university of oulu · large number of live nokia networks we estimate the spectral efficiency...

1 © Nokia 2015

Mobile Network EvolutionUniversity of Oulu 9th October 2017

Matti Keskinen

Internal Consultant

2 © Nokia 2015

• Mobile network evolution from 4G to 5G• 5G Standardization status and spectrum • 5G Radio and Core (comparative between 4G and 5G)• Architecture options

• Cellular IoT (Internet of Things)

3 © Nokia 2016

Standardization status - 3GPP Timelines

12/2017: Functional Freeze (L1/2)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Rel15 (Phase 1)eMBB, FWALow Latency Communication (LLC) Apps.

Non StandaloneWith EPC(Option 3)

03/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze

06/2018: Functional Freeze, NG Core

09/2018: Protocol (ASN.1) Freeze

Rel16 (Phase 2)Massive IoTEnhanced LLC Apps

Rel17 Rel18Optimized StandardFull 5G vision> 52GHz

5GTF/KT SIGindustry specs

Pre-standards 5G start

Standards-based 5G mass rollout

First standards-based 5G deployments

Non Standalone& Standalone with 5GC(Options 2/4/5/7)

Expected NW Deployment Timelines

ASN = Abstract Syntax Notation

TF = Technical ForumKT = Korea Telecom

4 © Nokia 2016

Chipset and device ecosystem timeline

Public

2017 2018 2019

Pre-standard 5GTF / 5GSIG based

3GPP based

FPGA based CPE and antenna SOC based

solutionsPortable devices

Commercial CPE and antenna

3GPP R15 FPGA based CPE

SOC based solutions

Portable devices

3GPP R16 FPGA based CPE

5 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Stretching urban mobile data speeds

Stretching Hot Spot data speeds

700 MHz

3.6 GHz

eg 1-3 Gb/s over all towns and cities

(mobile Gb/s society)

eg 10 Gb/s at railway stations, airports, sporting events, Factories etc

26 GHz

eg 100% coverage of roads

Stretching reliable coverage (rural) RSPG “PIONEER” BANDSRSPG = Radio Spectrum Policy Group

5G Spectrum & Bands

High data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to 1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands. 5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operate on any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.

World Radio

Conference

2019

Capacity

Coverage


Nokia engaged in all 5G target spectrum

10 GHz

2 GHz

6 GHz

30 GHz

1 GHz

60 GHz

20 GHz

LTE

100 GHz

802.11ad

802.11ax

802.11ax

Trials in US @39GHzPoC work with DoCoMo @73GHz

DominatesKorea Olympics andpre-standard US trials @28GHz

Japan @4.5 GHz commercialChina, Korea @3.5GHz commercialEurope @3.4-3.8GHz commercial,discussions @700MHz, 2600 Mhz andothers802.11ah

High Band

Low Band

NG “ac”

5GmmWave

(30-300GHz)

Low Rank MIMO, BF

5G cmWave

(3-30GHz)

Lower Rank MIMO,

BF

5G<6GHz

High Rank MIMO, BF

WLAN

(Wi-Fi)

7 © Nokia 2015

Going towards 5G……What LTE (4G) is giving to operators


peak

Global subscription evolution per technology

Global LTE subscriber base maximizes benefit of LTE innovations

2G (GSM)4G (LTE)

3G (WCDMA)

CDMA

LTE• More subscriptions than 2G

and 3G combined in 2021

WCDMA• Expected to be surpassed

by LTE during 2017

GSM• Expected to be surpassed

by LTE during 2018

5G new radio• Massive subscriber take-up

expected during 2020speak

Subscriptions[Billions]

Source: OVUM, February 2017

Estimations:

1991

2001

2010

1993 5G


From Vision to Reality – 1 GB per User per Day

Nokia vision from 2011 ”1 GB per user per day in 2020”

Mobile data in Finland 1 GB per day by end-2017

4800 TB/day (June) with 5.5M population = 0.9 GB/user/day


Global Mobile Data Usage – Major Differences Between Markets

USA, Japan

UK, Poland

France, Germany

Finland

Korea

Latvia

Sweden, Austria

Mobile data usage per subscription per month


Global Mobile Data – Correlation between Usage and Speed

The countries with the

highest mobile data usage

– Finland, Taiwan and

Latvia – are ‘just’ delivering

27 to 33 Mbit/s.

