-a-bn-eqsS tbip-Zm-kns\ ]n∂Wn

Kmb-I-\mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv Fw._n. {io\n-hm-k-\m-Wv.

efn-X-kw-KoXw

kmt¶-Xn-IX Gsd-bn-√mØ cmK-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Ihn-X-I-fmWv efn-X-Km-\-߃

Ihn-Xbv°v hy-X-y-kvX-amb CuWhpw Xmfhpw \¬In Km\-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

{]mtZ-inI mj-I-fn¬ AX-Xp-tZ-i-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-hpw, hkvXp-X-Ifpw Bi-b-am-°n-bn- p≈

efn-X-Km-\-߃ ISpØ imkv{Xo-b-Xbv°v km[m-cW hiwhZ-cm-Im-dn-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ efn-X-

Km-\-imJ kº-∂-am-Wv. Cu imJbv°v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sn-s°-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nXm-¥-{i-≤-]-

Xn-®-h-cmWv sI. cmL-h≥, sI.]n. DZ-b- m-\p, ]n. mkvI-c≥, Fw.Pn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, H.F≥.-

hn. Ipdp-∏v, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿, Ad-°¬ \μ-Ip-am¿, sI.]n.-F.-kn. N{μ-ti-J-c≥

XpS-ßn-b-h¿ efn-X-Km-\-im-Jsb P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ BIm-i-hm-Wn-bpsS kw`m-h\

kap-∂-Xm-Wv.

am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ

ap…nw P\-hn- m-K-Øns‚ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw kmln-X-y-cq-]-Øn¬ Ihn-X-I-

fm°n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ. efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ Xmf-Øn¬ Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-

bn- p≈ am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ Imh-y- w-Knbpw hrØ-hn-_-≤-Xbpw D≈-h-bm-Wv. am∏n-f-∏m- p-Iƒ°v

{]t-X-yIw Hcp Hcp ssien-Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-ysc ]cm-a¿in-°msX am∏n-

f-∏m- ns\°pdn®v Hm¿°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

tkm]m-\-kw-KoXw

tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv kwKo-X-im-J-bm-Wn-Xv. t£{X {iotIm-hn-ens‚ tkm]m-\-]-Sn-°p-ap-∂n¬

CSbv° sIm´n-∏m-Sp∂ ssien-bmWv tkm]m-\-kw-Ko-XØn-\p-≈-Xv. KoXm-tKm-hn-μ-Ønse AjvS-

]-Zn-Iƒ, kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ IrXn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv sIm´n-∏mSn tkhbv°v ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

tkm]m\ kwKo-X-ambn Be-]n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. sRc-fØv cma-s]m-Xp-hmƒ Cu taJ-e-bnse Icp-

Øp‰ hy-‡n-X-z-am-bn-cp-∂p.

IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw

tkm]m-\-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ \n∂p DS-se-SpØ kwKoX ssien-bmWv IY-Ifn kwKo-X-Øn-\p-≈Xv.

IqSn-bm´w \ß-ym¿IpØv Ch-bnepw CtX kwKo-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv D≈-Xv. IqSnbm´w \ß-ym¿IqØv

Ch-bnepw CtX kwKo-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv. D≈-Xv. IY-IfnkKo-X-Øn¬ c≠p-Km-b-I¿ s]m∂m-\nbpw,

6

in¶n-Snbpw tNßn-e-sIm´n IY-I-fn-∏-Z-߃ tkm]m\ kwKo-X-ssi-en-bn¬ ]mSp-∂p. ]›m-Ø-

e-Øn¬ a±-fw, sN≠, tNßne XpS-ßnb hmZ-y-ß-fpw, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IY-Ifn kwKo-X-

Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]Z-߃ B -°-Ym-km-ln-Xy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

\oeI-WvT-\-ºo-i≥ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-c-en, Iem-a-fiew lcn-Zm-kv, XpS-ß-eb IY-Ifn

Kmb-I¿ Gsd-bp-≠v.

IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw C∂v Ipd-®p-IqSn imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-Xm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bmWv Bem-]\w \SØn

hcp-∂-Xv. tkm]m-\ -kw-Ko-X-co-Xn°v am‰w h∂n- p-≠v.

h©n-∏m- p-Iƒ

h≈w Ifn°v ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv h©n-∏m- p-Iƒ. NnSp-ehpw {ZpX-am-bn- pf

]m´p-I-fmWv h©n-∏m- p-Iƒ. {]tX-yIXmf-Øn¬ CuW-Øn¬ ssien-bn¬ Be-]n-°p∂ ]m´p-

Iƒ h≈-°m¿°v Dt∑-jhpw DW¿hpw \¬Ip-∂p. kwLw tN¿∂p≈ Bem-]\w h©n-∏m-

´ns‚ {]tX-y-I-X-bm-Wv. tIcfØns‚ kz-¥-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m- mWv h©n-

∏m v AYhm h≈wIfn-∏m- p-Iƒ.

sXbvsX-bvsXbv, XnØn-Øm-cm-sXbv F∂ hmbvØmcn Ihn-X-bnse hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Bh¿Øn-

®m-h¿Øn®v sNm√p-tºmƒ NSp-e-am-Ip-∂p Cu Bem-]-\w.

{]m¿∞-\m-Km-\-߃

hnZ-ym-e-b-߃ Bcw- n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ {]m¿∞-\m-Km-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. {]]-©-i-‡nsb kvacn-

°m\pw Xs‚ a\- ns\ GIm-{K-am-°m\pw CXv klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZ-ym¿∞n-

Iƒ H∂n®pIqSn efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ F√m-h¿°pw ]mSm-hp∂ (k¿h-aX {]m¿∞-\) Km\-

ß-fm-hWw AA-em-]-\-Øn\v sXsc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fn¬ GI-Xm- mhw Iq´mbva

{i≤ Ch hf¿Øm≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.

Ip™n-°-hn-X-Iƒ

IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw tIƒ°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Gsd IuXp-I-am-Wv. ck-I-c-amb Ihn-X-Iƒ, IYm-

I-hn-X-Iƒ, Ifn-∏m- p-Iƒ, Ip™p-Æn-°-hn-X-Iƒ Ch efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ AA-e-]n-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. CXp-hgn Xmf-t_m-[hpw, i_vZw Ipd®pw Iq´nbpw ]mSm\pw D≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ B¿Pn°pw.

tZi-`-‡n-Km-\-߃

Gh-cnepw tZi-kvt\lw Df-hm-Ip∂ Km\-ß-fm-Wn-h. Xmfm-fl-I-amb Cu Km\-ß-fn¬ kmlnXy-

Øn\v Gsd {]m[m-\-y-ap-≠v. kwL-ambn ]mSm≥ Ign-bp∂ CØcw [mc-mfw Km\-߃ \Ωƒ°v

D≠v. kwL-t_m-[w, Bfl-hn-i-zm-kw, Xmf-t_m-[w, kl-h¿Øn-Xzw Ch CXn-eqsS B¿Pn-

°mw. P∑-Im-cnWn`mc-Xw, kmtc-P-lmsk A—m tlmwsK Imav bm_v XpS-ßn hy-X-y-kvX`m-j-

bn-ep≈ [mcmfw Km\-߃ {]Nm-cØn-ep-≠v. Cu imJ A\p-Zn\w hnImkw {]m]n®p hcp-∂p.

tZio-b-Km\w

\ΩpsS tZio-b-Km\w Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn Bcpw D≠m-In-√. `mc-X-Øns‚ kwkvIm-chpw

sshhn[yhpw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm-dns‚ "P\-K-W-a\' F∂ Km\-amWv \ΩpsS

tZio-b-Km-\w. CXns‚ A¿∞w Dƒs°m≠v ]mSp-hm≥ A[-ym-]I hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fmb \Ωƒ

7

{i≤n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

tIcf-Øns‚ kwKo-X-im-J-sb-°p-dn®p ]d-bm-\m-sW-¶n¬ C\nbpw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. hn¬∏m- v,

Xp≈¬∏m- v, ]p≈p-h≥]m- v, hS-°≥]m- v, ]S-b-Wn-∏m- v, ]qc-∏m- v.............. Cßs\ Gsd-\ofw

Ch At\-z-jn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ B°p-I. \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ, imkv{Xo-b-kw-KoXw Ch Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn-\v.

imkv{Xo-b-kw-KoXw

at‰-sXmcp imkv{X-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse IrX-y-amb IW-°p-Ibp cq]-L-S-\bpw ka-hm-I-y-ßfpw

imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-X-Øn-\p-ap-≠v. i_vZ-Øns‚ uXn-I-im-kv{X-]-c-hpw, KWn-X-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb

XX-z-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn Hcp i_vZ-t{i-Wn-bn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ hy-X-ykvX Bhr-Øn-Ifpw

(Frequency) ]c-kv]c kz-c-t®¿®bv°pw D≈ k]vX-k-z-c-ßfpw AhbpsS 12 kz-c-ÿm-\-ß-fp-

amWv imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d.

DXv hw hf¿®

imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Øns‚ hf¿® kma-th-Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv thZ-a{¥ßfpsS D®m-c-W-Øn¬

\n∂v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v kzm- m-hn-I-ambn cq]-s∏- p-h-∂-XmWv k]vX-k-z-c-߃. {ItaW Ah

cn, K, a, [, \n F∂o kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hy-X-ykvX hI-t -Z-ß-fp-ambn 16 kz-c-ß-fn-te°v

(tjmU-i˛ kz-c-߃) hnImkw {]m]n®p Cu kz-c-ß-fpsS hnImkw hgn {Ia-k-ºq¿W-amb

Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb 72 taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-߃ D≠m-bn.

