university of the philippines visayas foundation, inc. (upvfi)

University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc. (UPVFI)

COMMISSION ON FIL IPINOS OVERSEAS

by

Maria Elisa D. Baliao

Cristabel Rose F. Parcon Hanny John P. Mediodia

Kharla Mae D. Brillo

University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc (UPVFI)

July 2015

COMMISSION ON FIL IPINOS OVERSEAS

The Migration and Development Initiative for Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project, is a project related

to the global project of Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI) which aims to optimize the

contribution of migration in regional and local development in Western Visayas. It is funded by the Swiss

Agency for Development and Cooperation through the United Nations Development Programme. The

Commission on Filipinos Overseas is the implementing partner, and the Regional Development Council of

Region VI (c/o NEDA Regional Office VI) is the responsible partner. Other project partners include the

League of Local Planning and Development Coordinators of Western -Visayas, Signpost Philippines Inc.

and the Provincial Governments of Western Visayas.

To contribute towards a higher impact of migration on local development, support were provided by

(1) strengthening the capacities of local stakeholders to engage on and promote the links between

migration and development, (2) strengthening local authorities’ initiatives and activities relative to operating

functioning migration resource centers and pooling collective remittances to support disaster risk reduction

and other migration and development initiatives, and (3) connecting local authorities internationally to

facilitate partnership building and knowledge sharing.

i

MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE - WESTERN VISAYAS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study was conducted to generate information about Overseas

Filipinos and their families, as well as various government programs and

services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos. Socio-demographic and psycho-

graphic characteristics of Overseas Filipinos and their families were described.

Issues and concerns confronting the return migrants in Western Visayas were

also presented. The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western

Visayas especially where there are many Overseas Filipinos.

Majority of the households with migrant have only one migrant. Majority

of the migrants are married or cohabiting, have a college degree, and are either

land-based or sea-based workers in Asia. They are temporary residents of the

host country and are either on job order or contractual status. Many have no

work before they left for abroad between 2000 and 2015. Those who are

working are either service workers or are in trade and related occupations. Most

of them left the country to look for a better paying job. Many of them have

monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP abroad. Majority

sends monthly remittance either through bank deposit or through money

transfer. Majority of the migrants come home once a year to take a vacation for

one to three months.

Information on 400 households with migrants, a total of 2,307 persons,

were included in the survey. There are more females than males in the

households, and a dependency ratio of 42.1. Average household size is 5.8

persons, and most of these households are composed of extended families.

More than half of the household population have finished at least high school,

however, only 42 percent of the members are reported to be working.

Housing characteristics of the migrants were also collected and most of

the houses have finished floors, galvanized roofing, and finished walls. These

households have electricity and own several durable goods, personal effects

and electronic devices. Only 20 percent own real properties, 30 percent own or

manage a business, and 39 percent have outstanding loans. Most common

leisure activities included eating in fast food restaurants, shopping in the malls,

or simply staying at home.

Most of the households with migrants do not have plans for their future,

may it be in terms of acquiring properties, financial plans, or retirement plans.

Less than half of households with migrants expressed worries and concerns

ii


over the situation of their members abroad. These concerns vary from

workplace, health, or relationship issues. Households received remittance

monthly transmitted through banks. These remittances are used for the day -to-

day household expenses. Only a few households save a portion of the

remittance sent.

The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was used

to describe the income sources and expenditure of households with migrants.

The average annual total family income of households with migrant is more than

double of the average annual family income of households without migrant.

Almost 38 percent of the income of households with migrant come from abroad.

The total expenditure of households with migrant is 277,154 PHP, which is

mostly spent on non-food items.

The return migrants interviewed for the study have come back to the

Philippines for an average of 4.8 years after working in an average of 3.7 years

in places such as Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Hong Kong,

Dubai, and Singapore. Family issues and concerns were the main reasons for

their flight back home. Most did not receive assistance or support from

government upon their return and they did not even know where to ask for help

in the first place.

iii


LIST OF ACRONYMS

CFO Commission of Filipinos Overseas

DOLE Department of Labor and Employment

FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey

IOM International Organization on Migration

NEDA National Economic and Development Authority

NRCO National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino Workers

OFW Overseas Filipino Workers

OWWA Overseas Workers Welfare Administration

POEA Philippine Overseas Employment Administration

iv


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary i

List of Acronyms iii

Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review 1

I. Introduction 12

II. Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas 18

III. Characteristics of Households with Migrants 32

IV. Family Income and Expenditure: A Comparison Between Households With and Without Migrants

60

V. Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas 70

VI. Philippine Policies and Programs on Migration 78

Works Cited 85

Appendix A: Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas

88

Appendix B: Detailed Table of Family Expenditure

96

Appendix C: Survey Instrument

107

Migration and Development in the Philippines: A Review

2


MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES: A REVIEW

This chapter presents a brief review of studies on migration and

development in the Philippines. This provides a background of the study on the

migration situation in Western Visayas. The review includes discussions on

migration trends and social and economic impacts of migration.

I. MIGRATION TRENDS

A. Immigration to the Philippines

Immigration to the Philippines is a relatively small phenomenon,

involving an annual flow of less than 20,000 foreign nationals settling in the

Philippines for various reasons (International Organization for Migration, 2013).

The increasing interaction among different countries due to globalization and

ASEAN integration indicate that the foreign population in the Philippines might

grow in the future, although not in a dramatic way.

In the same report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM),

most of the immigrants to the Philippines come from China and more recently

from the Republic of Korea. The inflow of student who take advantage of

tertiary level education or English language programs is growing. In 2012, a

total of 58,811 applications for student visas or special study permits were

processed and approved; up from 41,443 applications in 2011 (IOM, 2013).

B. Emigration

1. Countries of Destination

For many years, the Philippines has figured among the top countries of

origin in the traditional immigration countries. In a report by Calzado (2007)

most of the permanent overseas Filipinos are concentrated in highly developed

countries, particularly the US and Trust Territories. Further, the US and Trust

Territories as well as Southeast Asia appear to be preferred destinations among

irregular migrants, as the former accounted for 40 percent, and the latter

3


accounted for 27 percent of the total stock of undocumented overseas Filipinos

(Calzado, 2007).

In the 2013 Country Migration Report (IOM, 2013), marriage migration is

an important component of the migration outflow and a significant component of

the Filipino community in Japan, Republic of Korea and Taiwan.

At the start of the overseas labor, the deployment of OFWs was almost

exclusively directed toward the Middle East, particularly in the Gulf countries. It

was largely facilitated by construction contractors and labor sub-contractors that

deployed workers to the construction and oil sectors. Presently, the Gulf

countries still account for 67 percent of the outflows of OFWs (IOM, 2013).

Other destinations in Asia, in particular Singapore; Hong Kong, China; and

Taiwan Province of China have become major destinations of Filipinos,

particularly domestic workers and factory workers.

2. Labor Migration

Labor migration from the Philippines has constantly grown in the past 40

years and has more than doubled in the last 10 years with 2012 believed to be

the peak year surpassing the deployment figure of 1,850,463 in 2011 (IOM,

2013). A significant number of these labor migrants are rehires among land -

based workers. They constitute 63 percent of the total land based deployment

of 1,384,094 in 2011.

Rehires are Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who go back to the same

employer in the same country under any of the following circumstances: (1) to

renew their contracts for another term; (2) to rejoin their existing employer in

the same country after availing of vacation; or (3) to rejoin their existing

employer in the same country with whom overseas employment was previously

obtained, mostly onsite, without being registered with the POEA or passing

through its registration system upon original departure of the worker (IOM,

2013).

The recruitment industry also noted that sourcing of OFWs for new

vacancies may also be undertaken from among OFWs already in the market

place or country of work abroad, especially when supply of qualified workers in

the Philippines is tight (Soriano, 2012 in IOM, 2013).

The IOM Report (2013) further explained that as annual emigration for

4


employment continues to rise, so has the base number of rehires. This indicates

that the temporary migration of OFWs is gaining some stability ---- a case of

temporary migration becoming more or less permanent ---- and the overseas

employment experience is becoming longer. As a result, the rate of permanent

return is slow, probably because of limited wage-competitive opportunities in the

Philippines.

The same report presented that the number of seafarers has also

increased by 75 percent in the past 10 years (IOM, 2013). The growth has

occurred in particular in the last five years – 100,000 more between 2008 and

2011 – drawing a stable, if not increasing lead share of Filipino seafarers in the

global market ranging from 20 to 30 percent. Further, the report presented that

a considerable portion of the increase is due to non-maritime personnel,

including women, working onboard passenger vessels.

3. Characteristics of Migrants

Migrants usually come from Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces

except for Pangasinan, Cebu and Maguindanao. Most of the migrants from the

provinces of Mindanao are female domestic workers leaving for Malaysia and

the Gulf countries.

The 2013 Country Migration Report characterized the OFWs to be young

because more than 70 percent of OFWs are aged between 25 and 44 years old.

More women leave the country to work abroad, with an annual average of 55-60

percent of the total migrants. On the other hand, men dominate the older age

(over 40 years old) migrants.

4. Occupation of Migrants

Most OFWs find employment as service or production workers. These

two categories comprise 80 percent of all OFWs. The largest concentration of

OFWs is in domestic work. Overseas employment was mostly male in the 1970s

and 1980s, but females are now the majority of the newly-hired land-based

OFWs, mainly because of the number of household workers. After a momentary

decline in 2007 and 2008, soon after the implementation of the Household

Service Workers Reform Package, domestic workers have increased and more

than doubled between 2009 and 2012. With the decline of the Japan market for

5


foreign entertainers since 2005, nurses are the number one category among

professionals that is also female-dominated (IOM, 2013).

5. Recruitment of Labor Migrants

Overseas employment is usually mediated by private recruitment

agencies, numbering approximately 1,300 in 2012. Although other forms of

recruitment are available, most OFWs ------ between 85 and 95 percent ----- are

recruited by employment agencies. Government to government (G-to-G)

recruitment arrangements, handled by the POEA’s Government Placement

Branch, have been limited mostly to the Republic of Korea and Saudi Arabia.

OFWs who have secured employment contracts on their own without the

mediation of recruitment agencies have remained a notable proportion owing to

the freer access to global markets through the Internet or referral linkages

facilitated by peers or relatives who are already abroad (IOM, 2013).

6. Irregular Migrants

In spite of the comprehensive regulation of overseas labor, irregular

migrants are estimated at about 10 percent of the total number of Filipinos

abroad. They are mostly in Malaysia, especially in the disputed territory of

Sabah.

The Mindanao region appears to be the prominent source of irregular

migrants, particularly females, to Malaysia and the Middle East. The lack of or

weak implementation of overseas employment regulation by the Autonomous

Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) significantly contributes to this pattern.

Other factors are also at work, namely: (1) the aspiration of Muslim Filipinos to

fulfil their pilgrimage to Mecca through overseas employment; (2) movements

driven by conflict, poverty, and more recently, climate change disturbances; and

(3) the facilitation by informal manpower brokers who are usually known to

prospective migrants and their families, relatives and community peers.

The United States, Singapore and some European countries also have a

sizable population of irregular Filipino migrants. While many irregular migrants

have been illegally recruited and trafficked, some irregular migrants do not

technically fall into the definition of trafficked and illegally recruited (IOM, 2013).

6


7. Motivations for Migration

Based on the 2013 Country Migration Report, employment is the most

prominent reason for migration abroad. However, according to the report, not all

Filipino migrants go abroad because of it. Other reasons for migration include:

(1) acquisition of skills; (2) pursuit of a career (such as seafaring, nursing, or

information technology); (3) the opportunity to reunite with families abroad; (4)

experience other cultures, encounter other people and societies; and (5) live a

more developed standard of living.

The new economics of migration, a theory developed in recent years,

challenges some of the hypotheses and assumptions of earlier migration

theories which focused on individual’s decision based on the cost and benefits

of migration. This theory argues that migration decisions are made not only by

isolated individuals but also by larger units, such as families and households.

Migration occurs not only to increase individual earnings but also to minimize

household risks and to protect the family from market failures (Poston and

Bouvier, 2010).

All these movements of people have been influenced by push and pull

factors such as inadequate income levels in the home country, better jobs

available abroad, opening of borders, easier mobility due to better

communications and transportation infrastructure, and the increasing need for

services around the world (Calzado, 2007).

II. IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLDS

A. Social Impacts of Migration

Filipino migration began in the first half of the twentieth century when

Filipinos sought employment in Hawaii and California under the American

colonial policies (Berber, 2000 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In the 1960s, more

Filipino men joined the seafarers’ workforce. Berber further discussed that

migration of Filipinos then shifted to the Middle East in the 1970s in response to

the increasing need for construction workers. This pattern of male dominated

migration waves changed in the 1980s due to the demand for domestic workers

(Asis, Huans, and Yeoh, 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2011), resulting in an

increase in female migration.

7


In 2005, women comprised 70 percent of the international labor migrants

from the Philippines (Briones, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). Filipino women

migrants participate mainly in the unskilled labor sector, although skilled

professionals like nurses make up a significant proportion of the migrants.

For many Filipino women migration has been viewed as a journey of self-

discovery. Hence, many women have expressed self-fulfilment, confidence, and

self-reliance gained from this experience (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and

Fowler, 2012). Unfortunately, for many women this journey is not always the

experience that was anticipated. Many have encountered negative experiences

and challenges which have affected their physical, psychological and emotional

well-being (Tejero and Fowler, 2012).

Many of the women who migrate from the Philippines are married and

have left their families behind. The resulting separation affects both the mother

and the family remaining in the Philippines. The mother is constantly thinking

about the status of her children and frequently redefines her concept of

motherhood (Fresnoza-Flot, 2009 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012). In Filipino

culture, the family is closely knit and is regarded as the most important part of

one’s life, especially that of the mother. The Filipino woman migrates mainly to

secure her family’s economic future (Reyes, 2007 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).

Those working as domestic helpers verbalized some sense of guilt as they take

care of their employers’ children, wondering how their own children are being

fed and cared for (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).

The family members most affected by the departure of the mother are the

children. A report by the Episcopal Commission on Migrants (2004 in Tejero and

Fowler, 2012) said that children left behind by their mothers experience greater

difficulty in school and social adjustment as compared to those whose fathers

are abroad. One child deliberately dropped out of school in an attempt to bring

his mother back home, as the mother’s reason for migration was to earn money

for her son’s education (Asis, et al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).

Children have different level of acceptance or tolerance of the situation

depending on their “cognitive development” (Carandang, 2007 in Reyes, 2008).

Reyes (2008) explained that for young children, they only see migration as a

form of abandonment of their parents; while adolescents may either be

receptive or resentful. Related articles on children left behind also focus on the

effects of mother’s absence to children, where children have varied reactions to

migration situation depending on the age of the child ----- i.e. for pre-school

8


children (0-5 years old), the absence of mothers is somewhat easily accepted

since no bonding has yet been established but the adjustment for those children

ages 6-16 years of age is more difficult because they have already known and

established affection with their mothers (Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008).

Migration of mothers has either a positive or negative effect for the

adolescents ----- somewhat happy because of the material benefits but the

painful one is they cannot hid their sadness (Arellano-Carandang, et.al, 2007

and Añonuevo, 2002 in Reyes, 2008). Children of migrant, particularly of

migrant mothers, still consider the migration as a form of abandonment.

Children have much higher expectation for mothers to provide care for the

family even if they are working abroad. Though they recognize the economic

benefits they are gaining, they do not recognize this as a form of care (Parrenal,

2006 in Reyes, 2008). This situation is supported by the results of the study of

Battistella and Conaco (1996 in Reyes, 2008) which reveals that parental

absence is experienced particularly as a sense of loneliness and abandonment

and that children who are left behind lagged behind their classmates with both

parents present. Reyes (2008) however said that children of migrants

performed well especially during grade school compared to non-migrant children

as what was revealed in the 2003 Scalabrini study.

The husbands left behind are forced to take on the responsibilities in the

home traditionally assumed by the wife. This seemingly feminizing role is

reluctantly taken on considering the ‘machismo’ male image in Philippine

society. This reversal of roles increases the regard that husbands have of their

wives and women’s work (Asis, et. al., 2004 in Tejero and Fowler, 2012).

B. Economic Impacts of Migration

1. Consumption and Investment

Remittances are, in general, additions to household income intended to

be used for consumption. However, remittances can also be directed toward

specific investment opportunities either by the recipients or at the prodding of

the OFWs themselves. A number of studies on international migration

concluded that remittances are primarily consumed and not invested (Zosa and

Orbeta, 2009).

9


The basic expectation from economic theory is that remittances

increases income, and is thus expected to increase the demand for normal

goods. However, the literature review done by Zosa and Orbeta (2009) revealed

that estimation results done in various studies show mixed results. Simple

comparisons of levels and expenditure shares show positive impact on total

consumption expenditures of remittances, which implies lower savings given the

income. The expenditure shares on specific types of expenditures such as

housing, education and recreation services, and durable goods among

remittance-receiving households are higher compared to non-receiving

households. Comparison of expenditure elasticities between remittance -

receiving and remittance non-receiving households shows higher expenditure

elasticities in remittance-receiving households in housing, education, health

care, durables, transportation and communications but lower elasticities for food

regularly eaten outside the home, alcohol and tobacco.

Remittances affect the total consumption expenditure of households as

well as the distribution of income to different expenditure items. Tullao, Cortez

and See (2007 as cited in Zosa and Orbeta, 2009) did simple comparisons of

the level of consumption between households receiving and not receiving

remittances. The simple comparisons showed higher consumption expenditure

for remittance-receiving households. It also finds higher allocation for housing,

education, health care, and recreation services. The proportion of households

with amenities such as television sets, refrigerators, and washing machines is,

as expected, higher among households receiving remittances. The study also

showed that there are higher expenditure elasticities for housing, education,

health care, durables, and transportation and communications for those with

remittance income.

The study of Tabuga (2007) found that remittance-receiving households

allocated more to consumer goods and leisure. It also found that remittance

induces households to spend more on education, housing, and durable goods.

The study also showed that remittances does not induce households to spend

more on vices like tobacco and alcohol and on food regularly eaten outside.

There was also a larger positive impact on remittance receipts for those

households with large expenditure shares on education, health, consumer

goods, fuel, communication, household operations, and durables.