To defend Finland, a

majority of the Finnish SIMs

have unlimited data

volumes, but most

customers have decided

not to pay for full speed


DNA accelerating data usage in Finland…

<Change information classification in footer>

DNA Q1 2017

ELISA Q1 2017

Telia Finland

09/10/201713 © Nokia 2014

LTE Data Rate evolution - More Spectrum Means Higher Data Rates

20122013

150 Mbps

20 MHz2x2 MIMO

150 Mbps

10+10 MHz2x2 MIMO

2014

2015

300 Mbps

20+20 MHz2x2 MIMO

450 Mbps

3CA2x2 MIMO

1 Gbps

3-5CA MHz or4x4MIMO

2016

600 Mbps

3CA 256QAM

2017

• LTE started with 150 Mbps (Cat 4) with contiguous 20 MHz

• Latest devices support already 600 Mbps with 3 Carrier Aggregation

• Chip set capability allows 1 Gbps devices by 2017 which requires typically80-100 MHz of downlink spectrum.

xCA Carrier Aggregation, x=number of aggregated carriers

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

xQAMQadrature Amplitude Modulation,

x= number of modulation combinations

14/34 For internal use

©2017 Nokia All rights reserved.

5G Evolution Path

600 MbpsIoTPublic Safety

§

4.5G

1 Gbps LTEUnlicensed

4.5GPro

4.9GLow latencyBeamformingCloud radio

5G

10 Gbps / 1 ms

5G

Today

2017+

2018+

2019+

15

LTE Spectral Efficiency in Live NetworksLarge Number of Live Nokia Networks

We estimate the spectral efficiency

during busy hour in the busy areas

from >80 live networks from the

carried traffic per cell with a few

assumptions

• 20% of BTS makes 50% of traffic

• Busy hour is 7% of daily traffic

• Average busy hour load is 70% of

the maximum

• No voice impact considered

• Average LTE bandwidth 15 MHz

1.7

1.2

0.4

2.56

1.90

0.53

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Top Top-10% Median

bps/Hz/cell

HSPA LTE

Datarate (Bits/s)

Bandwidth (Hz)Spectral Efficiency =


LTE-Advanced Pro boosts performance to extremes10x Performance for new services

LTE = Releases 8-9

LTE-Advanced = Releases 10-12

LTE-Advanced Pro = Release 13 and beyond

150 Mbps

10 ms latency

10x data rate (32 CA’s)

10x battery life

10x lower latency (2&7 Symb.)

10x larger coverage (NB-IoT)

- Massive IoT

- Massive MIMO

- Critical communications:

public safety, intelligent

traffic systems

LTE Release 8 LTE Advanced Pro

10x lower IoT cost

10x more network capacity

New service capabilities


LTE-Advanced Pro Minimizes LatencyBelow 1 ms One-way Delay and Below 2 ms Round Trip Time

14 symbol TTI

7 symbol TTI

2 symbol TTI

1 ms

0.14 ms

10-20 ms

5-10 ms

<2 ms

Frame size Round trip time

3GPP

Release 8

LTE-Advanced

Pro

Shorter frame size minimizes latency and enables <2 ms round trip time.

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) reduces latency by bringing content to the

radio network. MEC is being standardized in ETSI

TTI = Transmission

Time Interval

0.5 ms

18 © Nokia 2015

“….The permission to use the 3GPP 5G logo does not involve or imply any

certification by the Partners in 3GPP or the 3GPP community that the products or

services of manufacturers or service providers actually comply with the 3GPP

specifications. It is intended simply and only to provide a basis of reference for users,

network operators and other manufacturers and service providers….”

http://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp/1824-logo_5g

20 © Nokia 2017

New use case opportunities – extremely diverse requirements

Smart factories1 PB/day

Devices1.5 GB/day

Autonomous driving 1ms latency

Billions of sensors connected

Design and architecture principles:flexible | scalable | automated | cloud native software centric | dynamic network slicing

100 Mb/swhenever needed

10,000x more traffic

<1 msradio latency

Latency

ReliabilityConnectivity

Capacity<10 Gb/speak data rates

1,000,000devices per km2

Ultra low costfor massive machine coms.