//k cn K a ] [ \n k//

//k \n [ ] a K cn k// (CXmWv {Ia-k-ºq¿Æ-amb Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-Ww)

Cu Fgp-]-Øn-c≠v cmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw P\-y-cm-K-߃ cq]-s∏- p. (taf-I¿Øm cmK-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn™p h∂ cmK-ß-fmWv P\-y-cm-K-߃). Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-W-ß-

fn¬ Nne kz-c-ßsf h¿Pn®pw (kcnK]\nk, k\n]Kcnk) kz-c-{I-a-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Ønbpw

(k\n[aKa]aKcnk) sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ [mcmfw cmK-߃ cq]w sIm≠pw AXv C∂pw XpS¿∂p

hcp-∂p. {]i-kvX-kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ tUm. _me-ap-c-fo-IrjvW "ehwKn' t]mep≈ ]e-cm-K-ßfpw

I≠p-]n-Sn-®n- p-≠v. CXn¬ BsI 4 kz-c-ß-fmWv (kcn-a-[-k, k[-a-K-cn-k) D≈-sX-¶nepw CXns‚

Bem-]\ km[-yX hn]p-e-am-Wv.

cmKß-fpsS D¤-h-tØmsS [mcmfw imkv{Xob cq]-ßfpw D≠mbn (KoXw, h¿Æw, Io¿Ø\w,

Xn√m-\....) B hf¿® A\-k-yqXw XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p.

`mc-XobkwKoXw

GI-tZiw aqhm-bncw h¿j-߃ ]g-°-ap≈ kwKo-X-]m-c-º-c-y-am-Wv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. mc-X-Ønse

hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fne hy-X-ykvX P\-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Ah-cpsS BNm-c-߃, Bcm[\,

hnt\m-Zw, sXmgn¬, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \m\m-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kwKoX cq]-

ßfpw ssien-Ifpw cq]w-]q≠v {]N-cn®p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ `mc-Xob kwKoXw apJ-y-ambn

imk-{X-co-b-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n- p≈ c≠p k{º-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ hnI-kn®p. AXv I¿Æm-SI kwKo-

Xw, lnμp-ÿm\n kwKoX F∂n-h-bmWv. Ggp-k-z-c-ßfpw, hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb cmK-ß-fp-amWv

8

c≠p k{º-Zm-b-ß-fp-tSbpw ImXemb `mKw, cmKw, Xmfw F∂n-h-bn¬ kam-\-X-Iƒ D≠v

F¶nepw B-em-]-\-ssi-en, Km\-cq-]-ß-fpsS LS\ F∂nh Ahsb apJ-y-amb c≠v kc-Wn-

Ifmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

lnμp-ÿm-\n-kw-KoXw

`mc-XobkwKoXw GI-tZiw 12˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc lnμp-ÿm\n I¿Æm- nIv th¿Xn-cnhv C√msX

s]mXp-hmb Hcp kc-Wn-bmbn Hgp-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-tijw t]¿j-y≥ kwKo-

X-Øns‚ kzm-[o-\-Øn¬s∏ v hSt° C¥-y-bn¬ Hcp k¶-c-kw-KoXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ime-{Ia-

Øn¬ B k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v X\-Xmb hy-‡n-Xzw ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw AXv lnμp-ÿm\nkwKoXw

F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 13˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ t]¿j-y≥ Ihnbpw

Kmb-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ "Aao¿ Jpkvtdm' BWv "Jym¬' F∂ at\m-l-c-amb kwKo-X-cq-]-ØneqsS

lnμp-ÿm\nkwKo-X-Øn\v ASn-Ød ]mIn-b-Xv. AIv_¿N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS c-W-Imew lnμp-

ÿm\nkwKo-X-Øns‚ kph¿Æ-Im-e-L- -am-bn-cp-∂p. temIw Bcm-[n-°p∂ anbm-Xm≥tk≥

AIv_¿ N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS cmP-k-Z- nse Bÿm\ hnZ-zm≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. lnμp-ÿm\nkwKoXw

DØ-tc-¥-y≥ kwKoXw F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. {][m-\--s∏´ 10 Ym´p-Ifpw (taf cmKw)

Ah-bpsS P\-y-cm-K-ß-fp-amWv Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. "_nem-h≥' BWv ASn-ÿm-\-

tafw. lnμp-ÿm\n kwKo-X-Øn\v Hcp Nn -bp-≠m-°n-bXv ]fin‰v hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥

`m vJm¨tU F∂ kwKo-X-⁄-\m-Wv.

{[p]-Xv, Jym¬, Tp{an, S∏, NXp-cw-Kv, Zm{Z-X-cm\ F∂n-h-bmWv apJ-y-kw-KoX cq]-߃. cp{Z-

hoW knØm¿, ktcmZv, _mwkp-cn, sjl-\m-bv, kmcw-Kn, k¥q¿, lm¿tam-Wn-bw, X_-e,

]°m-hPv F∂nhbmWv {][m\ hmZ-y-߃.

Xo≥Xmƒ, Xn¬hm-U, PXvXmƒ, S∏m-Xmƒ, ]©m-_n-Xmƒ, KP’w-]vXmƒ, ]©w-Xmƒ, Zo]vNμn,

’pwcm, BUm-Nu-Xmƒ, Zam¿, G‡mƒ, cq]-‡mƒ. Xo{hm. NuXmƒ, Zmc-Zc F∂n-h-bmWv

{][m-\-s∏´ Xmf-߃.

Xm≥tk≥, ]fin‰v PkvcmPv, owsk≥ tPmjn, DkvXmZv Aao¿Jm≥, am≥knMv tXma¿, tKm]m¬

\mb-Iv, lcn-{]-kmZv Nuckn XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cKsØ Nne {]Xn- -I-fm-Wv.

I¿Æm-SI kwKoXw

Z£n-tW-¥-y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fmb Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{‘-{]-tZ-iv, I¿Æm-S-Iw, tIcfw F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬ GI-tZiw 600 h¿j-ß-fmbn {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp imkv{Xob kwKo-X-im-J-bmWv I¿WmSI

kwKo-Xw. {io ]pc-μ-c-Zm-k¿ BWv I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-in-ev]nbpw, kwKoX-

]n-Xm-a-l\pw. C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ kwKoX {Xnap¿Øn-I-fmb apØp-k-zman Zo£n-X¿ Xym-K-cm-P,

iym-a-im-kv{Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ Pohn-®n-cp∂ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

]q¿Δm¿≤w Ch-bmWv I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ kph¿W Ime-L-´w. tIc-f-Ønt‚Xv

XncphnXmw-Iq¿ cn-®n-cp∂ {io.k-zm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-hp-am-Wv.

{io. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ hnhn[ mj-I-fn-embn DXvIr-jvS-ß-fmb At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ hy-X-ykvX

`mj-I-fn-embn cNn-°p-Ibpw \m´nepw adp-\m- n-ep-ap≈ \nc-h[n kwKo-X-⁄sc Xs‚ cmP-

kZ n¬ aXn-bmb BZ-chv \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, Ip n-°p™p X¶®n, jUvIme-

9

tKm-hn-μ-am-cm¿, ]me-°mSv ]c-ta-i-zc mK-h-X¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Ønse aebmf-

°-c-bnse \nd-km-∂n-[-y-ambncp∂p. sNssº sshZ-y-\mY `mK-h-X¿, sh®q¿l-cn-lc

kp{_“Wyø¿, _n. iin-Ip-am¿, s\øm-‰n≥Ic hmkp-tZh≥ tbip-Zmkv, Ipam-c-tI-c-f-h¿Ω,

amth-en-°c {]`m-I-c-h¿Ω XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cwKsØ AXp-ey {]Xn- -I-fm-Wv.

]T-\-t\-´-߃

Ihn-X-I-fpsS Bk-zm-Z-\-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øn¬ Awi-߃°pw ]¶p-≠v. Xmfw, CuWw A\p-

tbm-P-y-ambn Iq´n-t®¿°ptºmƒ Ihn-X-bpsS B¥-cnI`wKn IqSpX¬ `wKn-bp-≈-Xm-°p-∂p.

IhnX°v CuWw \evIp-tºmƒ Ihn-X-bpsS mhm¿∞-Øn\v tIm´w X´m-Ø-hn[hpw A\p-tbm-

P-y-amb Xmf-Øn-ep-am-I-Ww. AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb kn\n-am-Km-\-ßfpw Kk-ep-Ifpw tIƒ°p∂

Ip´n°v hnc-k-X-bp≠mIpw hn[w Ihn-X-bpsS CuWw amd-cp-Xv. A[-ym-]-I-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-Iƒ ]e

Bh¿Øn Ihn-X-Iƒ CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n-bn-SWw ¢mkn¬ Ah Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ thW-

sa∂p hnNm-cn-®m¬ \ap°v Gh¿°pw CXv Ign-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

]T-\-t\-´-߃

\mZw, {ipXn, Xmfw XpSßn kwKo-X-Ønse kmt¶-XnIamb Imc-y-ß-fn¬ [mc-W- t\-Sp∂p.

\mZw:˛

km[m-c-W-bmbn \mw tIƒ°p∂ i_vZsØ \mZw, kvt^mSw F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn Xcw-

Xn-cn-°mw. tJƒ°m≥ Cº-ap-≈Xpw a\- ns\ kt¥mjn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amh i_vZsØ

kvt^mSw F∂p hnfn-°mw. {ih-W-kp-J-tØmSp IqSn-bXpw A\p-c-W\w sNøp-∂-Xp-amb

GsXmcp [z-\n-bmtWm a\-j-y-a-\- ns\ BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv B [z-\nsb \mZw F∂p ]d-

bmw.

{ipXn:˛

kmb-I¿ ]mSp--tºmgpw hmZ-y-Im-c≥ hmZ\w \S-Øp-tºmgpw B[m-c-ambn Ah-ew-_n-°p∂

\mZsØ {inXn-sb∂pw ]d-bmw.