Yang (2008) analyzed the impact of migration and remittances on

household investment activities. The paper examined the impact of the

exogenous shock –i.e., the more than 50 percent increase in the value of the

10


currencies of destination countries against the Philippine peso during the Asian

financial crisis – on household investment income, overall entrepreneurial

activity and on 11 specific entrepreneurial activity types. The findings of Yang

(2006) point to neither a clear impact of migration on household entrepreneurial

income nor on overall entrepreneurial activity. While there is a positive impact

on starting new entrepreneurial activities, there is none on existing or old

entrepreneurial activities.

2. Poverty Alleviation

Recent studies conducted in the Philippines find that international

migration contribute to the alleviation of poverty. There appears to be unanimity

on the negative impact of migration and remittances on poverty incidence, i.e.,

an increase in the number of migrants and the amount of remittances reduces

poverty incidence.

Remittances of OFWs enable the families of migrants to climb up the

income ladder quite rapidly, as supported by the results of the study of Ducanes

and Abella (2008). The study also found that a significant number of those who

get to climb over come from the poor households. However, the authors

highlighted the result that the poor households who most successfully crossed

over from poverty were those with migrants with more education. This result

underscores the importance of human capital investment as a means to help lift

the poor out of poverty.

The impact of labor migration and overseas workers’ remittances on

poverty reduction in the Philippines was analysed in Capistrano and Sta. Maria

(2009). The study identified and quantified the individual poverty alleviating

effects of the level of labor migration and volume of remittances on the three

Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices – the incidence, depth, and severity of

poverty. The findings suggest that labor migration and remittance flows exert a

negative and significant impact on all three measures of poverty. A 10 percent

increase in per capita remittance and number of labor migrants leads to an

approximately 0.4 percent and 0.2 percent reduction, respectively, in the

proportion of families living below the poverty line.

Panel data on regions of the Philippines to investigate the role of

remittances in poverty alleviation and regional development was used in Pernia

(2006). The study used mean per capita expenditure as the measure of welfare.

11


The study finds that remittances contribute to poverty alleviation which is

reflected by the higher family spending of the poorest quintile (bottom 20

percent of the households). The estimation shows that a 1 000 PHP increase in

remittance per capita leads to 2,543 PHP additional annual family spending

after controlling for the effects of other factors.

Sawada and Estudillo (2005) analysed the impact of transfer (which

includes remittances) and non-transfer incomes on measures of poverty both at

the household and provincial levels using pooled time-series cross-section FIES

data from 1985 to 2000. It was found that increases in both transfer and non-

transfer income decreases poverty. In addition, transfer income was found to be

more important than non-transfer income at the household level.

Although remittances accrue directly to households with migrant

members, families that do not receive remittances can also benefit indirectly

from these transfers, thus promoting local development through spillovers. First,

increased consumption of migrant households can generate multiplier effects. If

recipient families increase their household consumption of local goods and

services, this will benefit other members of the community through an increase

in demand, which stimulates local production, thereby promoting job creation

and local development. Second, remittances are also found to prop up

formation of small-scale enterprises, thereby promoting local development.

Workers’ remittances ease credit constraints and provide working capital for the

recipients to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This results in job creation and

enhances the development of the remittance-receiving locality (Ang et al.,

2014).

Introduction

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INTRODUCTION

I. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The Regional Development Council (RDC)-VI through the National

Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Region 6 is implementing the

Migration and Development Initiative - Western Visayas (MDI-WV) Project. The

project is intended to maximize the contribution of migration in regional and local

development.

Migration dynamics have a strong potential role in supporting local

development processes. The drivers and impact of migration are often most

strongly felt at the local level. Communities also have strong ties with their

diaspora communities who originate from their area and can be important

players towards the diaspora. Especially during times of disasters and

calamities, overseas Filipinos are strong partners both in the recovery of

affected families through their remittances and in rehabilitating efforts through

diaspora philanthropy. Studies showed the importance of efficiently linking civil

society initiatives with local development agenda in order to reach sustainability

and impact. However, their involvement remains underdeveloped and many

obstacles exist, such as lack of capacities and efficient and effective

collaboration within local government units in the field of migration and

development.

To contribute towards a better understanding of the impact of migration

on local development, the project will have the following outputs and outcomes:

1) Study on the Migration Situation in Western Visayas;

2) Increased awareness and strengthened capacities of local authorities

in linking migration and development in mainstreaming Migration and

Development in the local development plans and investment

programs;

3) Migration and Development Committees in local development

councils of selected local government units; and

4) Pooled collective remittance and private support in strengthening the

14


region’s disaster risk response and reduction operations, especially

for women and children.

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the Study on the Migration Situation in Western

Visayas is to generate information about overseas Filipinos and Filipino

migrants and their families, as well as various government programs and

services for the benefit of overseas Filipinos.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Describe the socio-demographic and psycho-graphic characteristics of

overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas;

2. Describe the expenditure patterns of families of overseas Filipinos in

Western Visayas;

3. Describe the issues and concerns confronting the return migrant and

their families in Western Visayas; and

4. Describe programs of government and private institutions geared toward

the needs of overseas Filipinos and their families in Western Visayas.

This study will serve as reference for public executives and policymakers

in coming up with programs and legislative actions to address the concerns of

their constituents, particularly the Overseas Filipinos and their families.

III. METHODOLOGY

The migration situationer covered all 6 provinces of Western Visayas

especially where there are many overseas Filipinos and Filipino migrants using

baseline surveys and available secondary data gathered by the Commission on

15


Filipinos Overseas (CFO). Other sources of information include studies

conducted by public and private research institutions, as well as, higher

education institutions. Summary tables and graphs were generated using the

data gathered.

Several approaches were used to collect data for this study. These

include: (1) household survey; (2) analysis of secondary data; and (3) key

informant interview.

A. Household Survey of Families of Migrants

A survey of 400 households with migrants in all the 6 provinces of

Western Visayas was conducted. Selection of respondents was done through

proportional allocation based on the number of OFW from the province. Figure 1

shows the distribution of respondents among the cities and municipalities

covered in this study.

Figure 1. Distribution of Respondents of the Survey

The survey covered all provinces of Western Visayas, namely: Aklan,

Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental. In Aklan and Antique

Provinces, the migrant households were all in the capital towns ------ Kalibo in

Silay City

9%

San Carlos City

9%

16


Aklan and San Jose in Antique. In Iloilo, the migrant households were located in

Iloilo City, and in the Municipalities of Oton and Santa Barbara. In Negros

Occidental, they were found in Bacolod City, San Carlos City and Silay City. In

Guimaras, the households with migrants were selected in the Municipality of

Jordan.

The survey included the following indicators, among others:

Age

Sex

Civil status

Residence province or municipality of origin

Number of Children and their ages

Educational attainment

Profession before departure

Country of destination

Current job abroad

Residence in the host country

Number of years working abroad

Frequency and purpose of trips to the Philippines

Employment status overseas (permanent, casual, contractual)

Business (both local and abroad)

Frequency of sending and amount of remittance

Reasons for sending remittances to families

Preferred remittance facility

Issues and concerns faced by migrants and their families

Support requested from the government

Psycho-graphic characteristics of OFW families were also collected

through the survey. Indicators on personal values, attitude, opinions, interests,

and lifestyle of the OFW families were included.

B. Analysis of Secondary Data

The 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) data was

secured. Of the 2841 households from Western Visayas that was covered by

the FIES, 610 are households with migrants. Sources of income and spending

patterns of households with and without migrants were described and

compared.

17


C. Key Informant Interview

Key informant interviews with return migrants was conducted. This was

done to determine the reasons for their return, characterize their current socio-

economic status, and solicit information on the support that was or have been

provided by the government to return migrants and their families.

Profile of Migrants from Western Visayas

19


PROFILE OF MIGRANTS FROM WESTERN VISAYAS

This chapter focuses on the description of migrants from Western

Visayas. It centers on their personal characteristics, work history, frequency and

reasons for coming home, welfare issues experienced, and future plans.

Data pertaining to migrant households were sourced through face-to-face

interview with the household head or the migrant. In cases when the migrant

was present, the migrant was interviewed. A total of 30 migrants were

interviewed. In instances when the migrant was not available during the

interview, information on the profile, work history and trips to the Philippines

were collected from the household heads.

Table 2.1. Presence of Migrants during the Survey

I. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS

A. Number of Migrants per Household

Majority (81.5%) of the households have only one migrant member. A

handful has two migrant members although there is one household with eight

migrant members.

Presence Number Percent

Migrant was present 30 6.0

Migrant was not present 470 94.0

Total 500 100.0

20


Table 2.2. Number of Migrants by Household

B. Age of Migrants

Majority (71.0%) of the migrants are between the ages of 25 and 44

years old. Very few are between the ages of 20 and 24 years old; and some

are between 45 and 65 years or older.

Table 2.3 Age of Migrants

C. Sex of Migrants

About the same number of migrants, in terms of sex, were included in the

survey. Thus, the table below shows that 46.6 percent are males and 53.4

percent are females.

Age (in years) Frequency Percent

20 -24 22 4.4

25-29 77 15.4

30-34 96 19.2

35-39 97 19.4

40-44 85 17.0

45-49 53 10.6

50-54 32 6.4

55-59 14 2.8

60-64 16 3.2

65 and above 8 1.6

TOTAL 500 100.0

Number of Migrants Number Percent

1 326 81.5

2 60 15.0

3 10 2.5

4 1 0.3

5 1 0.3

7 1 0.3

8 1 0.3

Total 400 100.0

21


Table 2.4. Sex of the Migrants

D. Civil Status of Migrants

Majority (65.8%) of the migrants are married or cohabiting while 30

percent are single or have never married. Very few are either widowed,

separated, divorced or have their marriage annulled.

Table 2.5. Civil Status of Migrants

E. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants

Majority (59.8%) of the migrants have finished college and 15 percent

have reached college level. A number have finished high school. The rest

possessed either low educational (as in elementary level or elementary

graduate) or high educational (as in having a graduate degree) attainment or

vocational or technical training.

Sex Number Percent

Male 233 46.6

Female 267 53.4

Total 500 100.0

Civil Status Number Percent

Married / Cohabiting 328 65.8

Never Married/ Single 150 30.0

Widowed 12 2.4

Separated / Divorced / Annulled 10 2.0

Total 500 100.0

22


Table 2.6. Highest Educational Attainment of Migrants

F. Nature and Place of Work of Migrants

Majority (77.5%) of the migrants are land-based workers while only 22.5

percent are sea-based workers. Majority (72.8%) are working in the Asian

continent; 14.8 percent are in North America, and 8.7 percent are in Europe.

There are fewer than 5 percent working in Australia and New Zealand, Africa

and South America.

There is no significant difference in the percentage of land-based and

sea-based workers in the Asian continent where 72 percent of the land -based

workers and 77 percent of the sea-based workers are found.

Table 2.7. Nature of Work of Migrants

Nature of Work Number Percent

Land-based 376 77.5

Sea-based 109 22.5

Total 485 100.0

Highest Educational Attainment Number Percent

Elementary level 3 0.6

Elementary graduate 6 1.2

High school level 4 0.8

High school graduate 78 15.6

College level 76 15.2

College graduate 299 59.8

Graduate degree 2 0.4

Technical/vocational 32 6.4

Total 500 100.0

23


Table 2.8. Continent of Work of Migrant

G. Residence and Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country

Majority (81.2%) of the migrants are temporary residents of the host

country. Only 19 percent are permanent residents. Among the temporary

residents, majority (83.7%) is found in Asia while majority (50.0%) of the

permanent residents are in North America.

Majority (83.2%) is on job order or contractual status while the rest are

either regular (14.4%), casual (1.6%), retired (0.6%) or engaged in business

(0.2%). Some (1.4%) migrants engage in small business such as selling items

on line; selling cigarettes; and selling souvenir items to augment their income.

Table 2.9. Residence Status of Migrants in the Host Country

Table 2.10. Employment Status of Migrants in the Host Country

Continent of Work Number Percent

Asia 353 72.8

North America 72 14.8

Europe 42 8.7

Australia / New Zealand 10 2.1

Africa 6 1.2

South America 2 0.4

Total 485 100.0

Residence Status Number Percent

Temporary 406 81.2

Permanent 94 18.8

Total 500 100.0

Employment Status Number Percent

Job order / contractual 416 83.2

Regular 72 14.4

Casual 8 1.6

Retired 3 0.6

Engaged in Business 1 0.2

Total 500 100.0

24


II. WORK HISTORY OF MIGRANTS

A. Circumstances Before Migration

Many (32.0%) of the migrants have no work before they left for abroad.

A number are either service workers (15.4%) or are engaged in trade and

related work (15.4%) or are professionals (14.2%).

Table 2.11. Job of Migrants before Going Abroad

Many left for abroad either between 2010 and 2015 (42.4%) or between

2000 and 2009. The rest left to work abroad either in the 1990s (13.8%), 1980s

(4.4%) or in the 1970s (1.0%).

Majority (83.2%) left for abroad to have a better paying job. The rest

either want to find work (8.8%), to join their families (7.6%) or to simply run away

from home to avoid conflict with other members of the family (0.4%).

Job Before Going Abroad Number Percent

Service worker 77 15.4

Trade and related work 77 15.4

Professional 71 14.2

Laborer and unskilled worker 37 7.4

Clerk 34 6.8

Technician and associate professional 21 4.2

Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 9 1.8

Plant and machine operator and assembler 8 1.6

Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6

Corporate executive/manager 3 0.6

No work 160 32.0

Total 500 100.0

25


Table 2.12. Decade Migrant Left for Abroad

Table 2.13. Continent of Work When the Migrant First Left for Abroad

Table 2.14. Main Reason for Going Abroad

B. Migrants’ Work Abroad

Most of the migrants have been working abroad either for 1 to 4 years

(32.2%) or 5 to 9 years (23.6%) or 10 to 14 years (16.4%). Some have worked

abroad for less than a year or have been working for fifteen years or more

(Table 2.15).

Majority of the migrants (74.6%) are rehires or are still working in the

same job they have started since they left for abroad the first time. Table 2.15

shows that most the migrants are either professionals (36.6%) or service

workers (34.8%). Those without work are permanent residents of the host

Decade Number Percent

1970-1979 5 1.0

1980-1989 22 4.4

1990-1999 69 13.8

2000-2009 192 38.4

2010-2015 212 42.4

Total 500 100.0

Continent Number Percent

Asia 99 78.6

North America 13 10.3

Europe 12 9.5

Africa 2 1.6

Total 126 100.0

Reasons for Going Abroad Number Percent

To have a better paying job 416 83.2

To find work 44 8.8

To be with the family 38 7.6

To avoid conflict at home 2 0.4

Total 500 100.0

26


country; some of them are already retired employees.

Many of the migrants have monthly earnings of between 10,000 PHP

and 19,999 PHP (19.4%) and between 20,000 PHP and 29,999 PHP (Table

2.18). Many (49.4%) migrants’ monthly earnings are however, unknown to their

families. Average monthly salary of migrants is 40,740 PHP.

Table 2.15. Number of Years Migrants Have Been Working Abroad

Table 2.16. Migrants whose current jobs are also their first job abroad

Migrants Number Percent

Current Jobs Also Their First Job 374 74.8

Current Jobs Not Their First Job 126 25.2

Total 500 100.0

Number of Years Working Abroad Number Percent

Less than a year 52 10.4

1 to 4 years 161 32.2

5 to 9 years 118 23.6

10 to 14 years 82 16.4

15 to 19 years 46 9.2

20 to 24 years 19 3.8

25 to 29 years 8 1.6

30 or more years 14 2.8

Total 500 100.0

27


Table 2.17. Present Job of Migrant Abroad

Table 2.18. Monthly Salary of Migrants

Present Job Abroad Number Percent

Professional 183 36.6

Service worker 174 34.8

Laborer and unskilled worker 33 6.6

Technician and associate professional 29 5.8

Trade and related work 20 4.0

Plant and machine operator and assembler 15 3.0

Corporate executive/manager 10 2.0

Clerk 10 2.0

Farmer, forestry worker, or fisher 8 1.6

Official of government and special-interest organization 3 0.6

No work 15 3.0

Total 500 100.0

Monthly Salary (in pesos) Number Percent

Less than 10,000 1 0.2

10,000 to 19,999 97 19.4

20,000 to 29,999 53 10.6

30,000 to 39,999 23 4.6

40,000 to 49,999 21 4.2

50,000 to 59,999 15 3.0

60,000 to 69,999 10 2.0

70,000 to 79,999 3 0.6

80,000 to 89,999 13 2.6

90,000 to 99,999 1 0.2

100,000 and over 16 3.2

No response 247 49.4

Total 500 100.0

Note: No response means that the respondent does not know how much the migrant is earning per month.

28


III. FREQUENCY AND REASONS FOR COMING HOME

Majority of the migrants come home once a year (25.4%) or every 2 to 5

years (40.8%). Those who left for abroad just recently have not been home yet

(24.4%).

Majority (64.8%) come home to take a vacation while others come home

because their job contracts have expired (33.1%). Other reasons for coming

home are presented in Table 2.20.

Majority (62.7%) stay home for 1 to 3 months while some (26.2%) for

less than a month. The rest stay longer than 3 months (Table 2.21).

Table 2.19. Migrants’ Frequency of Coming Home to the Philippines

Table 2.20. Reasons for Coming Home

Frequency of Coming Home

to the Philippines Number Percent

Every few months 40 8.0

Once a year 127 25.4

Every 2 to 5 years 204 40.8

Every more than 5 years 7 1.4

Not been home yet 122 24.4

Total 500 100.0

Reasons Number Percent

To take a vacation 245 64.8

To come home because work contract ends 125 33.1

To attend an important event 6 1.6

Others 2 0.3

Total 378 100.0

29


Number of Days Spent in the Philippines Number Percent

Less than a month 99 26.2

1 to 3 months 237 62.7

4 to 6 months 38 10.1

more than 6 months 4 1.05

Total 378 100.0

Table 2.21. Number of days migrants spend in the Philippines

IV. WELFARE ISSUE EXPERIENCE

The data on welfare issue experience is based only on what was

gathered from the 30 migrants who happened to be present during the survey.

Of the 30 migrants interviewed, 27 percent said they have experienced welfare

issues and these include (1) delayed/non-payment of wages (37.5%); (2) poor

working conditions (25.0%); maltreatment/mistreatment by employer (12.5%);

difficult relationship with co-worker (12.5%); and culture shock (12.5%).