Ultra reliability<10-5 E2E outage

Zeromobility interruption

10 yearson battery

Internal

𝑃 = 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎 = 1015

21 © Nokia 2017

5G early market use cases

Public

Structural 5G deployment area

5G use case

In-vehicle infotainment

Truck platooningHome

HotspotsHealthcare

Drones

Highwayuse cases

Dedicateduse cases

Dense city areause cases

Public transportuse cases

8K video streaming

Hotspots

EventsIndustry

VR/AR


Nokia‘s 5G market view and derived engagement

20202018 2019 202120172016

5G Fixed Wireless

High capacity and coverage (3-6 GHz)

Ultra High Capacity (>6 GHz)

We will build solutions for all 3 Extreme Broadband markets

Fixed Wireless High Capacity & coverage

Machine communication

• Extension of fiber access

• cm/mmWave e.g. 1GHz BW

• Line of Sight (LOS)

• Megacity capacity densification

• 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW

• Dense urban grid

Ultra High Capacity

• Ultra dense use cases

• cm/mmWave e.g. 1 GHz

BW

• short range, LOS preferable

Markets to develop from 2022

– need for coverage layer and

cheap devices

– Verticals not expected to be early

adopters for 5G (low expertise)

23

#2 Massive MIMO

5G Key Technology Components - Radio

#1 New spectrum

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

10 GHz

90 GHz

10 cm

1m

1 cm

~3 mm

#3 Flexible frame design

User #3

User #2

User #5

User #2

User #4

Us

er #

1

User #5

Us

er #

1time

fre

qu

ency

User #3

One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation

Dt

Df

#4 Multi-connectivity

#5 Distributed architecture

Gateway

• Lean carrier

• Flexible size,

control, TDD,

bandwidth etc

5G

LTE

Wi-Fi

3 cm

24

Key system components of flexible 5G deployment


Flexible X-haul

Distributed Data

Center Capabilities

Enable Edge

Computing

Shared Data Layer

Micro-Services

Network and RAN Slicing

Cloud

Orchestration with NFV/SDN

Self-Optimizing

Networks (SON)

Big Data & analytics

Real-time ?

SON Cloud Automation

Network orchestration

Radio Core

Sessions

Customer Experience

SON

Coordination

Geo traceVNF Manager

& SDNTraffic

steering

Shared operability data plane

CID / Devops

plancode

build

test monitor

deploy


Motivation for 5G New Radio

10x higher data rates 20 Gbps

3x better spectral efficiency:

10 bps/cell/Hz

5x energy efficiency at low load

10x lower IoT power consumption

10x lower latency <1 ms

• Bandwidth 1 GHz

• mm spectrum 24..90 GHz

• More capacity at low bands

• Less interference

• Lean design (Lean Carrier)

• <1 kWh/TB with small cells

• Protocol optimization

• Non-orthogonal uplink

• New radio design

• Distributed architecture

20 Gbps

1000x lower cost <1 EUR/TB• Lower cost per bit with more

bandwidth and small cells

1 ms

TechnologyPotential benefit

LTE 1 Gbps

5G

100 MHz

1000 MHz 4x4 MIMO

2000 MHz 2x2 MIMO

2 Gbps 4x4 MIMO

20 Gbps 4x4 MIMO

Lab demo:


10 – 20x LTE Capacity with 5G 5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency

100 MHz

3.5 GHz

4-8 bps / Hz

400-800 Mbps

cell throughput

5G 3500 with

massive MIMO

beamforming

2.6 GHz

20 MHz

2 bps / Hz

40 Mbps

cell throughputLTE2600 with

2x2 MIMO

LTE 5G

10-20 x


Latency Evolution

• Strong evolution in latency

with new radios

• HSPA latency 20 ms

• LTE latency 10 ms

• 5G latency 1 ms

• Low 5G latency requires

new radio and also new

architecture with local

content

0

5

10

15

20

25

HSPA LTE 5G

ms

End-to-end latency

Transport + core

BTS processing

UE processing

Scheduling

Buffering

Uplink transmission

Downlink transmission

EPC/

NGCUE

Endpoint

Internet

∆𝑡

∆𝑡 represents the total latency

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦


Latency with LTE and 5G

Connected with

uplink resources

Connected without

uplink resources

Idle

10 ms

30 ms

100 ms

4G

2 ms

<10 ms

<50 ms

4.9G

1 ms

1 ms

1 ms

5G target

5G solutions for low latency

• Connected inactive state

• Contention based uplink

Preamble + data

Response


5G Coverage Footprint

5G 700 /900

LTE800

LTE1800

5G 3500 mMIMO

5G mm-waves

• Extreme local capacity with mm waves

• Match LTE 2 GHz with 3.5 GHz massive MIMO

• Full coverage with 700 MHz or 900 MHz

Deep

indoor

High rates with

1800 MHz grid

Extreme local

data rates

100 Mbps

1 Gbps

10 Gbps


Downlink Spectral Efficiency with LTE and 5G

10 MHz 2x2MIMO 3.0 2.0

20 MHz 4x4MIMO 4.53.0

<1 GHz

2 GHz

100 MHz mMIMO 64x4 13.57.53.5 GHz

5GLTEBandwidth AntennasSpectrum

bps/Hz/cell

20 MHz

Spectral usage

>19 MHz

Lean carrier

Massive MIMO, device antennas and 5G solutions

5G solutions for high efficiency

• Lean carrier

• Spectral usage

• Interference cancellation


RRC

release

Inactivity

timer

5G Minimizes Signalling and Device Power Consumption

LTE

5G

Sync + RRC

setup

Data

transmission

<0.1 s

>10 s

• Major potential in improving IoT

device battery life time

• Major potential for minimizing

signalling

RRC = Radio Resource Control


Frame structure: Multiple OFDM numerologies (1/3)

Scalable numerology: Why?

• OFDM numerology needs to be selected according to deployment scenario

- Adjust the CP length according to the cell type. Low subcarrier spacing allows to minimize

the CP overhead

- Higher subcarrier spacing is more robust against phase noise (important when operating at

high carrier frequencies)

• Maximum channel BW supported by certain implementation complexity (FFT size)

depends on the subcarrier spacing

How? Different options discussed in 3GPP:• 15 and 75 kHz, FFT size power of 2

• 15*2N kHz, FFT size power of 2 (Nokia preference)

• 17.5*2N kHz or 17.06*2N kHz, FFT size not power of two

3GPP outcome is based on Nokia proposal

Nokia: 15*2N

kHz scaling

especially

important for TD-

LTE coexistence

and multi-RAT

implementations

reusing

deployed

fronthauling and

potentially

existing RRHs

Time-frequency scaling of LTE with scaling factor 2N provides smooth implementation

and good coexistence with LTE - part of Nokia concept since early 2013


• Numerology options based on sub-carrier spacing of 15*2N kHz

- 15 kHz similar to LTE, good for wide area on traditional cellular bands

- 30/60 kHz for dense-urban, lower latency and wider carrier BW

- 60 kHz or higher needed for >10 GHz bands to combat phase noise


Subcarrier spacing [kHz] 15 30 60 120 240*Symbol duration [us] 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17

Nominal Normal CP [us] 4.7 2.3 1.2 0.59 0.29

Min scheduling interval (symbols) 14 14 14 14 -

Min scheduling interval (slots) 1 1 1 1 -

Min scheduling interval (ms) 1 0,5 0.25 0.125 -

Available OFDM numerologies for 5G New Radio, Normal CP length (NR Phase I)

LTE (15 kHz SCS, Normal CP length) is a subset of numerologies supported by NR

*Only used for synch-block


• RAN4 agreements for subcarrier spacing (Rel-15)

- below 6 GHz: [15, 30, 60] kHz

- 6…52.6 GHz: [60, 120] kHz, 240 kHz can be considered if clear benefits are shown

• RAN4 agreements for minimum/maximum channel bandwith (Rel-15)

- below 6 GHz: 5 MHz / 100 MHz

- 6…52.6 GHz: 50 MHz / 400 MHz


Increased subcarrier spacing as well as larger FFT size increase the maximum

channel bandwidth from LTE’s 20 MHz to NR’s 400 MHz (20x)