F∂m¬ kwKoX imkv{X-{]-Imcw kq£va-abpw hy-‡-ambpw tIƒ°m≥ Ign-bp∂ \mZ-

Øns‚ sNdnb IWn-I-bmWv {ipXn. kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk F∂ kz-cm-jvS-I-Øn¬ hy-‡-amb

22 {ipXn-Iƒ D≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

kzcw:˛

kwKo-X-Øn\v Ahn-`m-P-y-ambn´p≈ LS-I-amWv kz-cw. {ipXn-bn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn® kz-c-

߃ {][m-\-ambpw Ggm-Wv. k]vX-k-z-c-߃ jUvPw, Ej`w, Km‘m-cw, a[-y-aw, ]©-aw,

ss[h-Xw, \njmZw F∂n-h-bmWv. kz-c-ß-fpsS hn`n∂ t`Z-ßfn¬ \n∂v cmK-ß-fpw, Km\-

cq-]-ßfpw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p.

kz-c-ß-fn¬ {^Ir-Xn-k-z-c-߃ hnIr-Xn-k-z-c-߃ F∂v c≠v {][m-\-L-S-I-߃ D≠v. jUvPw

(-k) ]©aw (]) {]IrXn kz-c-߃ BWv. Ch AN-X-k-z-c-߃, ASn-ÿm-\-k-z-c߃, B[m-

c-{ip-Xn-k-z-c߃ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cn, K, a, [, \n F∂o kz-c-߃°v hI-t - -߃- D-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v Ahsb hnIr-Xn-k-z-c-߃ F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. cn ˛ 3, K ˛ 3, a ˛ 2, [ ˛ 3, \n ˛ 3

Aßs\ 14 kz-c-ßfpw k, ] Ch IqSn BIp-tºmƒ 16 kz-c-ß-fmbpw Ah-ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

10

jUvPw, ip≤-E-j- w, NXp¿{ip-Xn-E-j- w, jUv{ipXn˛ Ej- w, ip≤-km-‘m-cw, km[m-c-W-km-

‘m-cw, A¥-c-Km-‘m-cw, ip≤-a-[-y-aw, {]Xn-a-[-y-aw, ]©-aw, ip≤-ss[-h-Xw, NXp¿{ip-Xn-ss[-

h-Xw, jUv{ipXnss[h-Xw, ip≤-\n-jmZw, ssIinJn \njm-Zw, ImIfn \njmZw F∂n-h-bmWv

16 kz-c-߃

cmKw

CuWw F∂pw CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°pw. kz-c-h¿W-ß-fm¬ Aew-IrX-ambn a\p-j-y-a-\- ns\

B\-μn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw hn[-ap≈ [z-\n-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-amWv cmKw. I¿Æm-S-I-kwKo-

X-Øn¬ FÆ-a‰ cmK-߃ D≠v. I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂ cmK-

amWv ambm-am-f-h-Ku-f. cmK-ßfn¬ {][m-\-ambpw taf-I-¿-Øm-cm-K-߃ P\-y-cm-K-߃ F∂o

c≠p-hn- m-K-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv.

cmK-ßfpw Ah-bnse Nne kn\n-am-Km-\-ßfpw

cmKw Km\w Nn{Xw kwKoXw

Ie-ymWn (taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) kz¿Æ-®m-acw b£n tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

Ie-ymWn (taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) s]m¬Øn-¶ƒ Ie Ipam-c-kw-`hw tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

Jc-l-c-{]nb(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) DØ-cm-k-z-bw-hcw Ubv©¿ _nkv°‰v Z£n-W-aq¿Øn

Z¿_mcn Im\U Bbncw ]mZ-k-c-߃ \Zn tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

Imwt_mPn (P\y-cm-Kw) i‡n-abw tZhn-I-\-ym-Ip-amcn tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

ambm-am-f-h-fuK ]h-\-c-s®-gp-Xp-∂p hnb‰v\mw tImf\n Fkv._me-IrjvW≥

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

\T-ss`-chn kwKo-Xta k¿Kw t_mws_ chn

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

Xmfw

]m´ns‚ thK-Xsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ {]hr-Øn-bmWv Xmfw. \n›nX thK-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn®v

hcp∂ Ne-\-sa∂pw CXns\ ]d-bmw. lrZ-b-an-Sn-∏p-t]mse t¢m°n-s‚ s]≥Upew t]mse

AXn-kq-£va-amb CS-th-f-I-fmWv Chbv°v D≈-Xv. I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ {][m-\-s∏´

Xmf߃ Gsg-Æ-amWv {[ph-Xm-fw, aT-y-Xm-fw, cq]-I-Xm-fw, ’w]-Xmfw, {Xn]p-S-Xm-fw, AS-

Xmfw, GI-Xm-fw, F∂n-ßs\bmWv Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ.

k]]v-X-Xm-f-߃ Ahbv°v Xn{iw, NXp-c-{iw, Jfiw, an{iw F∂v A©v PmXn-Iƒ, Ahbv°v

Xn{i-\-S, NXp-c-{i-\-S, Jfi-\-S, an{i-\S F∂v 5 \S-Iƒ Aßs\175 Xmf-ßfmWv \ap°v

D≈-Xv. \ap°v D≈-Xv. (k]vX-Xm-f-߃ x ]©-\S x ]©-PmXn x 7 x 5 x 5 = 175 Xmf-߃)

11

hcn-i-Iƒ

k]vX-k-z-c-ßsf hy-X-y-kvX-am¿∂ ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ B°p-∂-XmWv hcn-i-Iƒ. \mw ]e {]mh-iy-

sagpXn A£-c-߃ lrZn-ÿ-am°pw t]mse \mZ- m-j-bmb kwKo-X-Øn¬ Cu kz-c-ßsf

]e Bh¿Øn tI´pw A\p-I-cn-®p-amWv kq£va-am¿∂ Btμm-f\w (Frequency) t\Sp-∂-Xv.

A -ym-k-Km-\w F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ kc-fn-h-cn-i-Iƒ Pfi, (Cc- ) hcn-i-

Iƒ, Zm´p-h-cn-i-Iƒ, Ae-¶mcw XpSßn [mcmfw hmI-t -Z-߃ D≠v.

I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-hp-ambn _‘--s∏´ [mcmfw kmt¶-XnI Imc-y-߃ (at\m-[¿Ω kwKo-Xw,

hy-X-ykvX A`-ym-k-Km-\-߃, cmK-hn-`-P-\-\w) C\nbpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂h kz-¥-ambn

At\zjn°q.

]T-\-t\-´-߃

hmtZym-]-I-c-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Nneh hmZ\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb Nne hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ GsX-√m-am-Wv. ]©-hm-Z-y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

hmZ-y-߃, IY-I-f-e-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmZ-y-߃ Km\-ta-f-I-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h Ch-

sbms° {i≤n-®n- pt≠m Fs¥-√m-amWv {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ Fßs\ Fs¥-√m-amWv {]tX-y-I-X-

Iƒ Fß-s\-sbms° AXns\ Xcw Xncn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

hmZ-y-߃

hn]p-e-amb Hcp kwKo-X-im-J-bmWv hmZ-y-kw-Ko-Xw. mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønepw hmZ-y-kwK¬-X-

Øn\v {][m\ ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AIm-e-Øn¬ \sΩ hn´p-]n-cn™ ab-en≥ am{¥n-Iƒ\ _me-

`m-kvIsd Fßs\ \mw ad-°pw. \n¿an-Xn, {]tbm-K-co-Xn, D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-

h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv hntZ-ym-]-I-cW hn -P-\w. A]-h-≤w, XXw, kpjn-cw, L\w F∂n-h-bmWv

{][m-\-X-cw-Xn-cn-hv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ hn -P-\-am-Wn-Xv.

A\-h-Zy hmZ-y-߃

arK-ßfpsS tXm¬, As√-¶n¬ tXm¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿an-®n- p≈ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-WnXv.

ssIIƒ sIm≠v X´n-bpw, Iºp-IƒsIm≠v X´nbpw Dc-knbpw hmbn-°p∂ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-ß-

fmWv A\-h-≤-hm-Z-y-߃ AYhm XpI¬ hmZ-y-߃. ]m›m-Xy kwKo-X-Øn¬ Ch s]¿°j≥

C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ v F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

˛ arZwKw

˛ sN≠

˛ a±fw

˛ Xhn¬

˛ FSbv° (F√mw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tSbpw Nn{X-߃ tN¿°-Ww)

˛ X_e

˛ Xnane

˛ K©nd

˛ LSw

12

kp£n-c-hm-Z-y-߃

hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ kpjn-c-߃ D≠m°n Ah-bn-eqsS hmbp IS-Øn-hn v ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ

sIm≠v Xpd∂pw AS-®p-amWv Ch-bn¬ \mZ-ho-Nn-Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

HmS-°p-g¬ AYhm ]p√m-¶p-g¬, _mwkqcn Ch apf-bn¬ \n¿an-®n- p-≈-h-hm-Wv. IqSmsX ¢mcn\‰v

_yq-Knƒ, {Sw]-‰v, \mK-k-z-cw, il-\m-bn, sImºv Ipg¬ XpS-ßn-bh DZm-lcWam-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-

kw-KoXØn¬ Chsb hn≥Uv C≥kv{S-sa‚ vkv F∂pw hn -Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

(Nn{X-߃)

X{¥n-hm-Z-y-߃

X{¥n-Iƒ AYhm Iºn-I-fn¬ X´n i_vZ-ap-≠m-°p∂ Bibw Aºpw hn√pw XΩn¬ X´p-

tºmgp-≠m-Ip∂ i_vZ-Øn¬ \n∂mWv e`n-®-Xv. thS≥am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hn√n¬ Rm¨sI v

Aºv sXmSpØv hnSp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ ""Szmbv'' i_vZw Cu Bi-b-Øn\v cq]w \¬In. iX-

hmZ-y-߃ X{¥n-hm-Z-y-߃ F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ [mcmfw hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ cq]w-sIm-≠p.