Table 2.22. Migrants Who Experienced Welfare Issues

Table 2.23. Welfare Issues Experienced

Migrants Number Percent

Experienced welfare issues 8 26.7

Did not experience welfare issues 22 73.3

Total 30 100.0

Welfare Issues (N=8) Number Percent

Delayed / non-payment of wages 3 37.5

Poor working conditions 2 25.0

Maltreatment / mistreatment by employer 1 12.5

Difficult relationship with co-worker 1 12.5

Culture shock 1 12.5

30


V. FUTURE PLANS

Of the 30 migrants interviewed, majority (80.0%) have no plans of retiring

or coming home for good in the near future. If in case, however they will retire

from work abroad, many (41.7%) are planning to engage in business; others will

rely on pension (16.7%) and savings (16.7%). The remaining 25 percent have

no idea where to get income when they come back to the Philippines for good.

Table 2.24. Expected sources of Income upon Retirement

VI. SUPPORT SERVICES REQUESTED FROM GOVERNMENT

Of the 30 migrants interviewed 20 percent would like to request for

protection against abusive employers; 7 percent would like to request for

placement fee assistance; and another 7 percent would like to have see

improvements in the services of the Philippine Embassy. There was no probe

question, however, to know what improvements they exactly want.

Table 2.25. Support Services Requested From Government

Sources on Income Number Percent

Business venture 5 41.7

Pension 2 16.7

Savings 2 16.7

No idea yet 3 25.0

Total 12 100.0

Support Services Number Percent

Placement Fee Assistance 2 6.7

Embassy Improvement 2 6.7

Program for Senior Citizens 1 3.3

Protection Against Abusive Employers 6 20.0

No Idea 19 63.3

Total 30 100.0

31


VII. WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DRR INITIATIVES FUND

Majority (70.0%) of the migrants are willing to contribute to DRR

Initiatives Fund to be managed by the government. The remaining 30 percent,

however, are not willing to do so. Majority (77.8%) of those who are not willing

said they do not have extra money to set aside for this contribution. The rest

said they have no trust and confidence on government.

For those who are willing to contribute to the fund, majority (57.1%)

would like to send their contribution through bank deposit. Others (38.0%)

would like to give it directly to the local office of the government agency

concerned.

Table 2.26. Willingness to Contribute to DRR Initiatives Fund

Migrants Frequency Percent

Those Who are Willing 21 70.0

Those Who are Not Willing 9 30.0

Total 30 100.0

Characteristics of Households with Migrants

33


CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS

WITH MIGRANTS

This chapter focuses on the demographic, social, economic and psycho-

graphic characteristics of the household population in the 2015 Migration

Situation in Western Visayas. The information in this chapter provides important

inputs for the planning of services for the migrant families and household

members.

A household is defined as the person or group of persons who usually

sleep in the same housing unit and have a common arrangement for the

preparation and consumption of food (National Statistics Office and ICF Macro,

2009). Indicators of the lifestyle and information on the characteristics of

household of the migrants were also gathered. A total of 400 households were

interviewed. The interview schedule on the Household Information is divided

into several sections:

A. Household Population

B. Psycho-Graphic Characteristics of Households with Migrants

C. Future Plans

D. Issues and Concerns

E. Use of Remittances

I. Household Population

Information on the composition of the migrants’ household is useful for

several reasons. The size and the composition of the household influence the

allocation of limited resources and the affect the living conditions of individuals

in the household (NSO and ICF Macro, 2009).

A. Age and Sex Composition of the Households with Migrants Population

The Migration Situation in Western Visayas Survey collected information

on a total of 2,307 persons. There are more females than males (52.5% versus

47.5%), and the overall sex ratio (the number of males per 100 females) is 90.5.

Largest proportion of the population falls under the ages 30 to 34 years old.

34


Table 3.1. Distribution of Household Population by Age, Sex

Table 3.2 presents that majority (70.4%) of the population belongs to the

working age group (15 to 64 years old). There are more young household

members (22.1%) than members aged 65 and over (7.6%). Overall dependency

ratio (the proportion of dependents for every 100 working-age population) is

42.1.

Table 3.2. Dependency ratio

Age % Male % Female Number Percent

<5 7.9 5.0 147 6.4

5-9 8.9 6.4 175 7.6

10-14 9.2 7.1 187 8.1

15-19 8.5 7.7 186 8.1

20-24 7.9 8.5 189 8.2

25-29 8.0 8.9 196 8.5

30-34 9.8 9.5 222 9.6

35-39 8.1 8.6 193 8.4

40-44 7.8 6.8 167 7.2

45-49 5.1 7.4 145 6.3

50-54 4.8 5.1 115 5.0

55-59 4.8 4.5 108 4.7

60-64 3.1 5.6 102 4.4

65-69 2.7 3.2 68 3.0

70-74 1.6 2.3 46 2.0

75-79 1.3 2.2 41 1.8

80 + 0.6 1.2 20 0.9

Percent 47.5 52.5 2307 100.0

Total 1096 1211

Age Group Number Percent

<15 509 22.1

15-64 1623 70.4

65 + 175 7.6

Total 2307 100.0

Young Dependency Ratio 31.4

Old Dependency Ratio 10.8

Dependency Ratio 42.1

35


Figure 3.1. Population pyramid

B. Household Composition

About a fifth of the households have at least one family member living

permanently abroad, while about 85 percent have at least one family member

working abroad temporarily. This illustrates that most migrants are OFWs.

Table 3.3. Number of migrant members living abroad permanently

MALE FEMALE

Family members living abroad permanently Number Percent

0 331 82.8

1 54 13.5

2 10 2.5

3 or more 5 1.2

Total 400 100.0

36


Table 3.4. Number of migrant members working abroad temporarily

On average, a household with migrants is composed of 5.8 persons

(Table 3.5). Households are composed of the migrants’ immediate families,

other relatives, as well as non-relative members. More than half (55.3%) of the

households with migrants are extended (Table 3.6). These extended family

households are intergenerational (three generations) with some relatives and

non-relatives. Nuclear family households of migrants are of two types: (1) family

of orientation and (2) family of procreation. Nuclear families of procreation are

households with migrant, his/her spouse and children (26.5%), while nuclear

families of orientation are households with migrant(s), their parents and siblings

(18.3%).

Table 3.5. Number of usual members

Family members working abroad Temporarily Number Percent

0 59 14.7

1 299 74.8

2 36 9.0

3 or more 6 1.5

Total 400 100.0

Number of Household Members Number Percent

2 9 2.3

3 38 9.5

4 84 21.0

5 87 21.8

6 60 15.0

7 43 10.8

8 34 8.5

9 19 4.8

10 or more 26 6.5

Number of Households 400 100.0

Mean size of households 5.8

37


Table 3.6. Household/family type

C. Characteristics of Household Population

Information on the highest level of education attained or completed by

age group and sex are presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8. Majority of the

population of households with migrants have completed at least high school.

There are more female household members who completed high school or

better compared to the males.

Table 3.7. Educational attainment of the male household population

Family Type Number Percent

Nuclear (Migrant, Spouse, Children) 106 26.5

Nuclear (Parents, Migrant, Siblings) 73 18.3

Extended Family 221 55.3

Total 400 100

Age

Group

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Number No Grade

Completed

Pre -

School

Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High

School

Level

High

School

Graduate

College

Level/

Vocational

College

Graduate

or more

<5 87.0 34.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.0 86

5-9 11.7 50.0 42.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 98

10-14 0.0 5.3 31.7 18.4 27.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 101

15-19 0.0 5.3 1.9 0.0 30.9 12.8 9.6 2.2 93

20-24 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.1 9.4 6.1 16.3 9.5 86

25-29 0.0 2.6 2.5 2.0 4.3 12.8 12.9 10.9 88

30-34 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 6.5 10.8 16.7 16.0 107

35-39 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.0 1.4 10.8 8.6 17.1 89

40-44 0.0 2.6 1.2 8.2 2.2 7.4 8.6 16.7 85

45-49 0.0 0.0 1.2 4.1 4.3 6.1 5.7 9.1 56

50-54 1.3 0.0 1.2 4.1 0.0 10.8 8.1 5.5 53

55-59 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.2 4.3 7.4 5.7 6.2 53

60-64 0.0 0.0 3.1 16.3 2.2 2.7 4.3 1.8 34

65-69 0.0 0.0 2.5 12.2 2.9 4.7 0.5 2.5 29

70-74 0.0 0.0 1.9 8.2 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 18

75-79 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.4 0.5 0.4 14

80 + 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 6

Percent 7.0 3.5 14.7 4.5 12.7 13.5 19.1 25.1 100.0

Total 77 38 161 49 139 148 209 275 1096

38


Table 3.8. Educational attainment of the female household population

Half (50.8%) of the households with migrants population are single or

never married. About four in ten are married.

There are more non-working household members than those who are

gainfully employed (58.1% versus 41.9%) (Table 3.10). More than half (58.0 %)

of the working age group (15-64 years old) are working. Although mandatory

retirement is at the age of 65, 15 percent of those aged 65 and over are still

working.

Table 3.10a presents the kind of work engaged in by the household

members. Four in five working household members are employed in the service

sector, 16 percent are in manufacturing and industry sector, and very few

(3.3%) are in agriculture.

Age

Group

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Number No Grade

Completed

Pre -

School

Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High

School

Level

High

School

Graduate

College

Level/

Vocational

College

Graduate

or more

<5 89.5 31.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 61

5-9 3.5 55.2 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 77

10-14 1.8 0.0 29.4 15.8 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 86

15-19 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 23.6 6.7 17.5 0.3 93

20-24 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.8 2.8 7.8 17.2 10.0 103

25-29 1.8 0.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 10.6 11.2 15.0 108

30-34 0.0 3.4 1.3 0.0 3.8 11.2 11.6 16.6 115

35-39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 10.1 10.2 15.9 104

40-44 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.5 2.8 8.9 5.9 13.1 82

45-49 0.0 0.0 0.6 7.0 5.7 10.6 7.3 11.6 89

50-54 1.8 0.0 2.5 7.0 4.7 10.1 5.6 4.1 62

55-59 0.0 0.0 3.8 12.3 4.7 8.4 5.3 1.9 55

60-64 1.8 0.0 6.3 10.5 4.7 7.8 5.0 5.3 68

65-69 0.0 0.0 3.8 14.0 1.9 2.8 1.7 4.1 39

70-74 0.0 0.0 4.4 7.0 4.7 3.4 0.7 1.3 28

75-79 0.0 0.0 4.4 14.0 6.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 27

80 + 0.0 0.0 3.8 5.3 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.6 14

Percent 4.7 2.4 13.2 4.7 8.8 14.8 25.0 26.4 100

Total 57 29 160 57 106 179 303 320 1211

39


Table 3.9. Civil Status of the household population

Table 3.10. Employment Status of the household population

Majority (54.2%) are working for private establishments. About the same

proportion work for private households or farms (15.8%) and self -employed

Age Group

Civil Status

Number Never Married /

Single

Married /

Living-in Widowed

Separated /

Divorced /

Annulled

<5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 147

5-9 14.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 175

10-14 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 187

15-19 15.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 186

20-24 14.3 2.2 0.0 0.0 189

25-29 9.3 8.7 0.0 4.6 196

30-34 7.8 13.0 0.8 9.1 222

35-39 3.7 14.3 2.3 27.3 193

40-44 2.4 13.2 3.9 18.2 167

45-49 1.5 11.8 7.8 9.1 145

50-54 0.6 9.5 9.3 13.6 115

55-59 0.3 9.3 7.8 13.6 108

60-64 0.4 7.6 16.3 4.6 102

65-69 0.2 4.8 14.7 0.0 68

70-74 0.3 2.4 14.7 0.0 46

75-79 0.3 2.0 13.2 0.0 41

80 + 0.3 0.5 9.3 0.0 20

Percent 50.8 42.7 5.6 1.0 100.0

Total 1172 984 129 22 2307

AGE GROUP % Working % Not working Total

<15 0.0 100.0 509

15-64 58.0 42.0 1623

65 + 14.9 85.1 175

Percent 41.9 58.1 100

Total 967 1340 2307

40


without employees (15.9%). Only 12 percent work for the government, and very

few (2.4%) are self-employed with employees.

Table 3.10a. Employment Sector and Nature of Work

Some information on the health status of household members were

gathered (Table 3.11). A few members of the household are differently -abled

(1.4%) and suffering from a chronic illness (5.7%). Most of those who are

differently-abled and have chronic illnesses are aged 65 years old and over.

Majority (65.2%) of household members are members of PhilHealth or

have health insurances.

Employment Sector Number Percent

Agriculture (fisheries, farming, forestry) 32 3.3

Industry / Manufacturing 161 16.6

Service 774 80.0

Nature of Work

Work for Private Household or Farm 154 15.9

Work for Private Establishments 524 54.2

Work for Government 113 11.7

Self-employed with employees 23 2.4

Self-employed without employees 153 15.8

Total 967 100.0

41


Table 3.11. Other characteristics of household members by age

II. PSYCHO-GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS’

HOUSEHOLDS

A. Housing Characteristics

The physical characteristics of households are indicators of the general

socio-economic condition of the migrant families. The household respondents

were asked about their main sources of drinking water, toilet facility, main

housing materials, number of rooms used for sleeping, type of fuel used for

cooking and access to electricity.

Age Group Differently abled Number

Yes No

<15 0.8 99.2 509

15-64 1.1 98.9 1623

65 + 5.7 94.3 175

Percent 1.4 98.6

Number 32 2275 2307

With Chronic Illness

Yes No

<15 1.0 99.0 509

15-64 4.2 95.8 1623

65 + 32.6 67.4 175

Percent 5.7 94.3

Number 131 2176 2307

With Philhealth

Yes No

<15 50.1 49.9 509

15-64 67.2 32.8 1623

65 + 90.3 9.7 175

Percent 65.2 34.8

Number 1503 804 2307

42


Three of four households with migrants used bottled water or water from

refilling stations for drinking (Figure 3.2). A few (16%) used water piped into the

dwelling for drinking, and the rest drink water coming from deep well (4.0%),

protected well (3.25%), and water from spring or tanker trucks (1.0%).

About half (53.7%) of the households with migrants in Western Visayas

use charcoal as their main fuel for cooking (Figure 3.3). A third of the

households (33.8 %) use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), while about 11 percent

use wood and the rest use electricity (1.5%) and kerosene (0.5%)

Table 3.12 presents the characteristics of the migrants’ houses. Almost all

(98.5%) of the houses have improved, flush toilet facility. More than a third

(36.8%) of the houses have finished cemented floors, 31 percent have tiled

floors, and 11 percent have rough cemented floors.

Figure 3.2 Main Source of Drinking Water

43


Nine of ten migrants’ houses have galvanized iron roofing. The remaining

10 percent have their roofs made of calamin or cement fiber (3.5%), roof tiles or

shingles (3.2%), natural materials (2.0%), and rudimentary roofing materials

(1.5%). Natural roofing materials include nipa and/or cogon grasses, while

rudimentary roofing materials include one or more of the following: palm,

bamboo, wood planks, cardboard, and tarpaulin.

Three fourths of the houses (75.0%) have finished walls, 20 percent have

walls made of mixed, rudimentary materials (e.g. bamboo, stone with mud,

uncovered adobe, plywood, makeshift/reused materials, and cardboard). Very

few houses have half wood and cemented walls (3.2%) and natural walls

(1.8%).

Figure 3.3. Fuel used for cooking

44


Table 3.12. Housing Characteristics: toilet facility, main materials,

land tenure status, electricity

HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS Number Percent

Household Toilet Facility

Flush Toilet 394 98.5

No Toilet or Public Facility 6 1.5

Floor Material

Finished cemented floor 147 36.8

Ceramic tiles 124 31.0

Rough cement 43 10.8

Vinyl linoleum 38 9.5

Rudimentary Floor 31 7.8

Natural floor 10 2.5

Polished wood 4 1.0

Carpet 2 0.5

Marble 1 0.3

Roofing Material

Galvanized iron / aluminum wood 360 90.0

Calamin / cement fiber 14 3.5

Natural roofing 8 2.0

Roof tiles or shingles 12 3.0

Rudimentary roofing 6 1.5

Wall Material

Finished walls 300 75.0

Rudimentary walls 80 20.0

Half cement / half wood 13 3.2

Natural walls 7 1.8

Land Tenure Status

Owned 199 49.8

Rented 11 2.8

Rent-Free With Owner’s Consent 141 35.3

Rent-Free Without Owner’s Consent 49 12.3

Electricity

Yes 395 98.8

No 5 1.2

Number of Rooms Used for Sleeping

0 23 5.8

1 75 18.7

2 160 40.0

3 98 24.5

4 32 8.0

5 or more 12 3.0

Total 400 100

45


About half (49.8%) of the migrant families own the lot where their houses

are built, while a few (2.8%) pay rent. A third (35.3%) use the land free of rent

with the landowner’s consent, while 12 percent use the land rent -free without

the consent of the owner.

Almost all (98.8%) of the households with migrants have electricity in

their homes. Most (40.0%) of the houses of the migrants have two bedrooms,

and a quarter (24.5%) have three bedrooms. Six percent of the houses of

migrants do not have room for sleeping.

B. Household Durable Goods

Information on the possession of selected durable goods of the migrants

and their families were also gathered. These durable goods include household

effects and means of transport. Figure 3.4 shows that almost all of the

households with migrants own at least one television set (95.5%) and electric

fan (96.8%). Majority of the households also own at least one refrigerator

(74.0%), radio (71.3%), and a CD/VCD/DVD player (66.5%). Less than half of

the households reported to own at least one functioning washing machine

(48.3%), component player/karaoke (44.0%), cable television (25.8%), air

conditioning unit (25.5%), landline telephone (23.0%), and microwave oven

(16.3%).

Figure 3.4. Selected durable goods owned by migrant households

46


For the means of transport, a quarter of the households with migrants

possess a bicycle/trisikad/pedicab. Almost a third (32.5%) own a motorcycle or

tricycle, and 12 percent own a four-wheel vehicle (car, jeepney or van).

Respondents were also asked of other personal effects owned by

members of the household, including cellular phones, personal computers and

electronic gadgets, results of which are presented in Table 3.13. Almost all

(98.8%) of the households have at least a member owning a cellular phone. Of

those households with cellphones, 87 percent own smart phone type, while 70

percent reported to own at least one basic cellphone type. Most (31.5%) of

those households with smart phones own two units of such phone type.

