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Additional data to the stratigraphy and the chronology of the Kostenki 1 (Poliakov) sequence,Voronezh, RussiaHaesaerts, P; Damblon, F; van der Plicht, Johannes; Otte, Marcel; Nigst, Phillip R.

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This study is dedicated to Nikolai Praslov (†2009).For long time he has been the memory of Kostenki. Wekeep in mind our fruitful discussions on various topics atKostenki and Saint-Petersburg.

Abstract:

Kostenki 1 is one of the many sites of the Kostenki-Borshchevo site cluster south of Voronezh, which has along sequence covering the Early and Mid Upper Palaeo-lithic, including the Streletskian Cultural Layer V. Herewe present stratigraphic data from our 1994 fieldwork(sections of the 1981-1982 excavations) and radiocarbondates for the CL IV and V. For dating we used our cross-dating approach on high quality conifer charcoal withABA and ABOx-SC pre-treatment on sub-samples of thesame charcoal sample. Our results show that the Strelets-kian CL V dates to ~42,500 14C uncal BP and is signifi-cantly older than previously thought.

Résumé

Kostienki 1 figure parmi les principaux sites du do-maine archéologique Kostienki-Borshchevo au sud deVoronesh. Celui-ci présente une longue séquence cou-vrant le Paléolitique supérieur ancien et moyen laquellecomprend la Couche Culturelle V rapportée au Strelets-kien. Nous présentons ici les données stratigraphiques deKostienki 1 acquises au cours de la campagne de 1994(avec les profils mis au jour au cours des fouilles de 1981-1982) ainsi que les dates radiocarbone pour les couchesculturelles CL IV et CL V. Une approche en cross-datingABA et ABOx-SC a été mise en oeuvre sur des sous-échantillons de charbons de bois de conifère de hautequalité. Les résultats livrent des dates 14C autour de42.500 uncal BP pour le Streletskien de la couche cultu-relle CL V, lequel apparaît nettement plus ancien quel'âge attendu.

1 Introduction

The Kostenki-Borshchevo archaeological area spansseveral kilometres along the western side of the Don Val-ley, downstream of the city of Voronezh (Central Russia).Since the end of the 19th century, excavations and surveyshave led to the discovery of almost 25 archaeological siteswith abundant evidence of Upper Palaeolithic occupa-tion. For the most part these sites are located on the se-

cond terrace of the Don, although there are also sites onthe first terrace. Often these sites are located at the edgeof small valley slopes which promote lateral sediment in-puts (Sinistyn 1996; Holliday et al. 2007).

In this context, the site of Kostenki 1 (Poliakov) be-longs to the group of sites on the second terrace. It is si-tuated in an area of gentle slope, located north of thevalley of Pokrovsky, about 700 m from its merger withthe main Don Valley. The site is known since the 1920s(Efimenko 1958), but only the excavations by Rogachevbetween 1938 and 1953 worked out the main archaeolo-gical sequence of the loamy cover at the site (Praslov andRogachev 1982). The sequence is ~4 m thick and includesthree significant cultural levels: (a) the Gravettian cultu-ral layer CL 1 with structures of dwellings and pits, lo-cated in the upper loess close to the surface chernozem;(b) the Aurignacian CL III, found in the middle part ofthe loamy deposits; (c) the Streletskian CL V, associatedwith a humic horizon towards the base of the loamycover.

In this chapter, we mainly focus on the lower part ofthe stratigraphic sequence, which contains CL IV and CLV, recognized by N. Praslov during the 1981-1982 exca-vations in the southern part of the site. Our approach, inaddition to the data published in recent years (e.g., Hol-liday et al., 2007; Hoffecker et al., 2016), is based on thepedostratigraphic records of the sections of the1982 ex-cavation. We had access to these sections in 1994, afterremoval of the 1981-1982 excavations refill. This allowedus - in cooperation with N. Praslov - to precisely positionthe cultural layers in the stratigraphy (Figs. 1 and 2). Thiswork also aimed to control the context of charcoal sam-ples collected by N. Praslov in 1981-1982 and stored inSaint- Petersburg, later used by us to improve the chro-nology of the sequence.