πmhv, tX°v ISn-bn¬ {]tX-y-I-coXnbn¬ \n¿an-®n- p≈ N -°q-Sn¬ X{¥n-Iƒ hen-®p-ap-dp-°n-

sI´n Ah-bn¬ X´n-bmWv i_vZw D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

˛ hoW

˛ knØm¿

˛ kmwcwKn

˛ k¥q¿

˛ ]p≈-h-hoW

˛ hb-en≥

˛ KnØm¿

Cßs\ [mcmfw X{¥n-hm-Z-y-߃ D≠v. kv{SnwKvkv C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ vkv F∂mWv ]m›m-X-y¿

Chsb hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Xw_pcphpw Cu KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv {ipXn°p th≠n

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmZ-y-am-Wv.

L\-hm-Z-y-߃

teml-\n¿an-X-am-bn- p≈ hmZ-y-ß-fm-Wnh

˛ tNßne

˛ Pme¿

˛ Ce-Ømfw

˛ knw_¬kv

˛ apJ¿iwJv F∂nh {][m-\-s∏´ L\-hm-Z-y-߃ BWv.

doUv hmZ-y-߃

13

sNºv t]mep≈ t\¿Øv teml-Ø-In-Sns‚ hmbp IS-Øn-hn´v Iº\w \S-Øp∂ hmZ-y-ß-fm-

Wn-h.

˛ lm¿tam-Wnbw

˛ At°m-Un-b≥ (Nn{Xw)

˛ ]obmt\m

˛ Hm¿K≥

Ch DZm-l-cW-ß-fm-Wv.

1

bqWn‰v 3

Iyma-d-bpsS Ie

Iem-hn-Zym- ymkw

2

]T-\-t\-«-§Ä

• sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ kn\n-a-IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡p-¶p. hni-I-e\w \S¯n khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Is-¯nAh-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p

• Ip«nI-fpsS kn\n-a-bnse khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Is-¯n ]T-\-km-[y-X-bpÅ eLp-kn-\n-a-IÄ\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ tijn ssIh-cn-¡p-¶p.

• ^e-{]-Z-amb ¢mkvdqw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v kn\na am[y-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v tijn t\Sp-¶p.

{][m\ Bi-b-§Ä• kn\na Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m[n• kn\n-am-kzm-Z\w• kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-IÄ• sseäv, kwKo-Xw, thj-hn-[m\w• Ip«n-I-fpsS kn\n-a, ¢mkv dqw km[y-X-IÄ• tUmIyp-saâdn kn\n-a-IÄ• B\n-ta-j³ kn\n-a-IÄ• tjmÀ«v ^nenw• jq«nw-Kv, FUn-änw-Kv, kwhn-[m\w• ^nenw ¢ºv• hoUntbm sse{_dn

BapJw

Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ Ie-bmWv kn\n-a. kmln-Xy-kw-Ko-XmZn Iem-cq-]-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«vhfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ Zriy-{]-[m-\-amb Iem-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-bn kn\na CXc Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS kt½-f-\-am-Wv. Nen-¡p¶ Nn{Xw F¶À°-apÅ Ne-¨n{Xw hnt\mZw {][m-\w -sN-¿p¶ Hcp am[y-a-am-bn-«mWv C¶v A[n-Ihpw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv, Npa-X-emt_m[apÅ Hcp \à kaq-ls¯ hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-hm\pw a\p-jysâ kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨sb Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw _p²n-]-chpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb hnIm-k-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIp-hm\pw Cu am[y-a-¯n\v Ign-bpw. kn\na A{`-]m-fn-bnse \ngÂsh-fn-¨-I-e-bmbn hÀ²n¨ P\-kzm-[o\w t\Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-I-fnepw kn\na F¶ Ie sNep-¯p¶kzm[o\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-Xz-hpw, Iemw-i-§fpw Adnªv hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v {lkz-kn-\n-a-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-k-c-§Ä e`n-t¡-- -Xp- - v. ]mTy-hn-j-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Bi-b§fpw, kmaq-ly-{]-k-àn-bpÅ CXc Bi-b-§fpw k¶n-th-in-¸n¨v \nÀ½n-¡p¶ C¯cw {lkz-Nn-{X-§Ä ]mTy-]-²Xn hn\n-a-b- n\v DXIpw hn[w ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn NÀ¨bv¡pwhni-I-e-\-¯n\pw hnt[-b-am-¡-Ww. Cu bqWn-än `mhn A[ym]IÀ¡v th-p¶ kmt¦-Xn-Ihpw{]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Ah-t_m[w \ÂIm-\mWv e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv.

3

kn\na þ ià-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-atbm-]m[n

• \n§Ä ASp-¯-Im-e¯v I- kn\n-a-IÄ GsX-Ãm-amWv? F{X kn\n-a-IÄ \n§-fpsS HmÀ½-bn sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p-v? \n§-fpsS a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p¶ kn\na GXmWv? F´p-sIm--m-bn-cn¡mw B kn\na \n§-fpsS a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p-¶Xv?B kn\n-a-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

H¶p ]d-ªp-t\m¡q. Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä \ap¡v ]d-bm-\mIpw?• \à IY• \à A`n-\bw• \à ]m«p-IÄ• \à lmky-cw-K-§Ä• anI¨ Ombm-{K-lWw• \à kwhn-[m\wC\nbpw Fs´Ãmw Iq«n-t¨À¡m³ Ignbpw?

a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p¶ kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-WtÃm \n§Ä ]dªv sh¨-Xv.Iem-aq-ey-apÅ kn\n-a-I-fn Cu LS-I-§-fpsS at\m-l-c-amb kt½-f\w ImWm³ Ign-bpw.A¯-c-¯n-epÅ GsXÃmw kn\n-a-I-fpsS t]cp-IÄ \n§Ä¡v ]d-bm-\mIpw?

• Ip½m«n• Zn sdUv _eq¬• Imt¡m-¯n-¡m-hnse A¸q-¸³Xm-Sn-IÄ• ]mtYÀ ]m©men• ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv• Xmsc kao³ ]À• NnÂ{U¬ Hm^v slh³• Zn InUv• IfÀ Hm^v ]mc-ssUkv• ssa UnbÀ Ip«n-¨m-¯³• {Uowkv• kn\n-am-Sn-¡ä

• ChnsS enÌv sNbvX kn\n-a-IÄ ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n Fs´Ãmw {Iao-I-c-W-§Ä Hcp¡pw? \n§Ä NÀ¨ sNbvX GsXÃmw Imcy-§Ä kn\n-a-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-th-f-bn {i²n¨p?

• A-`n-\-bw, Xnc-¡-Y, Ombm-{K-l-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, kwKoXw Ch-sbÃmw kn\n-a-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Imcy-§-fm-Wv. F¶m kn\n-a-bpsS hmb\ km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v asä-s´ÃmwImcy-§-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t¡--n -h-cnI?

• t{]£-Isâ a\-Êns\ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LSIw, kn\na Xcp¶ ktµ-i-§fpw Bi-b-§-fp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. kn\na hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ Bi-b-§sf hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v kn\n-asb F§-s\-sbÃmw

4

kao-]n-¡m³ Ignbpw? \n§Ä ¢mÊn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ kn\n-a-I-fpsS s]mXp kz`m-h-sa-s´¶v Is--¯m³ Ign-ªpthm?

• Ip«n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§sf Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ kn\n-a-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm-v Ip«n-I-fpsS]£¯v \n¶pÅ hmb-\-btà Cu kn\n-a-I-fn kzoI-cn-¡m-hp¶ hmb-\-k-ao-]\w F¦nÂGsXÃmw Xc-¯n-epÅ hmb-\-IÄ km[y-am-Ipw.

• ]cn-ØnXn hmb-\• cmjv{So-b-hm-b-\• kv{Xo]-£-hm-b\ F¶n-§s\.• asä-s´Ãmw \n§Ä¡v Iq«n-t¨À¡m³ Ignbpw?

Cu AÀ°¯n kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI {]iv\-§fpw hyàn-Po-hn-X-{]-iv\-§fpw Iem-]-c-ambn t{]£-Isâ a\Êntebv¡v hn\n-abw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS kn\na Hcp P\-Iob Iem-am-[y-a-ambn\ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m[n F¶ \ne-bn kn\n-a-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\vGsd {]k-àn-bp - - v .

• kn\n-a-bpsS hmb-\bpw Bkzm-Z-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v IqSp-X [mc-W-Ifpw A\p-`-h-§fpwe`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ¢mÊn Fs´Ãmw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\mIpw?• skan-\mÀ-• A-[n-I-hm-b-\• A`n-apJw F¶n-h-bvs¡Ãmw km[yXbnsÃ?

XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä"kn\na ià-amb Hcm-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-bmWv' F¶ hnj-b-¯n skan-\mÀ \S-¯p-¶-

Xn\v \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw Hcp-¡-§-fmWv sN¿pI?• A[n-I-hm-b-\-¡p-th-n GsXÃmw ]pkvX-I-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp¡pw?• \n§-fpsS {]tZ-i-¯pÅ kn\n-am-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Hcp hnZ-Kv[-\p-ambn A`n-ap-J-¯n\vth-n X¿m-dm-¡p¶ A`n-apJ tNmZym-h-en-bn Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¯pw?

hne-bn-cp-¯Â\n§Ä ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ GsX¦nepw Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS hnaÀi-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-Iþv

hne-bn-cp-¯Â1. Hcp kn\na F§-s\-bp- -m -Ip-¶p. sI. sI. N{µ³, Nn´m- ]-»n-tj-gvkv.2. kzÀK-¯nse Ip«n-IÄ kn\na: ImgvN hnP-b-Ip-amÀ »m¯qÀþ

tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯v.3. Zyiy-{imhy am[y-a-§Ä `mKw-þ1. hnP-b-Ir-jvW³, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.4. `qan-bnse \£-{X-§Ä¡nS-bn-eqsSþ ]n.Fkv.cmtPjv, \mj-WÂ

_p¡vkvämÄ.