About half of the households with migrants own a personal computer

(52.0%). Of these, majority own at least a unit of basic laptop or netbook

(82.7%), one-fourth own at least a unit of a desktop computer, and a few (6.75)

possess an ultrabook or touchscreen kind of laptop.

Also on Table 3.13, it can be seen that majority of households with

migrants have members who own other types of electronic devices. The most

common of these devices are android tablets (58.8%), followed by a basic point -

Figure 3.5. Means of transportation owned by migrant households

47


and-shoot camera (32.7 %) and DSLR cameras (32.3%). Other devices

reported to be in possession of household members include an Ipad (14.8%),

gaming consoles (13.0%), and MP3 or Ipod players (7.2%).

Table 3.13. Personal effects owned by household members

Figure 3.6 shows that 31 percent of households with migrants have

internet connection at home.

Personal effects Number (N=400) Percent

OWN CELLPHONE 395 98.8

basic phone 277 70.1

smart phone 343 86.8

OWN COMPUTER 208 52.0

basic laptop/netbook 172 82.7

touchscreen/ultrabook 14 6.7

desktop pc 53 25.5

OWN GADGETS 233 55.8

basic camera 73 32.7

DSLR camera 72 32.3

gaming consoles 29 13

android devices 133 58.8

Ipad 33 14.8

MP3/Ipod 16 7.2

Figure 3.6. Households with Internet Connection at Home

48


C. Real Properties and Businesses

Aside from durable goods, information on real properties and businesses

of migrants were also gathered. Figure 3.7 shows that only one in five (20.8%)

of the migrant families reported to own a real property. Of these, majority own a

residential lot (57.8%), and about a third (37.3%) own an agricultural land. Other

real properties of households with migrants include fishponds (1.3%),

commercial lot (12%), townhouse (1.2%), and condominium (1.3 %).

Thirty percent of the migrant families own or manage a business. The

nature of these businesses are presented in Table 3.14a.

Table 3.14. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants

Figure 3.7. Real Property of Migrant Households

Own or Manage a Business Number Percent

YES 121 30.3

NO 279 69.8

Total 400 100.0

49


Table 3.14a. Businesses managed or owned by households with migrants

Many (38.8%) households have outstanding loans. Among those who

have loans, most (47.1%) have borrowed money from formal lending agencies,

such as cooperatives, GSIS, and SSS. A third (37.4%) borrowed from informal

lenders (e.g., private individuals or groups), and only 15 percent borrowed from

banks.

Table 3.15. Outstanding Loans of Migrants and their households

D. Leisure Time Activities

Information on the leisure activities of migrant families were gathered as

these are important indicators of their lifestyle. These information include their

vacation, shopping and dining out preferences.

Type of Business Number Percent

Wholesale and Retail 72 59.5

Services 40 33.1

Livestock and Poultry 3 2.5

Forestry and Hunting 3 2.5

Fishing 2 1.6

Crop Farming and Gardening 1 0.8

Total 121 100.0

HAVE OUTSTANDING LOAN? Number Percent

YES 155 38.8

NO 245 61.3

Total 400 100.0

Where have you availed of the loan?

Banks 24 15.5

Other Formal Lending 73 47.1

Informal Lending 58 37.4

Total 155 100.0

50


One in five households with migrants travel for vacation regularly (Table

3.16). Majority (81.6%) of these families take vacation once a year (Table

3.16a). And most of these last for one to three days. A third of these vacations

are spent within the country but outside Western Visayas, and 30 percent are

spent within Western Visayas but outside their provinces. About 10 percent of

migrant families travel abroad for vacation at least once a year.

Table 3.16. Percentage of families travel regularly for vacation

Table 3.16a. Number, length and place of vacation

Travel for vacation Number Percent

Yes 76 19.0

No 324 81.0

Total 400 100.0

Number Percent

Number of times of travel per year

1 62 81.6

2 6 7.9

3 4 5.3

6 4 5.3

Number of Days on Vacation

1 11 14.5

2 11 14.5

3 13 17.1

5 to 9 days 19 25.0

10+ 22 28.9

Place of Vacation

Within the country, outside the region 28 36.8

Within the region, outside province 23 30.3

Within the province, outside municipality 13 17.1

Abroad / outside the country 8 10.5

Within the municipality 4 5.3

Total 76 100.0

51


In the last three months, only a fourth of the migrant families have dined

out in a restaurant (Table 3.17). Eating in a fast food restaurant, however, is a

more common activity among the migrant families, with three-fourths of them

did in the last three months (Table 3.18).

Among those who ate at a fine restaurant in the last three months, most

have dined one to three times. On the other hand, fast food dining has been

more frequent as 52 percent have eaten in a fast food restaurant up to five

times in the last three months.

Table 3.17. Dining out activities of migrant families

Table 3.18. Fast food dining activities of migrant families

Eating in Fine Dining Restaurants Number Percent

Yes 109 27.3

No 291 72.8

Total 400 100.0

Number of fine dining (last 3 months)

1 29 26.6

2 20 18.4

3 29 26.6

4 or more 31 28.4

Total 109 100.0

Eating in fast food restaurants? Number Percent

Yes 306 76.5

No 94 23.5

Total 400 100.0

Number of fast food dining (last 3 months)

1 to 5 160 52.3

6 to 10 95 31.0

11 or more 51 16.7

Total 306 100.00

52


Shopping in the local malls is also a common pastime activity among the

migrant families. Majority of the migrant families (62.3%) frequent the local

malls to shop. Majority of them have gone to these malls at least three times in

the last three months (Table 3.19). There are also a small proportion (2.3%) of

migrant families who travelled to Manila to shop in the malls there (Table 3.20).

Table 3.19. Shopping in a local mall

Table 3.20. Shopping in a mall in Metro Manila

Aside from travel, dining out and shopping, migrant families also engage

in a variety of leisure activities (Table 3.21). Four of five families opt to stay at

home to watch television, listen to radio and do other activities in their free time.

Six percent reported to watch movies at the cinema. Other leisure activities

include gambling (4.3%), going to the beach (4.3%), play bingo in the mall

(2.3%), and gardening at home (1.8%).

Shopping in the local mall Number Percent

Yes 249 62.3

No 151 37.8

Total 400 100.0

Number of shopping in the local mall (last 3 months)

1 to 2 times 38 15.26

3 t 4 times 98 39.36

5 to 6 times 61 24.50

more than 6 times 52 20.88

Total 249 100.0

Shopping in Manila Number Percent

Yes 9 2.3

No 391 97.8

Total 400 100.0

Number of shopping Manila (in the past year)

1 7 77.8

2 1 11.1

4 1 11.1

Total 9 100.0

53


Table 3.21. Other Leisure Activities (multiple responses)

III. FUTURE PLANS

Migrant families were also asked of their future plans for the household.

More than half (55.5%) of them plans to acquire properties in the future. Most of

them (86.0%) plan to buy a house.

Table 3.22. Households planning to acquire real properties in the future

Other Leisure Activities (n = 400) Number Percent

Stay at home (Watch TV, listen to the radio, etc.) 346 86.5

Watching movies 23 5.8

Gambling 17 4.3

Going to the beach 17 4.3

Playing bingo in the mall 9 2.3

Gardening 7 1.8

Surfing the internet 3 0.8

Playing arcade 2 0.5

Ballroom dancing 1 0.3

None 16 4.0

Plan to acquire properties Number Percent

Yes 222 55.5

No 178 44.5

Total 400 100

Type of property (n=222)

House 191 86

Other real property 42 18.9

Finish house amortization 1 0.5

Car 8 3.6

Farm 5 2.3

Pumpboat 1 0.5

54


When it comes to their financial plans, most (47.8%) plan to invest or

save money in the bank, and a number (15.5%) plans to invest in a business.

Interestingly, many (34.5%) do not have any financial plan at all (Table 3.23).

Similar to not having future financial plans, many (39.8%) of migrant

families do not have plans yet for the family when the migrant chooses to retire.

Most (46.3%) of them plan to set up a business upon the migrant’s retirement.

Table 3.23. Households’ Future Financial Plans

Table 3.24. Households’ Retirement Plans

Future financial plans (n=400) Number Percent

Invest in a bank 191 47.8

Invest in a life insurance 8 2

Invest in stocks 2 0.5

Buy memorial plans 2 0.5

Invest in business 62 15.5

Send children abroad 2 0.5

Pay loans 3 0.8

None 138 34.5

Retirement plans (n=400) Number Percent

Buy farm 18 4.5

Set up business 185 46.3

Travel 31 7.8

Save 15 3.8

House and lot 3 0.8

Get married 1 0.3

Migrate 7 1.8

Teach 1 0.3

No plans 159 39.8

55


IV. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT

Only four of ten households with migrants shared that they have worries

and concerns regarding the welfare of their migrant member (Table 3.25). Their

concerns vary from the problems of the migrant in the workplace (61.7%), the

migrant’s health (60.5 %), and the problems with their relationship with the

migrant (29.6%).

Most of the workplace related problems (Table 3.26) communicated by

the migrants to their families in the last three months is about the dangers

associated with the migrants’ workplace (26.0%), followed by the difficult

relationship of migrants with co-workers (25.0%), problems with the employer or

supervisor (23.0%), and difficulty of the migrants in fulfilling work responsibilities

(23.0%).

Table 3.25. Households’ having concerns over welfare of the migrant

Table 3.26. Migrants’ work-related issues and concerns

Have worries and concerns regarding the welfare of migrant Number Percent

Yes 162 40.5

No 238 59.5

Total 400 100.0

Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding his/

her work and workplace in the last 3 months Number Percent

Yes 100 61.7

No 62 38.3

Total 162 100.0

Issues (n=100)

Dangerous work environment 26 26.0

Difficult relationship with co-workers 25 25.0

Problem with boss or employer 23 23.0

Difficulty in performing work responsibilities 23 23.0

Tired 9 9.0

Low salary 7 7.0

Loneliness 5 5.0

Problem with visa 1 1.0

56


In Table 3.27, the most common health concern the migrants shares with

their families in the last three months are the lack of sleep that they experience,

chronic illnesses, and body pains. On the other hand, the migrant families also

expressed problems arising from the migrants’ being away (Table 3.28). Many

households shared that strains in the migrants’ relationship with certain family

members have arisen due to distance. About a third of them shared that a

strained relationship is experienced by the migrants and their parents.

Table 3.27. Migrants’ health-related issues and concerns

Migrant has expressed issues and concerns regarding

his/her health in the last 3 months Number Percent

Yes 98 60.5

No 64 39.5

Total 162 100.0

Health Issues (n = 98)

Lack of sleep 30 30.6

Suffering from chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc.) 19 19.4

Body pain 17 17.3

Chest or back pain 9 9.2

Colds 9 9.2

Headache 9 9.2

Suffered an injury 6 6.1

Stomachache 5 5.1

Gout 5 5.1

Depression 4 4.1

Allergies 3 3.1

Cyst 1 1.0

57


Table 3.28. Problems encountered by households related to

being away of the migrant

V. USE OF REMITTANCE

Information on the household use of the remittance from family members

abroad was collected. Majority (81.5%) of the households receive remittance

monthly, while a few (1.5%) reported that they do not receive any remittance

from their migrant members at all. Usually the remittance is claimed at the bank

(through fund transfer or deposit), or through other means, such as money

transfer facility (43.4%).

Table 3.29. Frequency of receiving remittance

Family has encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being

away in the last 3 months? Number Percent

Yes 48 29.6

No 114 70.4

Total 162 100.0

Problems (n = 48)

Problem of migrant and spouse 11 22.9

Strained relationship between migrant and child/children 10 20.8

Strained relationship between migrant and parents 16 33.3

Strained relationship between migrant and siblings 8 16.7

Homesickness 10 20.8

Difficulty during a child’s sickness 3 6.3

Delayed salary 1 2.1

Frequency of Remittance Number Percent

Monthly 326 81.5

Quarterly 30 7.5

Every two (2) months 30 7.5

Annually 5 1.3

Every six (6) months 2 0.5

Every four (4) months 1 0.2

Do not receive any remittance 6 1.5

Total 400 100.0

58


Table 3.30. Facility where remittance is claimed

Almost all (90.1%) of the households use the remittance for their

household expenses, as well as school expenses, medical expenses. Only 18

percent of the households save a portion of the remittance. These households

who save a portion of their remittances are those households who receive

monthly remittances. The amount of money saved monthly vary greatly among

households.

Table 3.31. Purpose of remittance

Facility where remittance is claimed Number Percent

Deposited to bank account 205 52.0

Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) 171 43.4

Sent thru friend / relative 20 5.1

Claimed at a bank remittance 1 0.3

Agency / local office 1 0.3

Total 394 100.0

Purpose of Remittance (n = 394) Number Percent

Household expenses 355 90.1

School expenses 200 50.8

Medical expenses 120 30.5

Savings 19 4.8

Investment on stocks, bank, etc. 1 0.3

Set up of business 3 0.8

Luxury items (cars, jewelry) 2 0.5

Shopping 4 1.0

Celebration of family occasions 6 1.5

Pay debts 15 3.8

Pay house mortgage 7 1.8

Total 394 100.0

59


Table 3.32. Number of households who save a portion of remittance

Table 3.33. Amount the households save

Households saving a portion of remittance Number Percent

Yes 70 17.8

No 324 82.2

Total 394 100.0

Amount of money set aside for savings Number Percent

less than 2000 16 22.9

2000 12 17.1

3000 7 10.0

3500 1 1.4

5000 15 21.4

10000 8 11.4

15000 2 2.9

20000 5 7.1

25000 and over 4 5.7

Total 70 100.0

Family Income and Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants

61


FAMILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE:

A COMPARISON BETWEEN HOUSEHOLDS

WITH AND WITHOUT MIGRANTS

The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) is the main source of

income and expenditure data in the Philippines. It is a nationwide survey of

households conducted regularly by the National Statistics Office (NSO), an

agency under the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). The most recent FIES

was conducted in 2012. One of the objectives in the conduct of FIES is to

gather data on family income and family living expenditure and related

information affecting income and expenditure levels and patterns in the

Philippines. The determination of the sources of income and income

distribution, levels of living and spending patterns, and the degree of inequality

among families is another objective of the said survey.

Data collected from households in Western Visayas was culled out from

the FIES 2012 database. The representative sample for Western Visayas is

2841 households. Analysis is only at the regional level since the dataset has no

identifier for the province or city.

The Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) 2012 database does

not identify whether there is a migrant or not in the household. In this study, a

“household with migrant” is a household with the annual cash receipts and

support from abroad that is greater than or equal to 12000 PHP. Note that the

minimum monthly remittance sent by migrants from Western Visayas is 1000

PHP or 12000 PHP per annum. The distribution of households with and without

migrants is presented in Figure 4.1. Of the 2841 households covered by the

FIES 2012, 610 are households with migrants.

Figure 4.1. Distribution of Respondents from Western Visayas in the

Family Income and Expenditure Survey, 2012

62


Table 4.1 shows the degree of dependence of households on receipts

from abroad. More than eight percent of the households covered in FIES 2012

are highly dependent on remittances because the receipts from abroad account

to more than 75 percent of the total household income. Receipts from abroad is

25 percent or less of the total household income for 43.28 percent of the

households.

Table 4.1. Distribution of Households with Migrants based on percentage

of receipts from abroad as a share of total income, 2012

I. INCOME

In FIES, total family income is defined as the sum of primary income and

receipts from other sources received by all family members during the reference

period as participants in any economic activity or as recipients of transfers,

pensions and grants, among others (Ericta and Fabian, 2009). Data shows that

average annual total family income of households with migrants is more than

double of the average annual family income of households without migrants

(Table 4.2).

Table 4.2. Average Total Family Income of Households in

Western Visayas, by Household Type, 2012

Share of Receipts from abroad to Total Income (%) Number of

Households Percentage

75.00 and above 51 8.36

50.00 to 74.99 123 20.16

25.00 to 49.99 172 28.20

Below 25 264 43.28

Total 610 100.00

Household Type Amount (PHP)

Without Migrant 155,807

With Migrant 367,437

All 201,247

63


Figure 4.2 shows the average annual family income disaggregated by

income source. Family income may be from salaries and wages, entrepreneurial

activities, or other income sources. Salaries and wages from employment

includes all forms of compensation whether in cash or in kind received by family

members who are regular or occasional or seasonal workers in agricultural and

non-agricultural industries. FIES defines entrepreneurial activity as any

economic activity, business or enterprise whether agricultural or non-agricultural

enterprises, engaged in by any member of the family as an operator or as self-

employed, including single proprietorship or loose partnership without formal

organization.

Salaries and wages account for 25 percent of the total family income of

households without migrants, which is lower compared to 49 percent for

households without migrants. The share of income from entrepreneurial

activities to total family income for households with and without migrants is at 15

percent and 24 percent, respectively.

With almost 60 percentage share, “other income sources” is the biggest

contributor to the income of households with migrants. As presented in Table

4.3, the income is mainly from cash receipts and support received by the

households from abroad.

Figure 4.2. Average Annual Family Income, by Income Source, 2012

64


Table 4.3. Percentage Share of income from different sources classified under “Other

Income” to Total Household income

II. EXPENDITURE

Figure 4.3 shows the total expenditure of households divided to food and

non-food expenditures. The average total annual expenditure of households

with migrants is more than double of the average annual expenditure of

households without migrants. The total expenditure of households with migrants

is 277,154 PHP while for households without migrants is at 131 246 PHP. The

share of non-food expenditure to total expenditure of households with migrants

is also higher at 63 percent compared to 50 percent for households without

migrant.

Income Source Without Migrant With Migrant All

Net Share of Crops, Fruits, etc. 0.50 0.70 0.58

Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Abroad 0.25 37.46 14.84

Cash Receipts, Support, etc. from Domestic Sources 7.59 2.81 5.72

Rentals Received from Non-Agricultural Lands 0.32 0.51 0.39

Interest 0.10 0.09 0.10

Pension and Retirement Funds 5.76 4.72 5.35

Dividends from Investment 0.11 0.09 0.11

Other Sources of Income 0.02 0.01 0.01

Family Sustenance Activities 2.76 0.90 2.03

Total Received as Gifts 2.66 4.14 3.24

Total Other Income 27.43 59.84 40.14

65


Figure 4.3. Average Annual Expenditure of Households in Western Visayas in PHP, by

Household Type, 2012

The biggest share of expenditure for households with migrants is on

housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels followed by expenditure on bread

and cereals (see Table 4.4). However, the percentage share of expenditure on

bread and cereals of household with migrants (9.82%) is lower compared to that

of households without migrants (17.72 %). The percentage share of expenditure

on non-food disbursement groups is higher for households with migrants.