Subcarrier spacing [kHz] 15 30 60 120 240

Maximum bandwidth, 2k FFT (MHz) 25 50 100 200 400



Combinations with red colour are

(most likely) outside of Rel-15

LTEFFT size used already in LTE

RAN4: Feasible FFT size

RAN4: Feasibility of 8k FFT is FFS

Maximum channel bandwidth with different numerologies & FFT size (Rel-15):

• FFT size as such is an implementation issue

• 4k FFT needed to support a maximum channel BW on particular band


Frame structure: Physical Resource Block [PRB]


14 symbols (slot)

12 x

15 kHz

12 x

30 kHz

12 x

60 kHz

Freq.

Time

Resource Element

(RE), 168 per PRB

PRB = 14 x 12 REs

• Physical Resource Block (PRB) corresponds to a

scheduling unit in time (y) and frequency (z)

- Slot is a basic scheduling interval. Slot length is 14

symbols.

- The number of subcarriers per PRB (z) = 12

• The PRB size (y*12) is common for all

numerologies

- The number of REs equals to 14*12 = 168 (REs)

- The duration and bandwidth of one PRB varies

according to selected numerology (Time-frequency

scaling)

RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7

RB0 RB1

RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3

Freq.

60 kHz

30 kHz

15 kHz

Scalable PRB enables common Reference- and

control signal design for different numerologies.

PRB´s correlation in frequency domain:

1 ms0,5 ms0,250 ms0

36 © Nokia 2015

5G Core and Architecture options and more details of 5G

© 2017 Nokia37

5G Architecture options

Confidential

`

4G EPC

CP+UP

LTE eNB NR gNBXx

5G CN

CP+UP

eLTE eNB NR gNB

Xn

5G CN

CP+UP

eLTE eNBNR gNB Xn

5G CN

eLTE eNB

5G CN

NR gNB

Option 3/3a/3x(Difference is UP path)

Option 5

Option 2

Non Standalone ( Dual Connectivity 4G/5G )

CP

An

cho

red

in

LT

E/e

LT

EC

P A

nch

ore

d i

n N

R

Standalone

Option 7/7a/7x(Difference is UP path)

Option 4/4a(Difference is UP path)

© 2017 Nokia38

Initial 5G deployment options

Radio network view on 2 vs. 3X

• 2 allows deployment independent from LTE

• 3X provides robust coverage also in higher frequencies and

aggregated peak bitrate of LTE and 5G for lower frequencies

• 3X provides near zero interrupt time LTE-5G mobility

NGC

gNB

NG-UNG-C

EPC

LTE eNB gNB

S1-C S1-U

EPC

LTE eNB gNB

S1-C S1-US1-U

Opt 3A Opt 3X

Opt 3X

Opt3A

NGC

eLTE eNB gNB

NG-UNG-C

NGC

eLTE eNB gNB

NG-UNG-U NG-C

NGC

eLTE eNB

NG-UNG-C

NGC

eLTE eNB gNB

NG-UNG-C

NGC

eLTE eNB gNB

NG-UNG-UNG-C

(2) (3/3A/3X)

(4/4A)

(7/7A/

7X)

(5)

Non-standalone optionsStandalone options

Opt 7X

Opt 7X

Opt 7A Opt 7A

Core network view on 2 vs. 3X

• 2 provides benefits of 5G core

• 3X provides option to keep voice in LTE without

using RAT fallback

(3X)

4/4A requires eLTE upgrade at thestart and robust 5G coverage

7/7A/7X requires eLTE upgrade at the start

Most practical early 5G deployment Options are 2 and 3X, their co-existenceIs also required

Evolution from both 2 or 3X to either 7,4 is a topic for further study

3 requires routing 5G data through eNBs, 3A can’t support as dynamic switching between LTE and 5G

09/10/201739

Nokia Confidential

Option 3x OverviewDual Connectivity with EPC

SGW

VoLTE

PGW

eMBB

Bearer Splitting

• Used in scenario where LTE coverage reach is superior to that of NR and leverages EPC

• LTE eNB acts as Master and controls which S1-U bearers are handled by each radio( LTE/NR)