5

kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-IÄ

¢mkn \n§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n¨ Nn{X-§Ä¡v Iem-]-c-amb ta·-IÄ \ÂIp¶ Imcy-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-hWw? Xnc-¡Y, A`n-\-bw, kwKo-Xw, sseäv, thj-hn-[m\w, Iyma-d, kwhn-[m\w F¶n-h-sb-Ãm-atÃ?IqSmsX asä-s´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä CXn DÄs¸-Sp¯mw?

sseäv

shfn-¨-¯nsâ at\m-l-c-amb hn\ym-k-am-Wv kn\n-a-bpsS KpW-]-c-Xsb hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp{][m\ LS-Iw.

kn\n-am-t«m-{Km-^À kn\n-a-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {]Im-i-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n\v {]tNm-Z-\-am-tI--Xvkwhn-[m-b-I³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ Zriy-ssi-en- ASn-Øm-\-s¸-«n-«m-Wv.,sseän-§ns\ ASn-Øm-\-ambn c-mbn Xncn-¡p-¶p.1. sslIo sseäow-§v. (Highkey lighting)2. tem Io sseänw§v (Low key lighting)

1. ssl Io sseänw-§v (Highkey lighting)kzXth {]Imiw \nd-ªXpw FÃm-Ø-e-§-fnepw Htc Af-

hn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-«Xpw \ng Ipd-hm-b-Xp-am-Wv. CXv km[m-c-W-bmbn kwKo-X- n\v ap³Xq¡w sImSp-¡p¶ kn\n-a-IÄ¡pwlmky kn\n-a-IÄ¡p-amWv ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.t_mfn-hpUv kn\n-a-I-fn A[n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv sslIo sseänw§v BWv. CXn\v (Contrast) Ipd-hm-Wv. (sh-fn-¨wþ\ng A\p-]m-Xw)

2. tem Io sseänw§v (Low key lighting){XnÃÀ, satem-{Uma \ndª Nn{X-§Ä¡v s]mXpth D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sseänw§v coXn-bm-Wv. Ccpfpw shfn-¨-hp-am-bpÅ A\p-]mXw hfsc IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn v ImgvN-bnÂXs¶ t{]£-I-cn DtZzKw P\n-¸n-¡m³ C¯cw sseänw-§n\v Ign-bp-¶p. Hmtcm kn\n-am-t«m-{Km-^Àamcpw Cu hn[sseänw-§nsâ km[yX hfsc {Intb-äo-hmbn ]co-£n¨p

6

t]mcp-¶p.sseänw-§nsâ {]mY-anI LS-I-§sf aq¶mbn Xncn-¡mw.1. Io sseäv (key light)2. n sseäv (Fill light)3. _m¡v sseäv (Back light)

1. Io sseävHcp ko\n-te-¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw Xo{h-hp-amb sseäns\ Io sseänw§v

F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. {][m\ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ AsÃ-¦n hkvXp-hns\ sseäv sN¿m-\mWv Io sseävkm[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶-Xv. jq«nwKv skän BZy-ambn Øm]n-¡pI Nne-t¸mÄ Iosseäv Bbn-cn-¡pw. Hmtcm Iyma-dm-·mcpw Hmtcm coXn-bm-bn-cn¡pw ]n³Xp-S-cp-I. jq«nwKv skänsâ]nd-In \n¶v sseäv sNbvXv XpS-§p-¶-h-cp-ap--v. Io sseäv GXv mK¯v \n¶mWv {]Im-in-¸n-t¡--Xv F¶Xv AXmXv ko\nsâ C^-Iväp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. km[m-cW Iyma-d-bpsS mK¯v \n¶v Io sseäv D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI A]qÀh-am-Wv. AXv Zriy-¯nsâ {Xnam\ kzm`mhwCÃm-Xm-¡pw. Io sseäv GsX-¦nepw Hcp hi¯v \n¶v sImSp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâico-c-¯nsâ FXnÀhiw \ng-en BIp-¶-Xm-Wv. CXv Hcp \mS-Io-bX Zriy-¯n\v ssIhcn-¡p-hm³ km[n¡pw. C§s\ Hcp IYm-]m-{X- n-sâtbm sam¯w kn\n-a-bp-tStbm A -co£w krjvSn-¡p-hm³ th-n am{Xw Nne coXn-IÄ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-sa¶mÃmsX ]Xnhp coXn-bmbn Hcp Xcwsseänw-§n kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv {Inbm-ß-I-a-Ã. kn\n-a-bpsS ssien-¡m-h-iy-amb sseänw§v Hmtcmkn\n-abv¡pw hyXy-kvX-am-¡-Ww.

_m¡v sseän§v (Back lighting)

IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ ]nd-In Db-c-¯n \n¶pw Xe-bpsS ]nd-In ]Xn-¡p¶ coXn-bn {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm-\pÅ sseäv BWv _m¡vsseäv. _m¡v {Ku-n \n¶pw IYm-]m-{Xs¯ thÀXn-cn¨v \nÀ¡pIF¶-XmWv C§s\ sseäv sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ Dt±-iyw.

7

^n sseäv (Fill light)

\ng (shadow) IqSp-X-embn hogp¶ `mK-§-fn {]Imiw \nd-bv¡p-hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶sseämWp ^n sseäv. AXv Xo{hX Ipdª coXn-bn-emWv {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-I. ^n sseäv Iyma-d-bpsS mK¯v \n¶pw hkvXp-hn-tebv¡pw IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ apJ-t¯bv¡pw sImSp-¡m-dp-v C¯cwsseäns\ ^n sseäv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. I®nsâ `mK-¯mbn ht¶-¡m-hp¶ \ng-ens\ Ipd-¡p-hm-\mWv Cu sseäv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

IqSmsX sdw{_mâ v sseäv, _m¡v {Ku-v, t^mÀ {Ku-v sseän§v, dnwsse-äv, Hm¬ sskUvBâ v Hm^v sskUv sseän-§v, sseän§v I-n-\yq-bn-än, C^IvSvkv sseän§v F¶n-§s\ hyXy-kvX Xcw sseän§v coXn-IÄ kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-KpWw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¨v hcp-¶p.

\n§Ä ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ {Uowkv F¶ kn\n-a-bn shfn-¨s¯ (sse-än-§v) GsXÃmw coXn-bn-emWv hn\y-kn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv?

ASqÀ tKm]meIrjvWsâ sImSn-tb-äw, Fen-¸-¯m-bw, apJm-ap-Jw, \ng Iq¯v F¶n kn\n-a-I-fn shfn-¨s¯ F§-s\-sb-Ãm-amWv hn\y-kn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

kwKo-Xw

kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-I-fn shfn¨w t]mse {][-\-s¸« Hcp LSIw kwKo-X-am-Wv. ]Ým-¯e kwKo-X-w Zriy kµÀ`-§-fn ebn¨p tNcp-t¼m-gmWv kn\na sshIm-cn-I-ambA\p-`qXn P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kwKo-X-¯n\v Zriy-§sf hnkvX-cn-¡m\pw hnkvXr-X-am-¡m\pw IqSp-XÂ Imhym-ßIam¡m-\papÅ Ign-hp-s-¶v CwKvaÀ_ÀÜm³ ]d-bp¶p. kwKoXw kn\n-a-tbmSv kmay-apÅ Iem-cq-]-am-Wv. Zriy-§-fpsS Øm\¯v i_vZ-am-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Zriy-§sf hnkvX-cn-¡p-I-sb-¶m Zriy-§Ä¡v kwKo-X-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯msS IqSp-XÂAÀY-X-e-§Ä \ÂIp-I-sb-¶m-WÀ°w. AXp-t]mse Zriy-§sf hnkvXr-X-am-¡m\pw kwKo-X-¯n\v Ign-bpw. Nne Zriy-§-tfm-sSm¸w HmS-¡p-g-ep-]-tbm-Kn¨v krjvSn-¡p¶ Nne cmK-§Ä tNÀ¡p-

dkqÂ]q-¡p«n F.BÀ. dlvam³ Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n tPm¬k¬

8

t¼mÄ {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-§-fpsS hnkvXr-Xnbpw AKm-[-Xbpw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶pw. Zriy-Xm-fhpw i_vZ-Xm-fhpw ebn-¡p-t¼mÄ Zriy-§Ä IqSp-X Imhym-ß-I-am-¡p-¶p.

kn\n-a-bnse Hcp {]tXyI Zriy-J-Þn-Ibv¡v kwKoXw sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ {]kvXpX Zriy-J-Þn-I-bnse Hmtcm kwhn-[m-b-Isâ krjvSn-]-c-amb ImgvN-¸mSpw e£yhpw a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. Zriy-§-fn-te¡v t\m¡n-bn-cp¶v kwKoXw Iwt]mkv sN¿-Ww. tIÄ¡m-\n-¼apÅ CuWhpw Xmfhpw D-m -bm t]mcm AXv Cu {]tXyI Ah-k-c-¯n\pw Zriy-§-fnse Øe-Im-em-hn-jvImc ssien¡pwIqSp-X angnhpw AÀ°-X-e-§fpw \ÂIp-¶pt-m F¶-XmWv {][m\w kn\n-a-bn ebn¨p tNc-¯-¡-hn-[-¯n-epÅ ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ kwKo-Xm-ho-jv¡m-c-amWv ]Ým-¯e kwKo-Xm-hn-jv¡m-c-th-f-bn \S-t¡- - -X v .

kw`m-j-W-¯n\v AI-¼-Sn-bmtbm CS-th-f-bntem, ko\nse sshIm-cn-I-`m-h-§Ä¡pw AÀY-X-e-§Ä¡pa-\p-k-cn¨v DNn-X-ambn \ÂIp¶ ]Ým-¯e kwKo-X-amWv score. IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâat\m-L-S-\-tbbpw IYm-k-µÀ - nsâ mh-]-cn-k-c-§-tfbpw Dt -Nn- n-¡p-I-bmWv CXn-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kwKo-X-I-e-bpsS ¢mkn ]Ým-¯e kwKo-Xs¯¡pdn¨v \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä NÀ¨-sNbvXp?