2 The 1994 stratigraphic sequence

The two orthogonal profiles recorded in 1994, deli-neate the area excavated in 1981-1982. The eastern exca-vation section was studied on a length of 5 m, while thesouthern section was exposed on 2 m length (Figs 1 and2). At this location within the site, the upper part of theeastern section has been linked with the upper loess covercontaining CL I, which was exposed in the central partof the site, via a plot where CL III was being excavated.In such a way we got access to a detailed pedosedimen-tary record covering the entire sequence of Kostenki 1.

Additional data to the stratigraphy and the chronology of the Kostenki 1

Additional data to the stratigraphy and the chronology of the Kostenki 1(Poliakov) sequence, Voronezh, Russia

Paul Haesaerts1, Freddy Damblon1, Johannes van der Plicht2,3, Marcel Otte4, Philip R Nigst5

1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Earth and Life History Operational Division, Brussels, Belgium2 Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands3 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands4 Service de Préhistoire, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium5 Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

The location of these sections allowed to restore the geo-metry of the deposits. Based on this information, we sub-divided the stratigraphic sequence in eight units followingslight discordances (Fig. 1).

Unit 1 (thickness ~0.50 m)

Dark grey loam with abundant krotovinas, especiallyin its lower part.

Unit 2 (thickness ~0.40 m)

Pale yellow sandy silt subdivided into three subunits(2-1 to 2-3) by two thin sandy layers enriched in chalkyfragments. Scattered lithic artefact occurred at the baseof subunit 2-2 in the eastern section.

Unit 3 (thickness ~0.60 m)

Succession of three layers of pale yellow silt showinga parallel geometry, with a slight slope to the south (su-bunits 3-1, 3-2 and 3-3). Each subunit bears a clear ochreloamy horizon. The ochre horizon of subunit 3.2 is cha-racterized by a tongued lower limit inflected to the south-east. The base of unit 3 slightly truncates the underlyingunit 4.

Unit 4 (thickness ~0.50 m)

Pale ochre homogeneous loamy silt with some biotur-bations and scattered carbonate concretions (subunit 4-1). Downwards it is passing into a ~10 cm dark brownhumic horizon (subunit 4-2), slightly discordant on theunderlying silty deposit (subunit 5-1). The 4-2 horizon isrelated to a dense polygonal network of deep wedges fil-led with humic sediment. It is also related to a second set

of thin wedges filled with loam which opens in the lowerpart of subunit 4-1. The upper part of both sets ofwedges is slightly stretched to the east (Fig. 2).

Unit 5 (thickness ~1.00 m)

Thick, homogeneous pale yellowish brown silt (subu-nit 5-1) and yellowish brown loam (subunit 5-2), whichis overlying a light yellowish silt (subunit 5-3) with an ero-sional lower limit underlined by a continuous chalky gra-vel.

Unit 6 (thickness ~0.50 m)

This unit encompasses a yellow silt layer (subunit 6-1) and a pale yellowish brown silty loam layer (subunit 6-2) with small sandy pockets, capping a dark brown humichorizon (subunit 6-3), which characterized by a triangu-lar lower limit. Subunit 6-3 is connected with a dense po-lygonal network of thin brown wedges slightly stretchedto the east and locally disturbed by thin silty wedges star-ting from above.

Unit 7 (thickness ~0.50-0.75 m)

Pale yellowish homogeneous silt (subunit 7-1) withlayers of white sand in the lower half (subunit 7-2).

Unit 8 (thickness ~1.00 m)

White clayey loam with recurring thin layers of chalkypellets (subunit 8-2). At the top, it is wearing a centrime-tric black humic horizon (subunit 8-1). Unit 8 was notexposed in the 1981-1982 excavations, but during our1994 fieldwork.

Paul Haesaerts, Freddy Damblon, Johannes van der Plicht, Marcel Otte, Philip R Nigst

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Figure 1: Eastern profile (1994) with geometry of the stratigraphic units.Graphic symbols: cf. description of the stratigraphic units in the text.

3 Stratigraphic position of the cultural layers

In general, the probability to cross a cultural layer wi-thin a loess record during the cleaning of a section is re-latively limited, even at Kostenki. A few scatteredartefacts or bones are not necessarily indicative of a cul-tural layer. Therefore the stratigraphic positioning of CLI to V at Kostenki 1 is mainly based on the informationprovided on site by N. Praslov during our 1994 fieldwork(Figs 1 and 2). They have proved to be in good agreementwith the excavation reports of 1981-1982 that we consul-ted in Saint-Petersburg in 1998.