66


Table 4.4. Average Annual Expenditure of Households with and without Migrants,

by Major Disbursement Groups, 2012

Disbursement Group

Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%)

Without Migrant

With Migrant

All

Bread and Cereals 17.72 9.82 14.83

Meat 4.64 4.92 4.74

Fish and Seafood 8.24 5.52 7.25

Milk, Cheese, and Eggs 2.90 3.36 3.07

Oils and Fats 0.79 0.62 0.73

Fruits 1.69 1.55 1.64

Vegetable 3.20 2.17 2.82

Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate, and Confectionery 1.15 0.82 1.03

Food Products not elsewhere classified 1.19 0.79 1.04

Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea 1.78 1.16 1.55

Mineral Water, Soft drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Juices 1.50 1.54 1.52

Alcoholic Beverages 1.30 0.70 1.08

Tobacco 1.10 0.53 0.90

Food Consumed Outside 4.61 4.37 4.52

Accommodation Services 0.15 0.20 0.17

Clothing and Footwear 2.50 3.19 2.75

Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels 16.57 19.78 17.75

Household Furnishing, Equipment, and Maintenance 2.51 3.55 2.89

Health 4.16 6.44 5.00

Transport 6.79 8.49 7.41

Communication 2.09 3.13 2.47

Recreation 0.98 1.73 1.25

Education 3.19 5.54 4.05

Miscellaneous Goods and Services 6.20 6.77 6.41

Other Expenditure 3.03 3.29 3.13

Other Disbursements 11.79 16.54 13.53

Total Expenditure 100.00 100.00 100.00

67


A. Meat Expenditure

The average annual expenditure on meat of households with migrants is

13, 624 PHP. This amount is more than twice of the annual expenditure on meat

of households without migrants, which is only 6,094 PHP. Biggest share of

expenditure on meat is on fresh pork followed by fresh chicken (Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.4. Share of Expenditure on Various Meat Products to

Average Annual Expenditure on Meat Products in Western Visayas, 2012

B. Electricity and Fuels

The share of expenditure on electricity to total expenditure is higher for

households with migrants compared to households without migrants (Figure

4.5). Households with migrants spends less on fuelwood and have negligible

expenditure on kerosene.

68


C. Education

Households with migrants also tend to spend a higher share of income

on education, as presented in Figure 4.6. The average expenditure of these

households more than 15000 PHP annually on education. Households without

migrants spend less than 5000 PHP on education. The spending on education

mostly goes to payment of tuition fees.

Figure 4.6. Household’s average annual expenditure on education, 2012

Fgure 4.5. Share of Expenditure on Electricity and Fuels to

Total Household Expenditure, 2012

69


D. Miscellaneous Goods and Services

Table 4.5 shows the expenditure on various items under Miscellaneous

Goods and Services. For all items, the average annual expenditure is higher for

households with migrants. The shares of expenditure on personal effects and

insurance to total expenditure are higher for households with migrants

compared to households without migrants.

Table 4.5. Average Annual Expenditure on Miscellaneous Goods

and Services, 2012

Disbursement Group

Average Annual Expenditure (PHP)

Expenditure as a Share of Total Expenditure (%)

Without

Migrant

With

Migrant All

Without

Migrant

With

Migrant All

Personal Care 4,599.91 8,784.24 5,498.34 3.50 3.17 3.38

Personal Effects 605.74 1,724.32 845.91 0.46 0.62 0.52

Life and Non-life

Insurance 2,794.77 6,685.26 3,630.11 2.13 2.41 2.23

Return and Reintegration of Migrants in Western Visayas

71


RETURN AND REINTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS

IN WESTERN VISAYAS

Within the Philippine context, it is known that there were

institutions created for the reintegration of returnees but compared

with other aspects of migration it is less evaluated. In most times,

returning migrants are not even aware that reintegration

mechanisms exist. It is undeniable that working abroad has given

great economic benefits to the country. However, this also entails

personal, social, and financial stresses to those who stopped

working abroad, thus focus must be given to how much return

migrants are losing when they come back home.

I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

A total of 13 respondents, 12 females and 1 male migrant, were

additionally interviewed for the study. The respondents are from the localities of

Capiz, Iloilo, Negros, Guimaras and Bacolod. All of whom are return migrants

and has been in the country in an average of 4.8 years after working in an

average of 3.7 years in places like Kuwait, Palau, China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar,

Hongkong, Dubai, and Singapore. The data was collected through Key

Informant Interviews (KII) which are qualitative in-depth interviews with subjects

who have a knowledge or understanding of the research at hand, in this case

return migrants and their experiences abroad. The researchers identified return

migrants through convenience sampling. Most of the interviews were done in

the migrant’s home although there were some who were interviewed in

restaurants or coffee shops.

72


Table 5.1. Profile of the respondents

II. COMMON THEMES ON RETURN AND REINTEGRATION

In countries where migration is a vital economic trend much of the

literature takes into account permanent migration. Though most migrants leave

the country for temporary work, after years of acculturation within the host

country, settling permanently (in that host country) ultimately becomes an end

goal. But temporary migration is not something to be ruled out since it occurs

more frequently than the former. According to Adda, Dustmann, and Mestres

(2006), both theoretical and empirical researches on migration gave little

attention to the fact that many migrants go back to their home country after

several years. Further readings expounded that even with higher wages (see

Table 5.2) in the host country, most migrants will still choose to go back home.

As seen in Table 5.2, interviewed migrants reasoned that family is the

core cause of their plight back home. One migrant explained that she would

rather take care of her children than take care of other people’s kids abroad.

Some pointed out that being away meant not being able to fulfil their

responsibilities as a parent or as a daughter/son to their parents or as a

husband/wife to their spouse. Here, the collective nature of Filipinos are seen,

with all of the interviewees repeatedly emphasizing that they would rather

sacrifice higher wages received abroad than be away from their family for years

on end. Some of those who were interviewed also shared how they were

mistreated at work, which gave all the more reason to leave the host country.

The respondents gave the following statements:

Sex Nature of Work

Average

Age

Average

Years

Abroad

Average Years in

the Philippines

After Return

Computed Average

Salary Abroad

(PHP)

Male Professional or blue-collar

manual type occupations 38.8 3.7 4.5 20,474.70

Female Health professional or domestic

-help occupations

73


Further, Dustmann (1995, 1997) also conveys that motives to return may

be due to the high purchasing power the host currency is enabling the migrants

when they return to their country of origin. Djajic and Milbourne (1988) say that

migrants may have a stronger preference for consumption in their origin country

than they do abroad (as cited in Adda, Dustmann, & Mestres, 2006). In one of

the interviews, a return migrant who has been in the country for 15 years after

working in Hong Kong related that before going back, she had three hundred

thousand pesos which she later spent on improving their house. Some also

engaged in business ventures such as multi-level marketing, selling burgers, or

Sari-sari stores that sustained everyday expenses. Others found jobs and

depended on their salaries to cover financial needs.

It is also a very common scenario for return migrants to go home to

renew their contracts and this process takes a lengthy period of time. Migration

in Asia is formed in a way that it is ephemeral, so return is viewed as something

compulsory. Here, it is undeniable that many do choose to re-migrate years

after they left their origin country, and it is vital for economies, to the Philippine

economy in particular, to have these migrants reintegrated back into society

whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the

“When Madam leaves the house, she takes note of the

food in the fridge so she would know how much did I

consume. She makes me work in the house of her mother and

does not give me time to rest. When I reached her house she

will make me work again; too often it is to iron clothes. She is

also very strict. She would smell each and every plate that I

washed.”—Dina, 41

“In Sweden having two bosses is prohibited but my

boss had me working in three houses. I work in his house from

Monday to Thursday. I spent Fridays at his daughter’s house.

Saturday in his in-laws, and I did all of that while I was

pregnant.”—Linda, 44

“I no longer wanted to stay; I did not like my boss’s

behavior. When she’s angry she locks us up in our bedroom

with nothing to eat for lunch and dinner.”—Jane, 37

74


whenever they return. Willoughby and Henderson (2009) presented in the

Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) that in order to achieve

sustainable reintegration, a country should fully harness the potential for

development of the returning migrant. If migrants are able to receive the support

they need in terms of cultural, social, and economic aspects, then migrants can

contribute to the development of the homeland (Rashad, 2014). In order to do

this, the migrants’ return, identity, and their years of experience abroad must be

taken into account. However, in most situations, this does not happen easily

since the migrants have their own problems to consider first. Migrant

interviewees related the additional statements,

Here, reintegration is hindered by personal, financial, and physical

reasons. Within the Philippine context, it is known that there are institutions

constructed for the reintegration of returnees but compared with other aspects

of migration it is less evaluated, and most times, returning migrants are not even

aware that a reintegration system exists. Further readings on Davids and van

Houte (2008) suggested that one should also consider the returnees level of

preparedness in terms of economic, psychological and social terms (as cited in

Willoughby & Henderson, 2009) because a migrant with low level of

preparedness might experience difficulties during the process, and the

possibility of having limited resources might hinder the migrant to achieve his/

her goals.

“I was supposed to renew my contract however I

decided to go home to save my relationship with my girlfriend

since I was caught having an affair with a fellow Filipino.”

—Carl, 37

“I wanted to save money then because I want to put up

a bakery. But my son was in college then. So most of my

earnings were spent on his needs.”—Dina, 41

“Our income is not enough to support our family. My

husband and I are now experiencing health problems as a

result of years of farming.”—Lin, 42

75


In the study of Anonuevo and Anonuevo (2003) entitled Women,

Migration, and Reintegration, results showed that despite long years of hard

work, majority of female migrants have not gained sufficient savings, much less

concocted immediate plans to stay in the country for good. It was also

emphasize that their husbands were not able to fulfil responsibilities at home,

and the female migrant themselves experienced difficulty in re-establishing

relationships with their children. Furthermore, most of the female returnees were

also not able to find jobs, and develop a social network to become part of their

community. It is within this context that psychological, social, and economic

embeddedness is important in order to develop a sense of identity and

belonging to one’s family and community, such an aspect is not easily achieved

by most (Willoughby & Henderson, 2009). Female migrants who were

interviewed related the following,

The Development Action for Women Network (DAWN) (2012) also

presented a number of reasons why this is so. Not surprisingly, like what is

mentioned above, most Filipino women migrants face countless issues, from

technical glitches in processing documents and papers to abandonment of

household members. Upon return, most migrants experience difficulty in finding

a local occupation that can sustain the family because skills that they learned

overseas are not directly and necessarily useful to their line of work here

(Rashad, 2014). It seemed that the economic hardships that had them migrating

in the first place had welcomed them back again. According to Khoser (2001),

many nations do not view the return of citizens as “migration.” The researcher

emphasized that returning back to one’s origin country is not only a matter of

coming back “home” and a lot more difficult than the notion would suggest. In a

“My husband did not have a regular job. We have to

depend on my father’s kindness all the time. My husband also

gets to be very difficult to deal with. We always fought and he

can get very physical.”—Tony, 38

“The problem I encountered with returning to my

nursing profession is that I would have to be a volunteer. I

needed to renew all my certifications, which would entail

additional expenses. And these expenses are not

commensurate with what I earn as a volunteer.” —Maggie, 30

76


number of cases, the returning migrants cannot entirely absorb how much or

how little “home” has transformed (Boccagni, 2011).

Though a couple of migrants were lucky enough to get assistance from

institutions like OWWA and a money grant to start off a sari-sari store from the

local government, most who were interviewed related that they did not receive

any assistance or support from the local government, and a one admitted that

they do not even know where to ask for help in the first place:

It is here that the reintegration of Overseas Filipinos must be a

comprehensive policy not only in paper but also in the establishment of action,

community-based programs that can cater to the social, economic, and

psychological needs of returning migrants (Anonuevo & Anonuevo, 2003). In

addition, savings, investment schemes, and credit and loan programs should

also be accessible to the returnees in order optimize the earnings of migrant

employment for social and economic development.

“No, I don’t know where to go to ask for help.”

—Tony, 38

“I didn’t get any help from government when I came

back to the Philippines.”—Rose, 45

“None. I did not receive any support from the

government.”—Lin, 42

“No I did not receive any help from the government.”

—Iza, 38

77


Table 5.2. Common Themes

Common Themes

Reasons for Returning

Work Related Family Related Personal Reasons

Well-being and safety concerns

within the host country and the

workplace

Maltreatment: staying for extended

months because the boss did not

acknowledge end of contract

Heavy work load

The boss is very strict and

criticizing

To retire and spend more time with

children

To get married and start a family

To save a relationship

Due to pregnancy

To provide children with a college

education

Husband is not providing proper care

to the children

To go back to school and take

units in education

To start own business in the

Philippines

Current Sources of Income

Salary Business Agriculture

Teacher

BPO Agent

On-call or irregular jobs (e.g.

barangay secretary)

Multi-level Marketing

Buy and sell

Sari-sari Store

Selling burgers to deliver to outlets

Farming

Return to the country and Reintegration

Preparations Difficulties Experienced Government Assistance

Saving salary received for extra

money

Bought a house in the Philippines

Hunted for jobs in the Philippines in

advance

Getting a job in the same profession

The husband is not fulfilling his

responsibility

Health problems (e.g. gallstones and

old age)

OWWA was able to pay

PhilHealth and SSS

contributions while in abroad

Initial financial outlay to start a

Sari-sari store

Did not receive any aid or

assistance at all

Government and Private Sector Programs for Migrants

79


GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS

FOR MIGRANTS

I. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS

When placed next to its ASEAN neighbors, it comes as no surprise that

the Philippines has more extensive experience in sending manpower abroad.

Throughout the years, numerous policies and programs have been crafted by

the government in order to realize potential migration for work. These policies

and programs have a main objective in mind, that is to achieve economic and

social benefits for Filipino migrants, their families, communities and the country

as a whole (De Vries, 2011).

It has been thirty years since the country adopted a policy of exporting

skilled and unskilled labor for overseas jobs (Opiniano, 2004). If discussed in

detail, international migration really gained mainstream consciousness in 1995,

during the Flor Contemplacion incident (the Filipina who was executed in

Singapore for murder in 1995). This ultimately led to the passing of a law for

overseas Filipinos, Republic Act 8042, or better known as the Migrant Workers

and Overseas Filipinos Act, where Section 2C states the following:

As presented by Sto. Tomas (2003), the State also has its basic

premises and policies, a few of which are quoted below:

“The State does not promote overseas employment as a means

to sustain economic growth and achieve national development, and

that the existence of the overseas employment program rests solely on

the assurance that the dignity and fundamental human rights of the

Filipino citizen shall not, at any time, be compromised or violated.”

“As a strategy for labor migration management, the government

shall explore and develop more and better markets for overseas

employment;”

80


The State also commits to maximizing the benefits and minimizing the

costs of overseas employment by facilitating an orderly and systematic

documentation of workers, adequate protection against abuses and exploitation

before, during, and after employment. With this objective came the

development of a four-pronged strategy of regulation, protection, reintegration,

and support to families of overseas Filipinos by the country’s Department of

Labor and Employment (DOLE). During the International Dialogue on Migration

last 2007; Assistant Secretary for Policy, Programs and International Affairs of

the Philippine DOLE, Rebecca J. Calzado presented this four-pronged strategy,

the first two are as follows:

“The government shall ensure that OFWs are qualitatively at par

with, if not superior to, their foreign counterparts through technical

education and training programs for OFWs” and;

“The government will ensure that OFWs are protected from the

perils of overseas employment, stemming from government’s

deepening appreciation of its moral responsibility over them, aside from

its earnest recognition of their monumental importance as partners in

nation building.”

“Regulation involves a number of official interventions to facilitate

not only the orderly outflow, but also the return of the OFW. The

interventions include a licensing system for recruitment agents,

standards for recruitment fees, wages and working conditions,

repatriation of workers and the posting of bonds, and standard

employment contracts that prescribe definite tenure and the employer’s

duty to assist the OFW in facilitating their return to the Philippines once

the contract expires.”

“Protection of OFWs is afforded on-site and off-site. At both ends,

the value of returning home is impressed upon the OFW. Off-site,

workers undergo country-specific pre-employment and pre-deployment

orientation to inform them not only on the risks and possible problems of

overseas employment, but also the gains that they can achieve in terms

of skills acquisition and knowledge. The worker is also enrolled for

health, life insurance, housing and social security.”

81


By the end of the 1980’s, the need for a comprehensive reintegration

program was also realized by both government and non-governmental

organizations (NGOs). These institutions started programs and activities to

address pressing problems and issues regarding return of Filipino migrants. The

first regional consultation on reintegration was organized by The Asian

Migration Center based in Hongkong. And In December of 1988 in Manila, more

than 50 representatives from Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong,

Thailand, Nepal, and Philippines participated in the meeting to address and

resolve issues on reintegration within the Asian region (Tornea, 2003). Calzado

(2007) defined the last two of the four-pronged strategy as follows:

Additionally, having the aforementioned policy also led to the

establishment of institutions specializing and managing almost every aspect of

migration and worker development, with programs and services ranging from

deployment, maintaining the migrant and his/her family’s welfare, and the

migrant’s return (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). Some of these institutions

are the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), Overseas

Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), and Commission on Filipino

Overseas (CFO), and the National Reintegration Center for Overseas Filipino

Workers (NRCO).

“Reintegration means preparing the OFW to become a productive

contributor to the domestic economy, either through employment or

entrepreneurship, upon his or her return. Notably, the Philippines has

forged agreements with some host countries where OFWs are contract

bound to return to the Philippines on a regular or occasional basis, and

where these host countries are encouraged to support this effort by

providing mechanisms and channels that enable OFWs to move easily

between the Philippines and the destination countries.”

“Support to families refers to the assistance in ensuring the well-

being of the OFW family, as well as building their entrepreneurial

capacity consistent with the ideal that, eventually, the OFW and his or

her family will no longer prefer overseas work as the only source of

income. Programs in this area comprise a whole range of interventions

that seek to keep family ties stronger despite the distance, and to build

capacities for sustained livelihood.”