thj-hn-[m-\wNXpÀhn-[m-`n-\-b-¯nse Blm-cym-`n-\bw thj-

hn-[m-\-§-fn-eqsS IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. kn\n-a-bnse \So-\-S-·mÀ¡v Bh-iy-apÅ hkv{X-§fpw BS-bm-`-c-W-§fpw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xpw Nn{Xo-I-c-W-k-a-b¯v AXv AWn-bn-¸n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶Xpwhkv{Xm-e¦mc-I-\m-Wv. (costumer) Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-¯n-tâbpw kzm`m-h-¯n\pw ]Z-hn¡pw IYm-k-µÀ`-¯n-\p-an-W-§p¶ Xcw hkv{X-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp¯v\ÂtI-- -Xp- - v . IYm-]-Ým-¯-e-¯n\pw Iyma-d-sse-änw-§n-\p-sams¡ A\p-kr-X-ambn bpàn-]-chpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hp-ambn CXv Xocp-am-\n-¡-Ww. \So-\-S-·mÀ IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdp-¶-Xn\v hkv{Xm-e-¦m-c-t¯m-sSm¸w Na-b-¯nepw {i²n-t¡-Xp- v . Iymad IYm-]m-{X-§sfH¸n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xv ^nen-anse hnhn[ cmk-L-S-I-§-fp-tSbpw hyXykvX {]Imi {Iao-I-c-W-§-fp-tSbpw hnhn[ ^nÂä-dp-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. AXn-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ kmt¦-Xn-I-amb Adnhv kn\n-a-bpsS Na-b-¡m-c-\p--m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. (Makeupman) c-p Xc-¯n-epÅ ta¡-¸mWv kn\n-a-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. sseänw-§n-tâbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ nen-an-tâbpw tXmX-\p-k-cn v s]mXp-hmbn \So-\-S-·mÀ¡v \ÂIp¶ (General makeup)IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ¡-\p-k-cn¨v hyXy-kvX-ambn\ÂIp¶ Character make up F¶n-h-bmWv Nab kwhn-[m-\-§Ä.

HuÆ-bvj¬apJn, ambm-tam-ln\n F¶o kn\n-a-Ifn Ia-em-lm-k\p Zneo-]n\pw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ thj-hn-[m-\- nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?

HuÆ-bvj¬apJn (Ia-em-l-k³)

ambm-tam-ln\n (Zneo-]v)

9

Iyma-dm-a³/Om-bm-{Km-l-I³ (Cinematographer)

kwhn-[m-b-Isâ I®mbn kn\n-a-bn \nÂt¡- BfmWv Ombm-{Km-l-I³ AYhm Iyma-dm-a³. kwhn-[m-b-I³ a\-Ên-ep-t±-in-¡p¶ Zriy-§Ä AXnsâ ]cn-]qÀW-X-bn kuµ-cy-]-c-ambn^nen-an H¸n-sb-Sp-t¡--Xv Ombm-{Km-l-I-\m-Wv. sseänw-§nepw s{^anw-§n-ep-apÅ anI-hmWvCbm-fpsS {]Xn-`. IYm-]m-{X-§-tfbpw IYm-]-Ým-¯-e-t¯bpw GXf-hn F§s\ Hcp s{^bn-an-\p-Ån DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv s{^bn-anw§v Bâ v tImwt]m-kn-j³ F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

Iyma-d, hnhn-[-Xcw se³kp-IÄ, IfÀ n«-dp-IÄ, nenw, hnhn[ sseäp-IÄ, t{Smfn, s{Ibv³XpS-§nb D]-I-c-W-§-fmWv Iyma-d-am³ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kn\n-am-cw-Ks¯ Ombm-{Km-l-I-c-psS s{]mss^ Xbm-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v \n§Ä Bsc-sbÃmw ]cn-K-Wn¡pw?

Ip«nIfpsS kn\na

kn\na BkzmZ\¯n\pw Bibhn\nab¯n\pwAhkcsamcp¡p ¶Xn\m hnZym`ymk {]{InbbpsS`mKambn kn\na iàamb Hcp am[yaambn D]tbmKn¡m³XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. Ip«nIfpsS ImgvNbpsS temIt¯bv¡vX¿mdm¡p¶ kn\naIÄ {]tXyI {i²tbmSpIqSn thWw\nÀ½ns¨Spt¡-Xv. Ip«nIÄ¡p th-n [mcmfw kn\naIÄ\nÀ½n¡p¶ps-¦nepw a\imkv{X]camb kao]\§Ä\nÀ½mW¯n kzoIcn¡p¶pt -m F¶Xv hnebncp -t¯-XmWv. _mea\ÊpIÄ¡mhiyapÅXpw \nÀt±mjambhnt\mZw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xpw PohnXaqey§sf tNmZywsN¿m¯Xpw kvt\lhpw kam[m\hpw `{ZXbpw{]Xn]mZyhnjb§fmbpÅ kn\naIfmWv Ip«nIÄ¡pth-nbpÅ kn\naIÄ. AÔhnizmk§Ä {]Ncn¸n¡p-¶hbpw {IqcXbpw h{IXbpw shdp¸pw PohnXss\cmiyhpwaäpw Ip«nIÄ¡pth-nbpÅ Nn{X§Ä¡v tbmPn¡p¶hnjb§fÃ. hnt\mZw ]Icp¶tXmsSm¸w, hyànXzhpw]uct_m[hpw {]IrXnkvt\lhpw Ip«nIfn hfcphm³

a¦S chn-hÀ½ jmPn F³. Icp¬ kt´mjv inh³ _mep-a-tl{µ

10

klmbIamb t{]cWmiàn \ÂIp¶ Nn{X§fmWvD-mtI-Xv . Ip«nIfpsS kn\nabn A`n\bhpw IYbpwAhXcWhpsaÃmw Ip«nIÄ¡v kzoImcyambncn¡Ww.\·bv¡pw am\pjnI aqey§Ä¡pw a\pjy\v NpäpapÅ{]IrXn`wKn¡pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ IYIÄ XncsªSp¯vefnXkpµcamb AhXcWw km[n¨m Ah XoÀ¨bmbpw \Ã_meNe¨ n {X -§fmb n]cnWan¡pw. atXXcXzhpwcmPy-kvt\lhpw {]ISam-¡p¶Xn\v ]cym]vXambNn{XoIcW ssienbmWvIp«nIfpsS kn\nabnÂkzoIcnt¡-Xv . {]IrXn -bnse \mZ§tfbpw hÀW-

§tfbpw Ne\§tfbpw BkzZn¡m³ ]änb hn[¯nÂ{]IrXnbpambn CgpIntNÀ¶pÅ P´pIYItfm kaql¯nsâ]cntOZtam IYmhkvXphmbn sXcsªSp¯v aqey§Ä¡v{]m[m\yw \ÂIn Ip«nIÄ¡v ckn¡p¶ coXnbnÂNn{XoIcn¡p¶hbmbncn¡Ww Ip«nIfpsS kn\na. ^enXwB IYmwi¯n A\nhmcyambncn¡Ww. kwKoXw,Nn{Xsagp¯v, inev]hnZy, \r¯w XpS§nbhbpsS {]mapJywIp«nIfpsS kn\namIYmhkvXphnep-mbncn¡Ww.

Ip«nIfpsS kn\namkzmZ\hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n¢mkvdqan Fs´Ãmw ]T\{]hÀ¯\§Ä Hcp¡m\mhpw?

kn\nam \nco£Ww, BkzmZ\¡pdn¸v, kn\namNÀ¨, kn\nabpsS t\m«okv X¿mdm¡Â, t]mÌÀ\nÀ½mWw, A\u¬kvsaâ v, kn\naminev]ime,A`napJw, kn\nam]Xn¸v \nÀ½mWw.

C\nbpw Fs´ÃmamImw?

Ip½m«n F¶ kn\na Ip«nIfpsS kn\nabpsSkhntijXIÄ ]peÀ¯p¶pt-m? NÀ¨m¡pdn¸vX¿mdm¡pI.

11

tUmIypsaâdn kn\na

bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ Nn{XoIcWamWv tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIÄ. k¦Â]`wKntb¡mÄPohnXbmYmÀ°y§fpsS kXykÔXbmWv tUmIypsaâdnbpsS Bß\njvT. Hcphyàntbtbm kw`hs¯tbm Øes¯tbm Bibs¯tbm Hs¡ GähpwbmYmÀ°yt_m[t¯msS, Zriy§fpsS ambmPme§tfXpanÃmsX X\XpØeImek¦ev]¯n Xs¶ IymadbneqsS ]IÀ¯nsbSp¡emWXv. tUmIypsaâdn F¶XvHcp PohnXtcJbmWv. temIs¯ BZyNe¨n{Xw Xs¶ tUmIypsaâdnbmWv (workers exitingfrom the Lumiers factory). \m\q¡v Hm^v Z t\mÀ¯vv (1913) \nbXamb AÀ°¯nepÅ BZytUmIypsaâdn kn\nabmWv. IrXyhpw Kl\hpamb ]T\þKthjW§Ä tUmIypsaâdnNn{X§fpsS \nÀ½nXn¡mhiyamWv. Ncn{Xhpw, kwkvImchpw `qanimkv{Xhpw cmjv{SobhpwaXhpw XpS§n an¡ hnjb§fptSbpw ap³Iq«n \nÝbn¡s¸« Zriy`mK§tfmkw`mjW§tfm Bbncn¡Ã tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIfn e`n¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm-pXs¶Nn{XoIcW kab¯pXs¶ anIthdnb FUnänwKv km[yXIÄ a\Ên I-psIm-mWvtUmIypsaâdn kn\naIfpsS Nn{XoIcWw.