• Based on LTE eNB instructions MME informs S-GW where to establish S1-U bearers towards i.e. LTE or NR

• If NR radio quality becomes sub-optimal S1-U bearer towards NR may be either split at NR and sent entirely over Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATH SWITCH may be triggered where all S1-U’s go to LTE eNB

HSS

MME

Xx

S1-US1-MME

S11

S5S6a

Functional Overview

Path Switching

VoLTE BearereMBB BearerControl Plane

LTE

NR

EPC

CP+UP

LTE eNB

NR gNBXx

Option 3xPDCP

RLC RLC

MC

G b

eare

r

SC

G

sp

lit

be

are

r

LTE eNB

MAC MAC

NR PDCP

NR RLC

NR MAC

gNB

S-GWEPC

Xx

S1 UP

12

34

12

34

UE

RB1 RB2 RB3

2 4

eMBBVoLTE

User Plane Overview

4G LTE 5G

40 © Nokia 2016

Baseline architecture for new 5G core

Universal Adaptive Core for 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses

• Common subscriber management• Common authentication framework supporting AKA and non AKA based methods

• AKA = Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol

• Common access control procedures• Common session management• Common user plane function• Etc. -> common “everything”

UPF

5G

RAN

5G

UE 5G-Uu

UPF

5G core user plane

Xn

N9

N4

N1

AF

Data

Networ

k

N5

N6

IMS

Untrusted

non-3GPP

access

N3IW

F

Y2 N3

N25G Core CP

N1

EPC

AMF NEF

Namf

SMF

UDM

AUSF

Nnrf

PCF

NRF

Nnef Nudm

NsmfNausf Npcf

SMSF

Nsmsf

Shared Data Layer SDL (aka Data

Storage Function, DSF)

Operational Agility:Shared Data Layer• Unified session resiliency and geo-redundancy• Unified data exposure (including notifications)• Enables stateless NFService Based Architecture• Orthogonal network functions • Service based interaction to enable flexible addition

and extension of functions i.e. DevOps ready

AMF Access and Mobility management FunctionSMF Session Management FunctionAUSF Authentication Server FunctionSMSF SMS FunctionPCF Policy Control FunctionNEF Network Exposure FunctionUDM Unified Data Management functionDSF Data Storage FunctionSDL Shared Data LayerNRF Network Repository FunctionUPF User Plane Function

()

41 © Nokia 2017

Exponential growth in complexity over time

Adding or changing one component has a cascading effect

Data centric

From a message to a data centric network architecture – a paradigm shift

Message centric

Stateless = radically simplified

• Plug & play installation and integration

• Simplified SW upgrades

• Endless scalability

Shared DataLayer

Analytics, Customer Experience Management, …

VNFs

Multivendor API

Open export API

Subscriber PolicySession Other

HSS AAA EPC TAS CSCF 3rd Party

42 © Nokia 2017© Nokia 201742

Shared Data Layer enables stateless VNF machine architecture

Confidential

➢ Simplified network architecture with stateless VNFs

➢ Unmatched robustness

➢ Independent scaling of VNF and data storage

➢ Fast innovation cycles

➢ Support for data analytics

➢ Open APIs/ Eco System

Non-breakable, open, ultra-fast, service-logic agnostic, multi-tenant

capable

Stateless, scalable, self-organizing

VNF business logic

States & dataregistration – session – subscriber

43 © Nokia 2017

4G to 5G NetworksExpected evolution

Core User Plane Distribution

Apps/Contents

Edge Site Central Site

NW Slices

EPC Core

Multi Access

LTE RAN

5G Core

Access Site

RAN Functions Centralization

Apps/Contents Distribution/Local

Apps/Contents

4G Networks

5G Networks

• Centralized Architectures• VNF/SDN/MANO Adoption• NW Slices emerge( IoT)

• Functional Decomposition• RAN/Core/Apps move to Edge • VNF/SDN/MANO as a foundation• NW Slicing enabling new use cases• Multi Access( NR/eLTE, Non 3GPP,

Unlicenced, Fixed )

© 2017 Nokia44

Evolution to cloud optimized radio architectures (D-RAN, C-RAN)