82


The POEA centers on two primary functions. First is to encourage

maximum employment for Filipino overseas, and second, to protect the workers’

rights to fair and equitable labor practices (Philippine Overseas Employment

Administration, 2010). These mandates however, do not cover Filipinos leaving

as permanent migrants but only those who leave for temporary or contractual

employment. In general, the POEA performs executive, quasi-legislative and

quasi-judicial functions.

Considered as the Philippine’s administrative body for the provision of

welfare services, OWWA takes into account economic and social concerns of

overseas Filipinos. Consistent with this, OWWA’s main programs include (a)

family welfare and assistance programs; (b) insurance and health care program;

(c) and workers’ assistance and on-site services; and (d) education and training

programs (Orbeta, Abrigo, & Cabalfin, 2009). In addition, it may also provide

services for livelihood organizing programs like the Livelihood Development

Program for OFW’s (LDPO), which was formed to render support services like

project financing, technical assistance in project planning, and training for

income-generating projects (Tornea, 2003).

CFO, on the other hand, has four programs in operation. First is The

Migrant Social and Economic Integration, which prepares overseas Filipinos in

the face of migration-related problems before, during, and after migration.

Second is The Filipino and Heritage Program, which seeks to encourage

awareness of the culture and history of the Philippines, and the different

institutions facilitating Philippine schools overseas. The All-Filipino Unity and

National Development Program is the third, which aims at promoting unity

among Filipino organizations abroad through enhancement of leadership skills,

and recognizing overseas Filipinos with contributions, expertise, and resources

that may contribute to the economy. The fourth is The Policy Development and

Data Banking Program, intended to provide guidance for policy-making and

program development (Commission on Filipino Overseas, 2015).

Lastly, the NRCO with programs like the Classroom Galing sa

Mamamayang Pilipino Abroad (CGMA) that built over 300 classrooms since

2006 (Department of Labor and Employment Website, 2013). NRCO also

provides counselling services that present options for returning migrants to

invest, get into employment or business, and/or engage in other community

development opportunities; capability building services that provide knowledge

on managing finances and savings; networking and linkaging, and assistance

desk. Orbeta, Abrigo, and Cabalfin (2009) stated that these programs are under

83


the Center’s P+ Program Framework which consists of the following services: (i)

Pagpapayo (Reintegration Advocacy), (ii) Pagsasanay (Basic Skills Training,

Upgrading and Retooling), (iii) Paghahanapbuhay (Job Search Assistance), and

(iv) Pagnenegosyo (Economic, Social Enterprise Development). BY January

2009, the P+ Reintegration Services has benefitted a total of 667,252 OFWs

and their families.

II. PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS FOR MIGRANTS

What came with over 30 years of international labor migration in the

Philippines is the establishment of various non-government agencies that

promotes, offers services, assistance, and protects migrant Filipino workers.

Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation Inc., Kabalikat ng Migranteng

Pilipino Inc. (KAMPI), Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA), Mindanao Migrants Center

for Empowering Actions Inc. (MMICEA), and St. Mary Euphrasia Foundation -

Center for Overseas Workers (COW) are several of those agencies.

Formed in 1996, Unlad Kabayan Migrant Foundation focuses on directing

migrant’s savings into business and entrepreneurship while concentrating in

some of the poorest areas in the country. The organization arm migrants with

knowledge, skills and support needed in running businesses so that they can

fully integrate into society (Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation, Inc.,

2015). On one hand, KAMPI is “committed to uplift and educate the Filipino

Migrant Worker in preparation to overseas employment through an integrated

pre-departure curriculum as prescribed by law through the use of modern

technology and innovative approaches” (Kabalikat ng Migranteng Pilipino Inc.,

2015) . Another is MFA which was formed back in 1994 in Taiwan. It is a

network of non-government organizations, trade unions, associations and

independent advocates uplifting the rights and welfare of overseas workers in

Asia (Migrant Forum in Asia, 2015). It acts as a facilitator in unifying members of

every organization in taking action on violence against women migrants, unfair

living conditions, unemployment and other issues faced by overseas Filipinos. A

similar agency called MMCEAI was later on accredited with the Philippine

Securities and Exchange Commission on April 10, 2008. It is a service center

for both present and returning workers, their families and communities. The

center conducted activities such as counselling and referrals in order to address

distress responses from migrants, especially those who are victims of cheap

labor, trafficking and the likes. It also has the goal of operating within the whole

84


of Mindanao area, specifically the four exit ports used for illegal recruitment and

trafficking of women and children: Zamboanga, Cagayan de Oro, General

Santos, and Davao (Mindanao Migrants Center for Empowering Actions Inc.,

2015). On one hand, a separate agency called COW caters to the needs of

OFWs, their families, and Filipinos who married foreign nationals as a response

to the ever-increasing number of Filipinos abroad. It was established back in

1982 by the Good Shepherd Sisters, with programs and activities registered

and accredited by the Security Exchange Commission and the Department of

Social Welfare and Development (Center for Overseas Workers, 2015).

Banking institutions also provided services for the remittances of

overseas Filipinos. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) created an

interactive link that can give information on the different banks and non-banks

remittance in operation in the country. This includes the branch locations,

remittance center, products and services and their corresponding charges or

fees when sending remittances in any part of the Philippines (BSP, 2015).

Banco de Oro (BDO), Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Union Bank

(Western Union), and Robinsons Bank are few of the banks that offer such

services.

With offices in Asia, North America, Europe and Middle East, BDO Remit

can provides fast, secured, and reliable transactions from anywhere in the

world. Savings account intended for overseas Filipinos are also available by

opening BDO Kabayan Savings Account. Similar services are offered by BPI

where day-to-day expenses and savings are addressed by BPInoy Savings

through direct credit to account transaction, and also BPI Global Remittance.

Lastly, the Handog Remittance Service of Robinson Bank, and Western Union

offers real time receiving of remittance using short message service or SMS.

85


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Appendix A: Stock Estimates of Migrants from Western Visayas

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Appendix Table 1. Number of Migrants from the Provinces and

Highly Urbanized Cities in Western Visayas, 1988-2012

Appendix Table 2. Number of Migrants from the municipalities

in the Province of Aklan, 1988-2012

Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage

Aklan 3639 6.99

Antique 2090 4.01

Bacolod City 10460 20.08

Capiz 3741 7.18

Guimaras 612 1.18

Iloilo 9927 19.06

Iloilo City 12655 24.30

Negros Occidental 8956 17.20

Total 52080 100

Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage

Altavas 120 3.30

Balete 59 1.62

Banga 351 9.65

Batan 75 2.06

Buruanga 44 1.21

Ibajay 127 3.49

Kalibo (Capital) 1286 35.34

Lezo 120 3.30

Libacao 41 1.13

Madalag 38 1.04

Makato 208 5.72

Malay 171 4.70

Malinao 182 5.00

Nabas 108 2.97

New Washington 188 5.17

Numancia 427 11.73

Tangalan 88 2.42

Not Reported 6 0.16

Total 3639 100.00

90


Appendix Table 3. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities

in the Province of Antique, 1988-2012

City / Municipality Number of Migrants Percentage

Anini-y 70 3.35

Barbaza 65 3.11

Belison 37 1.77

Bugasong 131 6.27

Caluya 8 0.38

Culasi 122 5.84

Hamtic 167 7.99

Laua-An 38 1.82

Libertad 64 3.06

Pandan 166 7.94

Patnongon 182 8.71

San Jose (Capital) 456 21.82

San Remigio 70 3.35

Sebaste 62 2.97

Sibalom 190 9.09

Tibiao 88 4.21

Tobias Fornier (Dao) 139 6.65

Valderrama 33 1.58

Not Reported 2 0.10

Total 2090 100.00

91


Appendix Table 4. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City

in the Province of Capiz, 1988-2012


Cuartero 82 2.19

Dao 93 2.49

Dumalag 172 4.60

Dumarao 119 3.18

Ivisan 96 2.57

Jamindan 40 1.07

Ma-Ayon 54 1.44

Mambusao 204 5.45

Panay 124 3.31

Panitan 115 3.07

Pilar 124 3.31

Pontevedra 156 4.17

President Roxas 102 2.73

Roxas City (Capital) 1995 53.33

Sapi-An 76 2.03

Sigma 98 2.62

Tapaz 88 2.35

Not Reported 3 0.08

Total 3741 100.00

92


Appendix Table 5. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and City

in the Province of Iloilo, 1988-2012


Ajuy 166 1.67

Alimodian 255 2.57

Anilao 55 0.55

Badiangan 100 1.01

Balasan 120 1.21

Banate 194 1.95

Barotac Nuevo 427 4.30

Barotac Viejo 102 1.03

Batad 31 0.31

Bingawan 35 0.35

Cabatuan 435 4.38

Calinog 231 2.33

Carles 68 0.69

City Of Passi 350 3.53

Concepcion 54 0.54

Dingle 270 2.72

Dueñas 242 2.44

Dumangas 471 4.74

Estancia 164 1.65

Guimbal 241 2.43

Igbaras 230 2.32

Janiuay 377 3.80

Lambunao 226 2.28

Leganes 251 2.53

Lemery 29 0.29

Leon 283 2.85

Maasin 173 1.74

Miagao 471 4.74

Mina 113 1.14

New Lucena 155 1.56

Oton 761 7.67

Pavia 428 4.31

Pototan 537 5.41

San Dionisio 55 0.55

San Enrique 97 0.98

93


Appendix Table 5. continued


San Joaquin 191 1.92

San Miguel 200 2.01

San RafaSel 44 0.44

Santa Barbara 582 5.86

Sara 174 1.75

Tigbauan 335 3.37

Tubungan 42 0.42

Zarraga 143 1.44

Not Reported 19 0.19

Total 9927 100.00

94


Appendix Table 6. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities and Cities

in the Province of Negros Occidental, 1988-2012


Bago City 496 5.54

Binalbagan 406 4.53

Cadiz City 495 5.53

Calatrava 168 1.88

Candoni 18 0.20

Cauayan 134 1.50

City Of Kabankalan 425 4.75

City Of Talisay 687 7.67

City Of Victorias 672 7.50

Enrique B. Magalona (Saravia) 161 1.80

Escalante 293 3.27

Himamaylan 259 2.89

Hinigaran 357 3.99

Hinoba-An (Asia) 69 0.77

Ilog 141 1.57

Isabela 84 0.94

La Carlota City 439 4.90

La Castellana 145 1.62

Manapla 191 2.13

Moises Padilla (Magallon) 40 0.45

Murcia 161 1.80

Pontevedra 179 2.00

Pulupandan 146 1.63

Sagay City 529 5.91

Salvador Benedicto 2 0.02

San Carlos City 885 9.88

San Enrique 123 1.37

Silay City 872 9.74

Sipalay 116 1.30

Toboso 105 1.17

Valladolid 124 1.38

Not Reported 34 0.38

Total 8956 100.00

95


Appendix Table 7. Number of Migrants from the Municipalities

in the Province of Guimaras, 1988-2012


Guimaras 612 100.00

Buenavista 298 48.69

Jordan (Capital) 161 26.31

Nueva Valencia 120 19.61

San Lorenzo 22 3.59

Sibunag 10 1.63

Not Reported 1 0.16

Guimaras 612 100.00

Appendix B: Detailed Tables of Family Expenditure

97

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4.9

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e

18

734

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18

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Oth

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11

63.2

7 1

860

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13

13.0

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Bre

ad

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06.1

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28

81.8

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1.6

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75

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88

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3

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at

60

93.7

8 1

362

3.9

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710

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4 4

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4.7

4

Fre

sh M

eat

48

82.0

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4.6

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3.7

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44

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19

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45

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23

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Pre

serv

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eat

1

104

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29

92.8

0 1

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3

98

MIG

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15

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7

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7

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72

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3 1

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.46

13

53.0

0 1

.03

0.4

9 0

.83

Oth

er V

ege

tab

le-b

ase

d P

rod

ucts

2

0.0

9 1

1.0

2 1

8.1

4 0

.02

0.0

0 0

.01

Fo

od

Co

ns

um

ed

At

Ho

me

5

880

0.5

3 8

943

8.4

6 6

537

8.8

9 4

4.8

0 3

2.2

7 4

0.2

1

Fo

od

Co

ns

um

ed

Ou

tsid

e

60

49.7

5 1

210

4.3

1 7

349

.74

4.6

1 4

.37

4.5

2

Re

stau

ran

t, C

afe

s, a

nd

the

like

6

242

.45

12

671

.61

76

22.8

7 4

.76

4.5

7 4

.69

Re

stau

ran

t and

Caf

es

37

66.0

1 7

768

.01

46

25.2

9 2

.87

2.8

0 2

.85

Ca

nte

en

2

283

.74

43

36.3

1 2

724

.46

1.7

4 1

.56

1.6

8

Ac

com

mo

da

tion

Se

rvic

es

1

92

.70

56

7.3

0 2

73

.13

0.1

5 0

.20

0.1

7

Clo

thin

g a

nd

Fo

otw

ea

r 3

279

.22

88

44.2

5 4

474

.11

2.5

0 3

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2.7

5

Clo

thin

g

23

31.4

2 6

075

.78

31

35.3

8 1

.78

2.1

9 1

.93

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otw

ear

94

7.8

0 2

768

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13

38.7

2 0

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1.0

0 0

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10

3

MIG

RA

TIO

N A

ND

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T I

NIT

IAT

IVE

- W

ES

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RN

VIS

AY

AS

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bu

rse

me

nt

Gro

up

Av

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ge

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nu

al E

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nd

iture

(P

HP

) E

xp

end

itu

re a

s a

Sh

are

of

To

tal E

xpen

dit

ure

(%

)

Wit

ho

ut

Mig

ran

t W

ith

Mig

ran

t A

ll W

ith

ou

t M

igra

nt

Wit

h M

igra

nt

All

Ho

us

ing

, Wat

er,

Ele

ctri

city

, Ga

s, a

nd

Oth

er

Fu

els

2

174

8.8

8 5

482

7.2

0 2

885

1.2

3 1

6.5

7 1

9.7

8 1

7.7

5

Re

nta

l 1

186

9.9

9 3

174

2.7

0 1

613

6.9

2 9

.04

11

.45

9.9

3

Impu

ted

Ren

tals

1

146

7.2

1 3

096

3.2

5 1

565

3.2

6 8

.74

11

.17

9.6

3

Ma

inte

nan

ce a

nd

rep

air

8

16

.82

19

26.0

1 1

054

.98

0.6

2 0

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0.6

5

Wa

ter

Su

pply

an

d M

isce

llan

eou

s S

erv

ice

s 6

51

.97

20

75.5

4 9

57

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0.5

0 0

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0.5

9

Ele

ctric

ity,

Ga

s, a

nd

Oth

er F

ue

ls

84

10.1

0 1

908

2.9

6 1

070

1.7

1 6

.41

6.8

9 6

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Ele

ctic

ity

46

81.3

6 1

365

1.7

8 6

607

.43

3.5

7 4

.93

4.0

6

LP

G

52

6.4

8 2

408

.72

93

0.6

2 0

.40

0.8

7 0

.57

Ker

ose

ne

24

6.5

6 6

8.1

3 2

08

.25

0.1

9 0

.02

0.1

3

Fu

elw

ood

2

085

.78

12

57.0

9 1

907

.85

1.5

9 0

.45

1.1

7

Ch

arc

oa

l 8

13

.00

16

74.1

5 9

97

.90

0.6

2 0

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0.6

1

Oth

er

56

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23

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49

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0.0

4 0

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0.0

3

10

4

MIG

RA

TIO

N A

ND

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T I

NIT

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IVE

- W

ES

TE

RN

VIS

AY

AS

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bu

rse

me

nt

Gro

up

Av

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ge

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nu

al E

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(P

HP

) E

xp

end

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re a

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are

of

To

tal E

xpen

dit

ure

(%

)

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ho

ut

Mig

ran

t W

ith

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ran

t A

ll W

ith

ou

t M

igra

nt

Wit

h M

igra

nt

All

Fu

rnis

hin

g, H

ou

seh

old

Eq

uip

me

nt,

an

d H

ou

seh

old

Ma

inte

na

nc

e

32

94.1

9 9

833

.24

46

98.2

1 2

.51

3.5

5 2

.89

Fu

nitu

re, F

urn

ish

ings

, C

arp

et,

and

Oth

er F

loor

Co

verin

gs

8.2

2 1

7.1

7 1

0.1

4 0

.01

0.0

1 0

.01

Ho

use

ho

ld T

ext

ile

10

9.3

6 4

02

.23

17

2.2

4 0

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0.1

5 0

.11

Fur

nis

hin

g F

abri

cs

25

.22

12

8.7

5 4

7.4

5 0

.02

0.0

5 0

.03

Bed

din

gs

15

.95

93

.40

32

.58

0.0

1 0

.03

0.0

2

Bed

she

et,

Pill

ow

Ca

ses,

Bla

nke

ts, M

osq

uito

Ne

ts

52

.86

12

7.0

6 6

8.7

9 0

.04

0.0

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Oth

er H

ou

seh

old

Te

xtile

1

5.3

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use

ho

ld A

pplia

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s 2

75

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12

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4 4

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0.2

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9

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jor

App

lianc

es

18

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35

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all

Ele

ctri

c A

pp

lian

ces

83

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23

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3 1

16

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0.0

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pa

ir of

Hou

seh

old

Ap

plia

nce

s 5

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9 6

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0.0

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.00

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0

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ssw

are

, Ta

ble

war

e, a

nd H

ouse

ho

ld U

ten

sils

3

6.5

6 9

1.9

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8.4

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0.0

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To

ols

an

d E

quip

men

t fo

r H

ou

se

8.5

0 3

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2 0

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0.0

0 0

.00

Go

ods

and

Se

rvic

es

for R

out

ine

Ho

use

hold

Ma

inte

nan

ce

26

21.8

5 6

732

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35

04.4

7 2

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2.4

3 2

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No

n-d

ura

ble

Ho

use

ho

ld G

oo

ds

16

54.7

3 2

611

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18

60.0

7 1

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0.9

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Do

me

stic

an

d H

ouse

ho

ld S

erv

ice

s 9

67

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41

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6 1

644

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0.7

4 1

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1.0

1

He

alth

5

459

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17

861

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81

22.5

6 4

.16

6.4

4 5

.00

10

5

MIG

RA

TIO

N A

ND

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T I

NIT

IAT

IVE

- W

ES

TE

RN

VIS

AY

AS

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bu

rse

me

nt

Gro

up

Av

era

ge

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nu

al E

xpe

nd

iture

(P

HP

) E

xp

end

itu

re a

s a

Sh

are

of

To

tal E

xpen

dit

ure

(%

)