tUmIypsaâdn Nn{XoIcW¯n {i²nt¡- Nne Imcy§Äþ {]Xn]mZn¡m³ Dt±in¡p¶hkvXpXIfpsS Bg§fntebv¡v Cd§nsNÃp¶Xmbncn¡Ww d^d³kpw Nn{XoIcWcoXnIfpw. {][m\s¸« hkvXpXIsf hepXm¡nbpw hniZam¡nbpw ImWn¡Ww. Nn{XoIcW

kabs¯ ku- v C^IvSpw aäpw At¸mįs¶ tiJcn¨pshbv¡Ww. IqSpXÂhniZoIcW§Ä¡mbn hnhn[ KthjWamÀK§Ä AhktcmNnXambn Iq«nt¨À¡mw.hnhc§Ä \ÂIpt¼mÄ {]tXyIw {i²nt¡-Xv, ImgvN¡mÀ Zriy¯n I-psIm-ncn¡p¶Imcy§Ä AtX]Sn hniZoIcn¡cpXv. hnjzepIÄ¡¸pd¯nepÅ AÀ°Xe§fnte¡pwkm[qIcW§fnte¡pw \bn¡p¶Xmbncn¡Ww i_vZ]Yw (Voice-over) tjm«pIÄNn{XoIcn¡pt¼mÄ Iaâdn Bhiysa¦n AXn\mhiyapÅ{XssZÀLyw tjm«pIÄ-¡pwD-mbncn¡Ww. Iymadm FUnänwKv X{´§Ä Zriy`wKntb¡mÄ AÀ°anIhn\v Du¶Â\ÂIp¶Xmbncn¡Ww. km[mcWbmbn tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIsf A©v hn`mK-¯nÂDÄs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. `àn, hnZym`ymkw, Ie, imkv{Xw, kmaqlnIw F¶n§s\ CXnsâimtJm]imJIfmbn thsdbpw Nn{X§Ä \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡m³ Ignbpw.

aebmf¯nse {][m\s¸« tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIÄ GsXÃmamWv?

]mT`mK hn\nab¯n tUmIypsaâdn kn\nabpsS km[yXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?1. IemaÞew tKm]nþ ASqÀ tKm]meIrjvW³2. JfqcnIþ Imhn cmPv3. ]nWnbmÄþ kn´À cmPtKm]me³4. ]pen¡fnbm«wþ Pntbm k®n5. \nWsamgpInb \oÀNmepIÄþ ss_PpN{µ³apIfn sImSp¯ tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIsf GsXÃmw hn`mK¯n DÄs¸Sp¯pw?

B\ntaj³ kn\naIÄHctNX\ hkvXphn\v Poh³ sImSp¡pI F¶XmWv B\ntaj³ kn\nabpsS XXzw. \½psS

a\ÊnepÅ Hcmibs¯ hcIfneqsS Nn{XoIcn¡pI. B \nÝe Zriy¯n\v Hcp sk¡ân 20

12

s^bnapIÄ hoXw Nn{XoIcns¨Sp¡p¶XneqsSbmWv B\ntaj³ kn\na \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv.

IYbp - m¡Â, IYm]m {X \ nÀ½nX nskIv¨pIÄ hc¨p-m¡Â, sk t]¸dpIfnÂNn{X§Ä ]p\ krjvSn¡Â, Nn{XoIcWw,It¼mknä v FUnän§v , ku - v , k vs]jyÂC^IvS vkv F¶n§s\ hnhn[hn`mK§fnepÅhÀ H¯p tNÀ¶mWv HcpB\ntaj³ Nn{Xw AWnbns¨mcp¡p¶Xv.kpXmcyamb {]tXyIXcw ¹mÌnIv joäpIfnemWvNn{X§Ä hcbv¡p¶Xv. ChbpsS hi§fnepÅZzmc§fn cPnÌÀ ]n¶pIfp]tbmKn¨v Nn{XwDd¸n¨p \nÀ¯p¶p. tdmkv{Sw Iymad (Rostrumcamera) D]tbmKn¨v Hs¶m¶mbn Cu Nn{X§Äjq«p sN¿p¶p. ]Ým¯e§fpw IYm]m{X§fpwaäv hkvXp¡fpsams¡ hnhn[ ASp¡pIfmbnNn{XoIcn¨v FUnänwKn Hä sebdmbncq]s¸Sp¯p¶p. Maya, 3D Max t]mepÅB[p\nI kuIcy§fpsS BhnÀ`mht¯msSB\ntaj³ kn\naIfpsS \nÀ½mWw aukpwIot_mÀUpw D]tbmKn¨v I¼yq«dn Ffp¸¯nepw Imcy£aambpw sN¿m³ Ignbp¶p.

¢mkvap-dn-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ A\n-ta-j³ Nn{X-§Ä GsXÃmw? GsXÃmw kµÀ`-§-fn A\n-ta-j³ Nn{X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¡mw?

jq«nwKvkn\n-a-bpsS IY ]d-bp-¶Xv tjm«p-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]e s{^bn-ap-IÄ IqSn-t¨À¶v tjm«p-IÄ

D-m-Ip-¶p. jq«nwKv ka-b¯v kwhn-[m-b-I³ Hmtcm ko\n-t\bpw tjm«p-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡pw.Zriy-`w-Kn-tbm-sSm¸w F´mWv {]kvXpX tjm«n-eqsS kwhn-[m-b-I³ ]d-bm-\p-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv F¶-Xns\ B{i-bn-¨mWv tjm«v hn`P\w \S-¡p-¶-Xv. tjm«p-Isf aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. t¢mk¸v tjm«vþ kao-]-Zr-iyw2. aoUnbw tjm«vþ a[y-Zriyw3. temwKv tjm«vþ hnZq-c-Zriyw

1. t¢mk¸v tjm«vþ hkvXp-¡-fpsS kq£va-\n-co-£-W-amWv t¢mk¸v tjm«p-I-fpsS Dt±-iyw.AXn¯s¶ apJhpw Igp¯pw s{^bn-an hcp-¶-Xv. t¢mk¸pw It®m Npt-m atäm am{X-ambn s{^bn-an \nd-bp-¶Xv AXn-k-ao-]-Zriy (Extreme close up) amWv. hkvXp-hnsâ {]m[m-\ytam `mhtam kq£va-ambn s]men-¸n-¡m-\mWv t¢mk¸v tjm«p-IÄ.

Ah-XmÀ (A\n-ta-j³ kn\n-a)

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2. aoUnbw tjm«vþ a[y-ZriywhkvXp-¡sf hfsc ASp-t¯m, AI-setbm AÃmsX ImWm-\mWv aoUnbw tjm«p-IÄ D]tbmKn-

¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp hyàn-sb-bmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-¦n Abm-fpsS Ac-h-sc-bpÅ `mKw s{^bn-an-ep--m-bn-cn-¡pw. aoUnbw tjm«nepw hyàn-bpsS apJ-`m-h-¯n\v Xs¶-bmWv {]m[m-\yw. ]Ým-¯ew A{X hyà-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã.

3. temwKv tjm«vþ hnZqcZriywhkvXp-¡sf AI¶vv \n¶v ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv temwKv tjm«v. temwKv tjm«v an¡-t¸mgpw

]Ým-¯ew hyà-am-¡m-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶ tjm«mWv IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ mh-]-cn-k-chpw IY-tbm-SpÅ_Ôhpw kqNn-¸n-¡m³ CXp-]-I-cn-¡pw. temwKv tjm«p-IÄ Hcp ko\nsâ amÌÀ tjm«p-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Hcp sshUv s{^bn-an B IYm-k-µÀ`¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ FÃm IYm-]m{X§sfbpwhkvXp-¡-tfbpw Ah-bpsS Øe-þ-Ime _Ô-t¯bpw t{]£-I\v hyà-am-¡n-sIm-Sp-t¡--Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hcp t¢mk¸v tjm«n-eq-sStbm aoUnbw tjm«n-eq-sStbm AXv km[y-am-In-Ã. HcpamÌÀtjm-«n-eqsS Øe-Im-e-§fpw DÄs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-tfbpw ImWn-¨m ]ns¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-¯n\pw kw`m-j-W-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-¯n\pw aäpw A\p-k-cn¨v t¢mk¸v

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tjmt«m, aoUnbw tjm«p-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn¨v ko\nsâ Nn{Xo-I-cWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡mw. Cu aq¶vtjm-«p-I-fn-ÃmsX kn\n-a-bn thsdbpw tjm«p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p--v.

FUn-änwKv (Nn-{X-k-¶n-th-iw)FUn-änw-Kn-eq-sS-bmWv Hcp kn\na P\n-¡p-¶-sX¶p ]d-bmw. Ata-cn-¡³ Ne-¨n{XImc-\mb

FUzn³ FÊv.-t]mÀ«-dmWv Cu Iem-hn-Zy-bpsS D]-Úm-Xm-hv. ]n¶oSv {Km^v¯v tehv Ipf-tjm-hv,]ptUm-hn-Im³, sF³Ìo³ F¶o Ne-Nn{X {]Xn- -I-fn-eqsS Cu Ie kpZr-V-hpw, kuµ-cym-ß-I-hp-am-bn.Hcp {]tXyI LS-\m-{I-a-¯n-te¡v hnhn-[-§-fmb tjm«p-IÄ sXc-sª-Sp¯v ASp-¡n-sh-bv¡p-I-bmWv FUn-änw-Kv. Ne-Nn-{X-¯nsâ sam¯-¯n-epÅ ss\c-´cyw \ne-\nÀ¯pI F¶-XmWv FUn-änw-Knsâ {]mY-anI ZuXyw. Øe-Im-e-§-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ hnhn[ {]hÀ¯n-I-fpsS ss\c-´-cy-am-Wn-Xv. Xmfhpw thK-X-bp-amWv FUn-änw-Knsâ {]mY-an-I-X-Xz-§Ä. ]d-bp¶ IY-bpsS sam¯w `mh-L-S\bv¡\p-k-cn-¨m-bn-cn¡pw dnYw AYhm Xmfw tjm«p-IÄ ]c-kv]cw tNÀ¯v shbv¡p¶ coXn-bpsS kv]oUmWv pace AYhm thK-X. {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-epÅtXm aµ-K-Xn-bn-ep-ÅtXm BIm-an-Xv.em_nÂ\n¶v djÊv AYhm hÀ¡v {]nâ v FUn-änwKv tS_n-fn F¯n-bm Nn{X-k-¶n-th-i-I³BZy-ambn ¢¸v \¼À{]-Imcw Hmtcm tjm«pw apdn-¨p-amän Ahsb AXnsâ tjm«v HmÀU-dn Iq«nH«n-¡p-¶p. CXmWv Roughcut AYhm first assembling. CsXmcp sSIv\n-¡Â FUn-änwKv am{X-am-Wv.kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-{]-iv\-§-fn-Ãm¯ H¶v. CXnÂ\n-¶mWv kÀKm-ßI k¶n-thiw Bcw-`n-¡-¶-Xv.bYmÀ° FUn-ä-dpsS kÀKm-ß-IX Cu Iq«n-sbm-«n¨ {ia-¯n \n¶v hn`n-¶-am-bn, AXn-t\-¡mÄ kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw kuµ-cym-ß-I-X-bp-apÅ asämcp ss\c-´cyw Zriy-§-fn Is--¯p-¶-Xn-em-Wv.