On Radio HeadBottom of

TowerEdge Office Central Office

Ra

dio

S

ite

RF

Lower L1 L1’

Upper L1L1”

Lower L2 L2’, L2rt

Upper L2 L2”, L2nrt

L3

Legend

NRT

RT

Latency tolerant Enet

5G LTEFlexi Zone Metro (4G)

Latency tolerant Enet

Macro 4GCloudBTS

CPRI/OBSAI

eCPRI

Latency Sensitive Enet

Macro 4G/5GRoadmap

Latency Tolerant Enet

5G LTE

Cloud Enabled RAN Architectures

CPRI/OBSAI

All-In-One 4G/5G

Macro 4G (CPRI)

Macro 4G/5G (eCPRI)

eCPRI

Latency Sensitive Enet

To Core Network (Backhaul) Distributed RAN Architectures

Virtualized

NRT = Non Real Time

RT = Real Time

CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface eCPRI = evolved CPRI (for 5G)

OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative

© 2017 Nokia45

Boot Flash

Power Conv.1.2V 25x20

TC

XO

14x9

FPGA25x25

Power Mgr + CPLD 17x17

Pow

er

Conv.

1.8

V

25x2

0

Power Conv.

Lionfish Core 40x30

Lionfish

42.5x42.5

DDR

A

DDR

A

DDR

A

DDR

VTT

DDR

B

DDR

B

DDR

B

DDR

VTT

DDR

C

DDR

C

DDR

C

DDR

VTT

DDRA

DDRB

DDRC

DDRD

DDR

D

DDR

D

DDR

D

DDR

VTT

Power Conv.3.3V 25x20 CPRI 9.8G SFP+

CPRI 9.8G SFP+

CPRI 9.8G SFP+ Expansion 10GSFP+

Backhaul 10GSFP+

Lionfish

42.5x42.5

DDR

A

DDR

A

DDR

A

DDR

VTT

DDR

B

DDR

B

DDR

B

DDR

VTT

DDR

C

DDR

C

DDR

C

DDR

VTT

DDRA

DDRB

DDRC

DDRD

DDR

D

DDR

D

DDR

D

DDR

VTT

Power Conv.

Lionfish Core 40x30

Boot Flash

Lionfish Emulator Header

Lionfish Emulator Header

Clock

Clock

Power Conv.0.85V 25x20

Cloud Centralized RAN: Potential Future Architectures

To Core Network (Backhaul)

Macro 4G (CPRI)CPRI/OBSAI

Macro 4G (eCPRI)Macro 5G (cCPRI, tight latency)

eCPRI over

Latency Sensitive EnetVirtualized

RF

Lower L1 L1’

Upper L1L1”

Lower L2 L2’, L2rt

Upper L2 L2”, L2nrt

L3

Legend

NRT

RT

Virtualized or

Accelerated

On Radio HeadBottom of

TowerEdge Office

Central OfficeR

ad

io

Sit

e

NRT = Non Real Time

RT = Real Time

CPRI = Common Public Radio Interface

eCPRI = evolved CPRI (for 5G)

OBSAI = Open BaseStation Architecture Initiative


Network Slicing

With network slicing technology, a

single physical network can be

partitioned into multiple virtual

networks allowing the operator to

offer optimal support for different

types of services for different types

of customer segments.

The key benefit of network slicing

technology is it enables operators to

provide networks on an as-a-service

basis, which enhances operational

efficiency while reducing time-to-

market for new services.

© 2017 Nokia47

E2E service delivery platform (incl. Verticals)

SLICE 2(Reliability)

SLICE 1(Latency)

SLICE 3(Throughput)

Customer Confidential


Estimation – IoT connections


….and how IoT connections are divided by technologyShort Range techonologies dominates IoT connections

MAN = Metropolitan Area Network

Cellular

IoT


Connected Devices – estimation made by Ericsson….Coarsely in line with the Machina Research estimation

Source: Ericsson Mobility report June 2016

IoT


Estimation: Cellular IoT connections by biggest applications in year 2025

2025


Many technologies are included in to ”Internet of Things” - ambrella

In this the word ”Internet” is abstract with or without connection to real

Internet

SMS

Mobile CS-DATA

LoRA

SCADA(real estate)