Wit

ho

ut

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ran

t W

ith

Mig

ran

t A

ll W

ith

ou

t

Mig

ran

t W

ith

Mig

ran

t A

ll

Tra

ns

po

rt

89

13.5

5 2

353

3.8

1 1

205

2.7

1 6

.79

8.4

9 7

.41

Pu

rcha

se o

f Ve

hic

le

12

76.1

1 5

279

.31

21

35.6

5 0

.97

1.9

0 1

.31

Ca

rs

77

6.0

1 4

076

.89

14

84.7

6 0

.59

1.4

7 0

.91

Mo

torc

ycle

4

46

.54

86

2.0

9 5

35

.76

0.3

4 0

.31

0.3

3

Bic

ycle

an

d T

ricyc

le

53

.56

26

6.5

6 9

9.2

9 0

.04

0.1

0 0

.06

An

ima

l-dra

wn

veh

icle

s 0

.00

73

.77

15

.84

0.0

0 0

.03

0.0

1

Op

era

tion

of P

erso

na

l Tra

nsp

ort E

quip

men

t 2

375

.79

75

04.2

0 3

476

.93

1.8

1 2

.71

2.1

4

Spa

re P

art

s an

d A

cce

sso

ries

21

6.5

9 6

97

.06

31

9.7

5 0

.17

0.2

5 0

.20

Fu

el a

nd L

ubr

ican

ts

18

96.4

0 5

893

.99

27

54.7

4 1

.44

2.1

3 1

.69

Ma

inte

nace

and

Re

pa

ir 2

16

.06

77

3.7

1 3

35

.80

0.1

6 0

.28

0.2

1

Oth

er S

ervi

ces

46

.73

13

9.4

4 6

6.6

4 0

.04

0.0

5 0

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Co

mm

un

ica

tion

2

746

.13

86

78.1

9 4

019

.82

2.0

9 3

.13

2.4

7

Re

cre

atio

n

12

79.9

2 4

795

.46

20

34.7

5 0

.98

1.7

3 1

.25

Ed

uc

atio

n

41

92.6

6 1

535

4.6

8 6

589

.29

3.1

9 5

.54

4.0

5

Tu

itio

n F

ees

26

09.5

5 1

057

9.4

0 4

320

.78

1.9

9 3

.82

2.6

6

Ed

uca

tion

no

t def

inab

le b

y le

vel

31

.01

22

1.4

8 7

1.9

1 0

.02

0.0

8 0

.04

Allo

wa

nce

for F

amily

Mem

bers

1

061

.32

34

88.3

8 1

582

.44

0.8

1 1

.26

0.9

7

Oth

er E

duca

tiona

l Exp

en

ses

49

0.7

7 1

065

.42

61

4.1

6 0

.37

0.3

8 0

.38

10

6

MIG

RA

TIO

N A

ND

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T I

NIT

IAT

IVE

- W

ES

TE

RN

VIS

AY

AS

Dis

bu

rse

me

nt

Gro

up

Av

era

ge

An

nu

al E

xpe

nd

iture

(P

HP

) E

xp

end

itu

re a

s a

Sh

are

of

To

tal E

xpen

dit

ure

(%

)

Wit

ho

ut

Mig

ran

t W

ith

Mig

ran

t A

ll W

ith

ou

t M

igra

nt

Wit

h M

igra

nt

All

Mis

ce

llan

eou

s G

oo

ds

an

d S

erv

ice

s

81

36.6

9 1

876

9.0

0 1

041

9.5

8 6

.20

6.7

7 6

.41

Pe

rson

al C

are

4

599

.91

87

84.2

4 5

498

.34

3.5

0 3

.17

3.3

8

Pe

rson

al E

ffect

s 6

05

.74

17

24.3

2 8

45

.91

0.4

6 0

.62

0.5

2

So

cia

l Pro

tect

ion

0

.00

0.0

0 0

.00

0.0

0 0

.00

0.0

0

Life

an

d N

on-l

ife In

sura

nce

2

794

.77

66

85.2

6 3

630

.11

2.1

3 2

.41

2.2

3

Oth

er

Exp

end

iture

3

979

.90

91

23.2

8 5

084

.25

3.0

3 3

.29

3.1

3

Ta

xes

22

07.6

3 4

978

.21

28

02.5

1 1

.68

1.8

0 1

.72

Gift

s a

nd

Co

ntrib

utio

n to

Oth

ers

17

02.7

1 4

011

.71

21

98.4

9 1

.30

1.4

5 1

.35

Oth

er E

xpe

nditu

re

69

.56

13

3.3

5 8

3.2

6 0

.05

0.0

5 0

.05

Oth

er

Dis

bu

rse

me

nts

1

547

1.3

7 4

583

6.8

8 2

199

1.2

4 1

1.7

9 1

6.5

4 1

3.5

3

To

tal F

oo

d

64

850

.28

10

154

2.7

7 7

272

8.6

4 4

9.4

1 3

6.6

4 4

4.7

4

To

tal N

on

-Fo

od

6

639

6.4

7 1

756

11.

88

89

846

.45

50

.59

63

.36

55

.26

To

tal E

xpen

ditu

re

13

124

6.7

5 2

771

54.

65

16

257

5.0

9 1

00

.00

10

0.0

0 1

00

.00

Appendix C: Survey Instrument

108


National Economic Development Authority

University of the Philippines Visayas Foundation, Inc.

MIGRATION SITUATION IN WESTERN VISAYAS

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

IDENTIFICATION

PROVINCE 01 02 03 04 05 06

AKLAN ANTIQUE CAPIZ GUIMARAS ILOILO NEGROS OCCIDENTAL

CITY/MUNICIPALITY 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

KALIBO SAN JOSE ROXAS CITY JORDAN ILOILO CITY OTON STA. BARBARA BACOLOD CITY SILAY SAN CARLOS

BARANGAY

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER

NAME OF RESPONDENT

Number of Migrants in the Household Note: NUMBER OF MIGRANT INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE SHOULD CORRESPOND TO THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS IN THE

HOUSEHOLD

CONTACT INFORMATION

Date of Interview

Interviewer’s Name

Encoder

109


PART 1. MIGRANT INFORMATION Note: ONE INFORMATION SHEET PER MIGRANT

HOUSEHOLD NUMBER MIGRANT NUMBER IS THE MIGRANT PRESENT DURING THE INTERVIEW YES NO

SECTION 1. SOCIO-DEOMGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OFWS

1 NAME OF MIGRANT ____________________________________________________________________

2 SEX 01 02

MALE lalaki FEMALE babayi

3 CIVIL STATUS Estado

01

02 03 04

NEVER MARRIED/SINGLE wala naka-agi pakasal / solo lawas MARRIED/LIVING-IN kasado / may ginapuyo WIDOWED balo SEPARATED/DIVORCED/ANNULLED separado / separada

4

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL

ATTAINMENT Pinakata-as nga tinun-an

00

01 02 03

04 05 06 07 08 09 98

NO GRADE COMPLETED wala sang grado nga natapusan PRE-SCHOOL nursery ukon kinder ELEMENTARY LEVEL elementarya ELEMENTARY GRADUATE nakatapos sa elementarya HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL hayskul HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE nakatapos sa hayskul COLLEGE LEVEL college COLLEGE GRADUATE nakatapos sa college POST BACCALAUREATE masters ukon doctorate TECHNICAL/VOCATIONAL DON’T KNOW wala ako kabalo

5 RESIDENCE STATUS Estado sang pagpuyo

01 02 03

PERMANENT permanente TEMPORARY temporaryo IRREGULAR indi dokumentado

6 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Estado sa Trabaho

01

02

03

04

REGULAR regular (kompleto sa binipisyo) CASUAL casual (wala pa sang binipisyo) JOB ORDER/CONTRACTUAL kon may kinahanglanon lang ang opisina / kompaniya OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ________________________

END OF SECTION 1. PROCEED TO SECTION 2.

110


SECTION 2. WORK HISTORY OF OFW

A. BEFORE GOING ABROAD

7

What was your job before going abroad? Ano ang imo ubra antes ikaw maglakat

sa luwas sang pungsod?

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

95

OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMT AND SPECIAL -INTEREST

ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon (NGO) CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga kumpaniya / manager PROFESSIONAL propesyonal TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa

technician CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay

kag iban pa FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/nagapamakal PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER

machine operator sa planta LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga

obra sa construction NO WORK Wala obra OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________

8

What is the main

reason why you left

for abroad?

Ano ang rason nga-a naglakat ikaw sa

luwas sang pungsod?

01

02

95

BETTER PAYING JOB agud may mata-as nga sweldo

TO BE WITH FAMILY agud maka-upod sa akon pamilya

OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________________

111


B. PRESENT JOB

9 What year did the migrant leave for abroad? _______________________ Sang ano nga tu-ig ikaw naglakat sa luwas sang pungsod?

10

How many months, in total, has the migrant been working abroad? Pila na tanan bulan ikaw nagatrabaho sa luwas sang pungsod? Please note month and year migrant started working abroad

_____________________________________

11

What is your present job abroad? Ano ang imo trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod?

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 95

OFFICIAL OF GOVERNEMENT AND SPECIAL -INTEREST

ORGANIZATION Nagatrabaho bilang opisyal sa gobyerno ukon organisasyon pareho sa mga NGO CORPORATE EXECUTIVE/MANAGER May pwesto sa privado nga companiya / manager PROFESSIONAL propesyonal TECHNICIAN AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSIONAL Nagatrabaho bilang technician ukon nagabulig sa

technician CLERK nagatrabaho bilang sekretarya sa opisina SERVICE WORKER nagahatag serbisyo pareho sang waiter, janitor, masahista, yaya, kabulig sa sulod balay

kag iban pa FARMER, FORESTRY WORKER, OR FISHER nagapanguma, nagapangisda, naga-obra bilang manugtanum/manugbantay sang mga kakahuyan TRADE AND RELATED WORK Nagapamaligya/nagapamakal PLANT AND MACHINE OPERATOR AND ASSEMBLER

machine operator sa planta LABORER AND UNSKILLED WORKER mamumugon, naga

obra sa construction OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________________

12

What is the nature of

work?

Ano ang klase sang

imo trabaho

01

02

LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta

SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko

112


13 Where is the current place of work? Sa di-in ikaw subong nga pungsod naga-trabaho? ____________________________________________________________

14 How many years have you been in your current job?

Pila na ikaw katu-ig sa trabaho mo subong?

15

How much is your salary per month? _______________________

Don’t know

Pila ang sweldo mo kada bulan?

16 How much is your average monthly cash remittance? ______________________ Mga pila ang imo ginapadala kada bulan sa imo pamilya?

17

How often do you

send remittance in a year? Mga pila ka

beses ikaw nagapadala sang kwarta sa imo

pamilya sa isa katu-ig?

01 02 03 95

MONTHLY kada bulan QUARTERLY (EVERY THREE MONTHS) kada tatlo ka bulan ANNUALLY (ONCE A YEAR) kis-a sa isa katu-ig OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________________

18

How do you send your remittance? Paano mo ginapadala ang kwarta para sa

imo pamilya? (Multiple Response)

01 02 03 04 05 06 95

THROUGH BANK DEPOSIT gina deposito sa bangko DOOR-TO-DOOR DELIVERY Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga

pareho sa LBC THROUGH BANK REMITTANCE FACILITY ginapa-agi sa

remittance sang bangko THROUGH MONEY TRANSFER SERVICE (Western Union,

Money Gram, etc) Gina money transfer pareho sang Western Union, Money Gram kag iban pa THROUGH FRIEND/RELATIVE Ginapa-agi sa kilala/ paryente THROUGH AGENCY/LOCAL OFFICE Ginapa-agi sa opisina / agency nga gina-obrahan OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)

__________________________

113


19

What is the purpose of the cash

remittance? Ano ang ginagastuhan sang kwarta nga imo

ginapadala?

01

02

03

04

05

06

95

HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES galastuhan sa sulod sang balay SCHOOL EXPENSES galastuhan sa eskwelahan MEDICAL EXPENSES galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSE galastuhan para magpatindog/ pakay-o / padugang sang balay PURCHASE A LOT galastuhon para magbakal sang duta FOR BUSINESS galastuhon para sa negosyo OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) __________________________

20

Does a portion of your

cash remittance go to savings? May ara man

sang parti sang imo ginapadala nga ginatago sa bangko?

01 02

YES Hu-o NO à PROCEED TO 22 Wala kadto sa 22

21 How much of your cash remittance goes to savings? (state actual amount)

______________________ Pila sa ginapadala mo nga kwarta ang ginatago sa bangko?

22

Are you engaged in

business abroad? May ara man ikaw

negosyo sa luwas sang pungsod?

01 02

YES Hu-o NO à PROCEED TO 24 Wala kadto sa 24

23 What is your business? Ano ang imo negosyo didto sa luwas sang pungsod? ______________________________________________________________________

24

Is your current job

also your first job abroad? Ang imo bala

trabaho subong amo ini ang una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang

pungsod?

01 02

YES Hu-o à PROCEED TO SECTION 3 NO Indi

C. FIRST JOB ABROAD

25

What is the nature of work? Ano ang klase sang imo trabaho

01 02

LAND-BASED Nagatinir lang sa duta SEA-BASED Nagasakay sa barko

26

Where is the place of work when the migrant first left abroad? Sa di-in ikaw nga pungsod una nagtrabaho? _______________________________________

114


27 How many years were you in your first job abroad?

Pila katu-ig ikaw nagtinir sa una mo nga trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod?


SECTION 3. TRIPS TO THE PHILIPPINES

28

How often does the migrant come home to the Philippines? Kada san-o ikaw naga-puli sa

Pilipinas?

01 02 03 04 95

EVERY SIX MONTHS kada anum ka bula EVERY YEAR ka isa sa isa ka tu-ig EVERY TWO YEARS kada duha ka tuig EVERY FIVE YEARS kada lima ka tuig OTHERS (specify) __________________

29 How many days does the migrant spend in the Philippines?

Kon magpuli ikaw diri sa Pilipina, pila ka adlaw ikaw nagatinir?

30 What is the purpose of the trips? ______________________________________ Ano ang katuyu-an sang imo mga pagpa-uli?


END OF INTERVIEW IF THE MIGRANT IS NOT AVAILABLE. PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE)

115


SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS

A. MIGRANT’S WELFARE ISSUES

31

Do/Did you experience

welfare issues? Naka-agi ikaw nga nagkaproblema

sa imo trabaho?

01 02

YES Hu-o NO Wala

32

What welfare issues have you experienced? Ano ang imo nangin

problema?

01

02

03

04

05 09

MALTREATMENT/MISTREATMENT ginasakit /

ginapagutoman / ginabuyayaw sa trabaho DELAYED/NONPAYMENT OF WAGES Atrasado nga

paghatag sang sweldo / wala ginbayaran sang sweldo POOR WORKING CONDITIONS Mabudlay ang hamintangan sa trabaho OVERSTAYING nag-sobra na ako sa ginatugot nga inadlaw sang pagtinir CIVIL WAR Gyera sa lugar nga akon ginatrabahu-an OTHERS (specify) _________________________

B. FAMILY-RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Are the following causing you (the migrant) apprehension and worries? Nagadala bala sang

pagkabalaka / palaligban sa migrant ang mga masunod?

HEALTH

Ikaayong lawas

Y N

RELATIONSHI

P PROBLEMS

Palaligban sa pag-updanay/

pagtamdanay

Y N

FINANCIAL

PROBLEMS

Palaligban sa kwarta

Y N

OTHERS

(specify)

Iban pa palihog ihambal

33 SPOUSE asawa/

bana 1 2 1 2 1 2

34 CHILDREN

Kabataan 1 2 1 2 1 2

35 PARENTS

Ginikanan 1 2 1 2 1 2

36 SIBLINGS

Mga utod 1 2 1 2 1 2


116


SECTION 5. PLANS AS RETURN MIGRANT

37

When are you planning to stay the Philippines permanently? (year) _______________ Sa ano ikaw nga tu-ig naga plano nga ma-untat na sa pagtrabaho sa luwas kag

magpauli na lang sa Pilipinas?

38

What are your expected sources of income? Ano ang imo nga saligan

nga kuha-an sang income (kita) sa imo pagtinir sa Pilipinas

01 02 03 95

BUSINESS VENTURE negosyo PENSION pensyon SAVINGS tinago (sa bangko) OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________________


117


SECTION 6. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE

39 Are you aware of

the following programs

provided by the government? May nabal-an ikaw parti sa mga masunod nga

programa sang gobyerno?

Type Y N

01 Health Care Benefits

Mga benepisyo agud ma-amligan

1 2

02 Disability and Death Benefits

Mga benepisyo nga makuha kon

1 2

03 Upgrading Programs

Programa nga nagabulig nga madugangan ang nahibal-an sa

trabaho

1 2

04 Repatriation Support

Bulig para makabalik sa Pilipinas kon mabudlay ang paghalin sa

lugar nga gina-obrahan

1 2

05 Reintegration Assistance

Bulig nga ginahatag agud makapangabuhi liwat sa Pilipinas

pagkatapos sang trabaho sa luwas

sang pungsod

1 2

06 Scholarship Program for

Dependents

Scholarship para sa mga kabata-

an ukon ginasagod sang naga

trabaho sa luwas sang pungsod

1 2

07 Educational Loan Program

Programa nga nagapahulam sang kwarta agud may ibayad sa

galastuhan sa eskwelahan

1 2

08 Livelihood Program

Programa nga nagabulig sa ka

1 2

40

What other support services will you request from the government?

___________________________________ Ano nga iban pa gid nga bulig / serbisyo ang imo ginapangayo sa gobyerno?

41

Are you willing to contribute to a fund to be

managed by the government to support disaster risk reduction initiatives? Mapasugot ka bala mag-amot para sa pundo nga makahatag sang proteksyon sa imo pamilya kon sila mangin biktima sang

kalamidad?