AVID/F.C.P FUnänwKvFUnänwKv cwK-¯p--mb kmt¦-Xn-I-h-fÀ¨-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-§-fmWv Ahn-Uv, F^v.-kn.]n

XpS-§nb t\m¬ eo\n-bÀ knÌ-§Ä. Ch IqSmsX SMOKE, EDIT, SHAKE, COMBINATIONF¶n§s\ thsdbpw H«-\-h[n FUn-änwKv tkm^vävshb-dp-I-fp-- v. Film composer, Mojocard,DVwith film option XpS-§n-bh FUn-änwKv tkm^vävshb-dp-I-fm-Wv. BhnUn³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶XvCinema Tools t]mepÅh FCP (Final Cut Pro) bnepw FCP bn DV (UnPnä hoUn-tbm) bnÂNn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ apgp-h³ `wKnbpw In«pw. apgp-cq] UnPn-ä {]{In-b-IÄ¡v CXmWv \Ã-Xv.]s£ Bhn-Un-\mWv IqSnb Af-hn dj-Êns\ knÌ-¯n DÄs¡m-Ån-¡m-\pÅ Ign-hv.

^nen-an sN¿m-hp¶ GXv FUn-änwKv C^-IvSp-I-sf-¡mfpw anI-¨Xpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb GXv Zriy-hn-kva-bhpw Bhn-Unepw FCP bnepw sN¿m-\m-Ipw.I¼yq-«À ]T\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \n§Ä samss_ Iyma-d-bn ]IÀ¯nb Zriy-§sf FUnävsNbvXv ¢mkn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v FUn-änw-Knsâ ta· hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

^e-{]-Z-amb ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v kn\na am[yaam°p-∂-Xn\v tijn t\Sp-∂p.

^nenw ¢ºv

\n§-fpsS ¢mkn ^nenw-¢-ºnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n GsXÃmw kn\n-a-I-fpsS {]ZÀi\w \S¶p?

kn\n-am-{]-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \S¶ A\p-_-Ô-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p?

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Ip«n-I-fpsS kn\n-am-kzm-Z\w DbÀ¯p¶Xn\p-th-n hnZym-e-b-¯n \S-¸m-¡m-hp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-amWv?

`mhn A[ym-]-I-sc¶ \ne-bn A[ym-]\ ss\]pWn hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp ]T\coXn-im-kv{X-ambn ^nenw ¢ºv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä cq]-I-ev]\ sN¿m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-ZoÀL ka-b-apÅkn\n-a-I-tf-¡mÄ {lkz-Nn-{X-§-fn-em-bn-cn¡pw ss{]a-dn-¢m-Êp-I-fn kab {Iao-I-c-W-¯n\v klm-b-am-Ip-I. ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn \S-¯m-hp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Znim-t_m[w e`n-¡m³ DX-Ip¶{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä nenw-¢-ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw. amk-¯n c-p {]mh-iy-sa-¦nepw^nenw ¢ºnsâ `mK-amb kn\nam Bkzm-Z\ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \S-¡-Ww. kn\na I--Xn\v tijwkn\n-a-bpsS ImgvN A\p-`-hs¯ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯-Ww. ^nenw ¢ºnsât\Xr-Xz-¯n kn\n-am-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ {]Xn-`-I-fp-ambn apJm-apJw ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, c£n-Xm-¡Ä¡p-th--nbpw kn\n-am-{]-ZÀi\w kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw. kn\n-am-{]-ZÀi\-¯nsâ Adn-bn¸v ap³Iq«n {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶Xv kn\n-a-bpsS NÀ¨-bn kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn\p th-n d^-d³kv \S-¯m³ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. kn\nam inev]-im-e-IÄ, eLp-kn-\nam\nÀ½mWw, kn\nam Bkzm-Z\ NÀ¨-IÄ, kn\nam ]Xn-¸p-IÄ, kn\n-am- hmÀ¯-IÄ, kn\n-am-dnhyq F¶n-h-bpw ^nenw ¢ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw.kwhn-[m\wkn\na kwhn-[m-bIsâ Ie-bmWv.¢mkn Hcp kwhm-Zw kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä \n§Ä d^À sN¿pw? AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Hcp Ipdn¸v Xbm-dm-¡p-I.

ASqÀ tKm]m-e-IrjvW³1941 Pqsse 3 \v P\-\w.C´y-bnse H¶mw-InS Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS CS-bn Øm\-apÅ ASqÀtKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ ae-bmf kn\n-asb\ho-I-cn-¨-Xn H¶m-a³. 1971 sekzbw-hcw F¶ kn\na apX At±-lw \h kn\nam {]Øm-\-¯nsâhgn-Im-«n-bmbn XpScp¶p. cmjv{Sw ]ß-hn-`q-j³ \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 16 XhWtZiob AhmÀUv, 17 XhW tIcfkwØm\ AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv FÃm Nn{X-§fpw ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse \mgn-I-¡-Ãp-I-fm-bn.

Pn. Ac-hn-µ³1935 P\p-hcn 21 \v tIm«-b¯v P\n-¨p.tKmhn-µ³ Ac-hn-µ³ Pn. Ac-hn-µ³F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. kwKo-X-Ú\pwImÀ«q-Wn-Ìp-ambncp¶p Ac-hn-µ³.tIc-f- nse Ne- n{X Nn´sb Ac-hn-µ³ amän adn-¨p. D¯-cm-b\wapX hmkvXp-lm-c-hscbpÅ Ac-hn-µsâ Ne- n-{X-§Ä ae-bmf kn\n-a -bpsS \h-`m -hp -I -Xz -¯nsât\XrXzw Gsä -Sp -¯p. tI{µþkwØm\ AhmÀUp-IÄ \nc-h[ne`n-¨p. 1991 amÀ¨n A´-cn-¨p.

kXy-PnXv td1921 sabv 2 \v I¡-¯-bnÂP\-\w. temI kn\n-a -bnÂXs¶ anI¨ Ne-¨n{X cN-bn-Xm-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.td 36 kn\n-a-IÄkw-hn-[m\wsNbvXp. 1955se ]tYÀ ]m©m-en-bmWv BZy kn\n-a. ]Xn-s\m¶v A´Àt±-iob k½m-\-§-fmWv ]tYÀ ]©men t\Sn-b -X v . C´ym Kh-s×â vBZys¯ 1992  mcX cXv\w\ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 1992 G{]nÂamk-¯n 70mw hb-ÊnÂ\ncym-X-\m-bn.

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hoUntbm sse{_dn\n§-fpsS hnZym-e-b-¯n Hcp hoUntbm sse{_dn Hcp-¡p-¶-Xn\pth-n Fs´Ãmw Xbm-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-t¯---XmWv? hoUntbm sse{_-dn-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p-th-n Hcp ¹m³ Xbm-dm-¡p-I.

tjmÀ«v ^nenw^nenw ¢ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ {]ZÀin-¸n¡pw?{lkz kn\n-a-IÄ ]T-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§ÄBtem -N n - t¡ - - - X p - v ?þ ka-b-ssZÀLywþ ]T\ hnj-b-hpambpÅ _Ôwþ aäv Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä?Hcm-i-bs¯ ià-amb A\p-`-h-am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {lkz-kn-\n-a-bn-eqsS Ign-bpw. Ipdªka-b- n-\p-Ån hen-sbmcp Zriym-\p- -h-amWv {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ ImgvN-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. henb k¶m-l-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm-sXbpw {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ \nÀan-¡m³ Ign-bp-a-tÃm.Hcp {lkz kn\n-am \nÀam-W-¯n-\p-th-n Fs´Ãmw Xbm-sd-Sp-¸mWv \n§Ä ¢mkn NÀ¨sN¿p-I.þ Xnc-¡Yþ kwhn-[m\wþ kmt¦-XnI klm-b-§Äþ Npa-X-e-IÄþ jq«nwKvþ FUn-änwKv{Kq¸p-IÄ Xbm-dm-¡nb {lkz kn\n-a-IfpsS {]ZÀi\ aÕcw \n§-fpsS Øm]-\-¯n F§s\kwL-Sn-¸n¡pw?

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv¡v1. kn\n-a-täm-{K^n þ ]T-\hpw {]tbm-Khpw þ F.Fw. at\m-PvIp-amÀ2. kn\n-abpw kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw þ A\nÂIp-amÀ Xncp-thm¯v3. C´y³ kn\n-a-bnse amtÌgvkv þ FUn-äÀ A\nÂIp-amÀ Xncp-thm¯v4. kn\n-a-bpsS ]mT-§Ä þ kmP³ sXcp-h-¸pg