BlueTooth

WiFi

MulteFire

Fixed CS-DATA

(Modems)

Internet2G

3G 4G 5G

”IoT / M2M” umbrella(Just example – even more technologies included…)

…etc

NB-IoT (LTE)

eMTC (LTE-M) CatM1

EC-GSM -IoT(PS)

Year 2015: About 60 % of today's cellular IoT devices use second generation mobile

communications technologies, e.g. GPRS, CS-DATA and even SMS


Connectivity for massive number of IoT devices

✓ Millions/billions of IoT devices

✓ Thousands of IoT use cases with varying requirements

Throughput

✓ Use cases withhigh throughput

✓ Use cases with(very) lowthroughput

Signalling storms

✓ Reduction of signalling traffic

✓ Prevention of overload

Efficient use of device/networkresources

✓ Resources (e.g. battery) in IoTdevices

✓ Resources owned byoperators

Connected

Safety

Connected

Automotive

Connected

Health & Home

Connected

Utilities

Connected

Cities

Varying requirements of IoT verticals

Requiring….

Mobility support

✓ Stationary

✓ Moving


LPWA – Low Power Wide Area 3GPP TechnologiesDefinition in nutshell made by 3GPP

Due to the diversity of IoT application requirements, a single technology is not capable of addressing

all of the LPWA use cases. For this reason the mobile industry has focused on three complementary

licensed 3GPP standards:

• Extended Coverage GSM for the Internet of Things (EC-GSM-IoT)

• Long-Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M or eMTC) (also VoLTE Voice supported)

• Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT).

LPWA technologies in licensed spectrum can be deployed in a simplified manner, without sacrificing

key customer requirements, such as battery lifetime and security.


Cellular IoT Technologies

(LTE-M)


Just some examples about IoT connections…

Industry

modem

Industry

modem

Wireline or Wireless

Local Mesh Network

Modem function can be

also integrated to the

node of Mesh network

Aggregation

Cellular Network(2G or 3G or 4G or 5G)

Intranet

Internet

Service

Provider

Cellular device integrated

to each node.

Note! Lot of interest to see

NB-IoT in this!

Service

Buyer

For instance

Electricity or water

company

Big data analytic

and processing


Benefit of OFDM vs. FDM

Frequency

Frequency

Conventional Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) multicarrier modulation

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) multicarrier modulation

Frequency Band needed for FDM

Frequency Band needed for OFDM Frequency Saving when using OFDM

Example when 7 multicarrier in use:


LTE-Downlink OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex )

Dfn - f Dfn + f

Frequency [f]1/s

Gn(f)I I

Frequency [f]1/s

Gn(f)I I

f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11

G0(f)I I G11(f)I I

1 Subcarrier

LTE example:

12 Subcarriers

In LTE the Subcarrier Spacing,

is 15kHz Symbol length =

Period of Subc.Spacing =

1s/15000(1/) = 66,7us

D f

OFDM Benefits:

• Improved spectral efficiency

• Reduce ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) effect by

multipath

• Against frequency selective fading

T sf /1D

kHzf 15D


Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM ) relation to LTE Subframe

0000 0100 1100 1000

0001 0101 1101 1001

0011 0111 1111 1011

0010 0110 1110 1010

Q

I

16-QAM Constellation

16-QAM 4x4 4 bits (Example above)

64-QAM 8x8 6 bits (In use today)

256-QAM 16x16 8 bits (Coming to use)

Modulation based on:

- Signal Phase

- Signal Amplitude

Allocation of physical

resource blocks (PRBs) is

handled by a scheduling

function at the 3GPP

base station (eNodeB)

FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation)


62

LTE Physical layer’s Resource Grid

• One frame is 10ms including 10 subframes

• One subframe is 1ms including 2 slots (see fig.)

• One slot is 0.5ms N resource elements[ N = 12x7 = 84 in this example]

• One resource block is 0.5ms and contains 12 subcarriers and 6-7OFDM Symbols

• One OFDM symbol is generated from 12 subcarriers

10ms

0,5ms

time

freq

uen

cy

university of oulu · large number of live nokia networks we estimate the spectral efficiency...

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