01 02

YES à PROCEED TO 43 Hu-o kadto sa 43 NO à PROCEED TO 42 Indi kadto sa 42

118


42

Why? Nga-a?

____________________________________________________________________

43

How much are you willing to contribute every year? Kon mapasugot ikaw nga mag-amot, pila ayhan ang pwede mo maghatag kasa tu-ig?

________________________________

44 What is your preferred mode of payment?

Ano ang gusto mo nga paagi sa pagbayad?

01

02

03

04

BANK DEPOSIT i-deposito

ang bayad sa bangko

THROUGH THE AGENCY/

LOCAL OFFICE i-paagi ang bayad sa isa ka ahensya /

lokal nga opisina

PERSONAL DELIVERY TO THE

OFFICE ihatag ko lang sa opisina nga responsabli sa

pagpanukot

OTHERS (specify) iban pa

(palihog ihambal) _______________________

__

END OF INTERVIEW. IF THERE IS MORE THAN ONE MIGRANT IN THE HOUSEHOLD, INTERVIEW

THE NEXT MIGRANT. AFTER ALL THE MIGRANTS ARE INTERVIEWED PROCEED TO PART 2 (HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE).

119

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120


SECTION 2. PSYCHO-GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS’ HOUSEHOLDS

A. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS

201

What is the main source of

drinking water of the household? Sa di-in nagakuha sang

tubig ilimnan?

01 02 03 04 05 06 95

PIPED WATER tubig halin sa tubo PROTECTED WELL bubon nga may tabon WATER FROM SPRING tubig halin sa tuburan RAINWATER tubig ulan TANKER TRUCK tubig nga ginabaligya sa trak BOTTLED WATER/REFILLING STATION mineral water OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ___________________

202

What kind of toilet facility do members of the

household use? Ano nga klase sang

kasilyas?

01

02

03 04

05

95

FLUSH OR POUR FLUSH TOILET kasilyas nga may flush / debuhos PIT LATRINE buho COMPOSTING TOILET NO FACILITY/BUSH/FIELD/ETC Wala sang kasilyas PUBLIC TOILET kasilyas nga kumon OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) ____________________

203

What type of fuel does

your household mainly use for cooking? Ano ang gina-usar nga

gatong para magluto?

01 02 03 04 05 06

95

ELECTRICITY kuryente LPG Gasul KEROSENE Gas CHARCOAL Uling WOOD kahoy STRAW/SHRUBS/GRASS/AGRICULTURAL CROP

dagami / OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________

204

MAIN MATERIAL OF THE FLOOR (Record observation) Ano ang salug sang balay?

01 02

03

04 05 06 07 08 95

NATURAL FLOOR (earth/sand) duta RUDIMENTARY FLOOR (wood planks/ wood/

bamboo) kahoy / kawayan FINISHED CEMENTED FLOOR semento nga mahining POLISHED WOOD kahoy nga mahining VINYL LINOLEUM CERAMIC TILES CARPET MARBLE OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________

121


205

MAIN MATERIAL OF THE ROOF (Record observation) Ano ang atup sang balay?

01

02 03

04

05

06

95

NO ROOF wala atup NATURAL ROOFING (Nipa/cogon) nipa/kogon RUDIMENTARY ROOFING sari-sari ang materyales

(Palm/bamboo/wood planks/makeshift/

cardboard/tarpaulin) GALVANIZED IRON/ALUMINUM WOOD sin CALAMIN/CEMENT FIBER Hardiflex ROOFING SHINGLES OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________

206

MAIN MATERIAL OF THE

EXTERIOR WALLS (Record observation) Ano ang dingding sang

balay?

01 02 03 95

NATURAL WALLS amakan / nipa / tadtad (dirt/

cane/palm/trunks) RUDIMENTARY WALLS sari-sari nga materyales

(bamboo/stone with mud/uncovered adobe/ plywood/ makeshift/ cardboard/ reused

material) FINISHED WALLS semento (cement/ stone with

lime/bricks/ cement/ hollow blocks/wood plank/ galvanized iron/aluminum)

OTHERS (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) _____________________

207

What is the tenure status

of your lot? Ano estado sang pagpanag-iya mo sang

duta?

01

02 03

04

OWNED/BEING AMORTIZED/OWNER -LIKE POSSESSION ginapanag-iyahan / ginahulugan

RENTED gina-arkilahan RENT-FREE WITH OWNER CONSENT wala naga arkila pero may pagpahanugot sang tag-iya RENT-FREE WITHOUT OWNER CONSENT Wala naga arkila pero wala sang pahanugot sang

tag-iya

208

How many rooms in this

household are used for sleeping? Pila ka kwarto

ang ginatulugan?

ROOMS

122


B. MATERIAL POSSESSIONS

Does your

household have the

following:

(should be

working or

functioning)

Ano

panimalay bala may

ara sang mga

masunod?

Type Y N

(209)

Number of units

01 Electricity kuryente 1 2 (na)

02 Radio/radio cassettes radyo 1 2

03 Television 1 2

04 Cable Television 1 2

05 Landline/wireless landline

telephone Telepono

1 2

06 Washing machine 1 2

07 CD/VCD/DVD Player 1 2

08 Component or Karaoke 1 2

09 Aircon 1 2

10 Electric Fan 1 2

11 Microwave Oven 1 2

12 Refrigerator 1 2

Does your household or

any member of your

household own:

(should be working or

functioning)

Ang inyo bala panimalay

ukon myembro sang panimalay may ara

sang:

Type

(211)

Y N

Number of

units

(212)

01 Bicycle/Trisikad/

Pedicab

1 2

02 Motorcycle/Tricycle 1 2

03 Car/Jeep/Van 1 2

04 Tractor kuliglig 1 2

213 Does your household or any member of your household own

a cellphone? Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang

panimalay may ara sang cellphone?

Yes = 1

No = 2 à PROCEED TO

216

How many cellphones by

type? Pila kabilog ang inyo cell phone kag mga

ano nga klase ini?

(multiple response)

Type

(214)

How many?

Pila kabilog?

(215)

01 Basic Phones

Ordinaryo nga cell phone

02 Smart Phones

09 Others ________________

123


216 Does your household or any member of your

household own a personal or laptop computer? Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang panimalay

may ara sang personal computer ukon laptop?

Yes = 1

No = 2 à PROCEED TO 219

How many units

of laptop and personal

computers?

(multiple

response)

Pila kabilog ang computer kag

laptop?

Type

Check if

‘yes’

(217)

How many?

Pila kabilog?

(218)

01 Laptop (Basic/netbook)

02 Laptop (Touch Screen)

03 Laptop (Ultrabook/

MacBook)

04 Desktop Computer

09 Others

___________________

219 Does your household or any member of your

household own other types of gadgets? (such as

cameras, PSP, Wii, Tablets, IPAD, Xbox)

Ang inyo bala panimalay ukon myembro sang

panimalay may ara sang mga gadgets?

Yes = 1

No = 2 à PROCEED TO

222

How many units

of gadgets?

Pila kabilog ang

gadgets?

(multiple

response)

Type

Check if

‘yes’ How many?

(221)

01 Camera (Basic point and

shoot)

02 Camera (DSLR)

03 Gaming Consoles (Wii,

Xbox, PSP, playstation)

04 Android Tablets

05 Ipad

06 MP3 player, Ipod

09 Others

222 Do you have an Internet Connection at home?

May ara kamo Internet sa inyo balay?

Yes = 1

No = 2

124


C. REAL PROPERTIES AND BUSINESSES

223

Do you or any member of your household

own any real property? Ang imo bala panimalay ukon myembro

sang panimalay bala may ginapanag-iyahan nga iban pa nga propiedad (duta, condominium ukon town house)?

Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO 226

What are the

types of real properties? Ano nga mga

klase propyedad? (multiple response)

Type Y N

(224)

Lot area/number of units

(225)

kadaku-on sang propyedad / pila

kabilog ang units?

01 Agricultural land

Duta nga ulumhan

1 2

02 Fishponds Punong

03 Residential lot

Duta nga balalayan

1 2

04 Commercial lot

Duta sa commercial area

1 2

05 Townhouse 1 2

06 Condominium 1 2

09 Others ___________

Iban pa

1 2

226

Do you or any member of your household

own or manage a business? Ikaw ukon ang myembro bala sang imo panimalay may ara

sang negosyo?


227 What kind of business? Ano nga klase sang negosyo?

____________________________________________________________

228

Does your family have any outstanding loan

at present? May ara bala sang loan ang imo pamilya

subong?


229 Where have you availed of the loan? Sa di-in ikaw nag loan?

01 02

03

09

BANKS Bangko OTHER FORMAL LENDING INSTITUIONS (Cooperatives/ SSS/GSIS, etc) Mga ahensya nga nagapahulam INFORMAL LENDING (Private individuals, 5-6) Mga pribado nga tawo nga

nagapahulam OTHERS (specify) Iban pa (palihog ihambal) _________________

125


D. LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES

230

Do you and your family travel regularly for

vacation? Naga byahe bala ikaw ukon ang imo

pamilya para magbakasyon?


231 How many times do you travel for vacation every year? Mga pila ka beses sa isa katu-ig ikaw ukon ang imo pamilya naga byahe?

232 How many days do you usually spend on travel vacation? Mga pila ka adlaw kamo nagabakasyon?

233

Where do you usually go when you travel for vacation?

Sa di-in kamo masami naga byahe

para magbakasyon?

01 02 03 04

05

WITHIN THE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang sa amon banwa WITHIN THE PROVINCE, OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY Diri lang

sa probinsya pero sa luwas sang banwa WITHIN THE REGION, OUTSIDE PROVINCE Diri lang sa

rehiyon pero sa luwas sang probinsya WITHIN THE COUNTRY, OUTSIDE THE REGION Diri lang sang pungsod pero sa luwas sang reyon. ABROAD/OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY Sa luwas sang pungsod

234

Do you and your family eat in fine dining

restaurants? Ikaw bala kag ang imo pamilya naga gwa

para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kala-an?


235

In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fine dining restaurants?

Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya mag-gwa para magka-on sa mga malahalon nga kalan-an?

236

Do you and your family eat in fast food

restaurants? Nagaka-on ikaw kag ang imo pamilya sa

mga fastfood restaurants pareho sang Jollibee kag McDo?


126


237

In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family eat in fast food

restaurants? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila kamo sang imo pamilya nag-gwa para magka-on sa mga fastfood restaurants?

238

Do you and your family go shopping in a

local mall? Naga pamakal ikaw kag ang imo pamilya sa mga mall malapit sa inyo

balay?


239

In the last three (3) months, how many times did your family go shopping in a local

mall? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, kapila ang imo pamilya magpamalaklon sa malapit nga mall ?

240

Do you and your family go shopping in

Manila? Nagalakat ikaw kag ang imo pamilya

agud magpamalaklon sa Manila?


241 How many times in a year does your family go shopping in Manila? Kapila sa isa katuig ang imo pamilya maglakat agud magpamalaklon sa Manila?

242 Aside from the ones mentioned above, what are the other leisure activities engaged in

by your family? Wala labot sa nahambal na nga mga hilikuton, ano pa gid ang iban nga hilikuton sang

imo pamilya kon wala sing obra ukon klase? (Check all mentioned)

Stay at Home (Watch TV, Listen to the radio, etc) Sa balay

lang, naga lantaw TV, pamati radio, etc.

Playing Bingo in the Mall Naga bingo sa mall

Watching Movies Nagatan-aw sang sine sa sinehan

Watching concerts/plays

Nagakadto sang mga concerts ukon plays

Watching concerts/plays in Manila or outside the country

Nagalakat sa Manila ukon sa luwas sang pungsod agud

magkadto sa concerts kag plays

Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)

____________________


127


SECTION 3. FUTURE PLANS

301 What are your plans for your

children’s education? Ano ang plano mo para sa

pag-eskwela sang imo kabataan? (multiple response)

01

02

03

04

Send children to private school Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa private school Send children to college Pa-eskwelahon ang kabataan sa college Enroll children in certain courses (such as Nursing, Medicine or Law) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa kurso pareho sang Nursing, Medicine ukon Law Send children to training schools (such as culinary

art school, TESDA) Ipa-enroll ang kabataan sa mga eskwelahan nga

nahatag sang espesyal nga training pareho sang culinary art school

302

Do you plan to acquire properties in the future? Naga plano ikaw nga maka-angkon sang propyedad sa pila ka adlaw?


303 What are these? Ano nga klase sang propyedad? (multiple response)

01

02

03

09

Buy/own a house and lot Mabakal /panag-iya sang balay kag duta Buy/own other real property Mabakal / panag-iya sang mga duta, condominium ukon iban pa nga pareho sini Finish amortizing for a house Tapuson bayad ang ginahulugan nga balay Others (specify) iban (palihog ihambal) ____________________________________

304 What are your financial plans

for the future? Ano ang plano mo agud

mapadamu ang imo kwarta sa pila ka adlaw? (multiple response)

01

02 03

04

09

Invest in a bank Magbutang sang puhunan sa bangko Life insurance Magbakal sang life insurance Invest in stocks Magbutang sang puhunan sa stocks Buy a memorial lot/life plan/ columbary Bakal sang

duta sa patyo/ life plan / kolumbaryo Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)

______________

305 What are your retirement

plans? Ano ang plano mo kon mag

retire ka na? (multiple response)

01 02 03 09

Buy a farm mabakal sang uma Set-up a business matukod sang negosyo Travel ma byahe Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal)

_______________


128


SECTION 4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS REGARDING THE MIGRANT

401

Do you have worries and concerns regarding the

welfare of your migrant family member? May mga ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban bala ikaw

nahanungod sa kaayuhan sang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang pungsod?

Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5

402

In the last three (3) months, has the migrant

expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her work and workplace? Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan, nakapabutyag bala sang pagkabalaka / pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas parti

sa iya trabaho ukon gina-trabahu-an?


403 What are these issues? Ano nga mga isyu ang iya ginakabalak-an / ginapaligban (Check all mentioned)

Problem with boss/employer Problema sa boss/ amo

Difficulty in performing work responsibilities

Nabudlayan maghikot sang responsibilidad sa trabaho

Difficult relationship with co-workers

Indi maayo nga relasyon sa mga upod sa trabaho

Dangerous work environment

Makatalagam ang lugar nga ginatrabahu-an

Peace and order

Others (specify)

___________________________________

404

In the last three (3) months, has the migrant

expressed issues and concerns regarding his/her health? Sa nagligad nga tatlo ka bulan nakapabutyag bala ang sang kabalaka/ pagpalibog ang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa luwas sang

pungsod parti sa iya ikaayong lawas?


405 What are these? Ano ang mga ginakabalak-an ukon ginaproblemahan? (Check all mentioned)

Suffering from a chronic illness (hypertension, diabetes, etc)

pagta-as sang presyon/ sugar sa dugo kag iban pa

Lack of sleep indi makatulog

Suffered an injury nabali-an/ napilasan

Chest or back pain pagsakit sang dughan ukon likod


___________________________________

129


SECTION 5. USE OF REMITTANCE

501 How many members of your family/household is currently abroad?

Pila ka myembro sang pamilya/ panimalay ang ara sa luwas sang pungsod subong?

502 How many are living there permanently?

Pila ang didto na gid permanente nga naga-istar?

503 How many are working there temporarily?

Pila ang didto lang naga trabaho?

504

How often in a year does

your family receive remittance? Ka pila sa isa

katu-ig ang imo pamilya nagabaton sang kwarta halin sa myembro nga didto

sa luwas sang pungsod?

01

02

03

09

MONTHLY kada bulan

QUARTERLY kada tatlo ka bulan

ANNUALLY kada tu-ig

Others_____

406

In the last three (3) months, has your family encountered any problem related to the migrant’s being away? Sang nagligad nga tatlo ka

bulan, naka-agi bala ang pamilya nga ginbudlayan tungod malayo ang myembro nga

didto sa luwas sang pungsod?

Yes = 1 No = 2 à PROCEED TO SECTION 5

407 What are these? Ano ini nga mga kabudlayan? (Check all mentioned)

Problem of migrant and spouse

Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-asawa

Strained relationship between migrant and child/children

Problema sa pagtamdanay sang ginikanan kag kabataan

Strained relationship between migrant and siblings

Problema sa pagtamdanay sang mag-ulutod

Strained relationship between migrant and parents

Problem sa pagtamdanay sang bata kag ginikanan


___________________________________


130


505

Where is the remittance

usually claimed? Sa di-in ninyo masami

ginakuha ang kwarta nga ginapadala sang myembro sang pamilya nga didto sa

luwas sang pungsod? (Multiple Response)

01 02 03 04 05 06 09

Deposited to bank account Gina deposito sa bangko Door-to-door delivery Gindul-ong sa balay sang mga pareho sa LBC Claimed at a bank remittance Facility Ginakuha sa remittance sang bangko Money transfer facility (such as Western Union) Ginakuha paagi sa money transfer Sent thru Friend/relative Ginapadala paagi sa kilala / paryente Agency/local office Ginakuha sa ahensya / opisina nga gina-obrahan Others (specify) iban pa (palihog ihambal) __________________________________

506 What is the remittance for? (Check all mentioned) Para sa ano ang kwarta nga ginapadala

Household expenses Galastuhan sa sulod sang balay

School expenses Galastuhan sa eskwelahan

Medical expenses Galastuhan sa bulong/check-up/ospital

Savings Para tagu-on sa bangko

Investment on stocks, bank, etc Puhunan sa stocks, bangko, iban pa

Set up of business Para ipatukod sang negosyo

Luxury items (cars, jewelry) Ibakal / ihulog sa awto ukon alahas

Electronic devices, computer, cellphones Ibakal sang computer,

cellphone

Shopping Para ipamalaklon

Others ___________

507

Do you set aside a portion

of the remittance as savings? Nagabilin ka gid

sang parti sang ginapadala nga kwarta para tagu-on sa bangko?

1 2

Yes No à END.

508 How much do you set aside for savings? Pila ang imo ginabilin para tagu-on sa bangko? _____________________________

END OF INTERVIEW. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

Western Visayas Region (Region VI) NEDA VI Building, Fort San Pedro, Iloilo City 5000

Tel. No.: (033) 337-6840 / 336-2392 / 336-2075 / 336-9787 / 335-1070 Web Address: http://www.neda-rdc6.ph

Email address: [email protected]

university of the philippines visayas foundation, inc. (upvfi)

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