In this context, all available data contribute to reportthe Streletskian assemblage of CL V at the level of thehumic horizon 6-3. This is supported by one lithic arte-fact at that level in the eastern profile and of a charcoalconcentration in the southern profile during our 1994fieldwork (Fig. 1).

We have to mention here the presence of an isolatedlithic artefact and a fine lens of charcoal close to the baseand in the upper part of the yellow-ochre loam of subunit6-2 during our 1994 fieldwork. In 1994 it was unclearwhether this material is in a secondary position or it re-presents an up to then unknown cultural layer. The latter

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Figure 2: South profile (1994). Stratigraphy with position of the cultural layers recorded by N. Praslov in 1981-1982and with the first set of 14C dates (Sinitsyn and Praslov 1997)). The lower part of the profile (subunit 7-3 and unit8) was not recorded in 1981-1982. Depths are reported to the top-soil in 1981-1982.

hypothesis was verified in 2004 when a test pit was exca-vated close to the southern 1994 section. It showed adense concentration of bones positioned in the upperhalf of the loam of subunit 6-2, which was clearly sepa-rated from CL V located within the humic horizon 6-3(Fig. 3). This concentration of bones, labelled here BB(Bone Bed), should not be confused with CL IV, whichaccording to N. Praslov is located within the overlyingloess-loam of subunit 5-3, marked by chalky debris easilyrecognizable in both 1994 sections.

Figure 3: Kostenki 1, 2004. Lower part of the sequence with thebone bed (BB) in between CL IV and CL V.

CL III is traditionally attributed to the Aurignacian(Praslov and Rogachev 1982). According to M. Aniko-vich (pers. com.), who directed the excavation of thislayer in 1994, it relates rather to a ‘complex’, the lithic ar-tefacts and bones being distributed equally across thewhole loam of subunit 4-1 and without preferential levels.Some lithic artefacts probably come from the underlyinghumic horizon (subunit 4-2).

The Gravettian CL II is located - according to N.Praslov - in the lower part of the tongue horizon 3-2. Thearchaeological sequence ends with a dozen lithic artefactspresent in the loess cover of the eastern profile at the baseof subunit 2-2 (Fig. 1). These are laterally in the extensionof Gravettian CL I, which is well documented in the cen-tral part of the site (Fig. 4).

4 The radiocarbon dates

The analysis of the radiocarbon (14C) ages requiresthat various parameters are taken into account (Dam-blon and Haesaerts 2002, Haesaerts et al. 2010): (a) thenature and quality of the material dated; (b) the collec-tion and conservation mode of the sample; (c) the degreeof stratigraphic resolution; (d) the pre-processing of thesample before dating; (e) the laboratory 14C measurementmethod (conventional, AMS); (f) the relationship bet-ween the dated material and the event we wish to date (inthis case, the human occupation); (g) the degree of cohe-rence of the distribution of the 14C ages in the stratigra-phic record. It is worth to point out the necessity ofspecific identification of the charcoal fragments aftercleaning them because we cannot exclude contamination

by Holocene material from the surface chernozem by va-rious ways, including during excavation.

Figure 4: Kostenki 1, 1994. N. Praslov and A. Dodonov (Geolo-gical Institute, Moscow) during excavation of CL I.

4.1 Cultural layer I

A set of 42 14C dates refers to this layer, obtainedfrom the excavation area at the centre of the site. Theyare divided into 4 series (Sinitsyn and Praslov 1997): 24dates on burned bones (between 18,280 ±620 BP and24,100 ±500 BP), 13 dates on mammoth tooth (between19,010 ±120 BP and 23,770 ±200 BP), 1 date on ivory(23,640 ±320 BP) and 3 dates on charcoal, respectively22,330 ±150 BP (GrN-17118), 23,600 ±400 BP (GrA-5244) and 24,030 ±400 BP (GrA-5243).

In such a way, if we take into account the oldest agesof the 4 series (with less than 500 14C years sigma), weobtain a chronological range of 24,000 - 23,600 BP forCL I, which matches the 2 Groningen AMS dates onPicea charcoal cleaned and identified in Brussels at theRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)(GrA-5243, GrA-5244).

4.2 Cultural layer III

There are 21 dates attributed to CL III, which are splitin two series produced between 1980 and 1994 (13 dates)and after 1994 (8 dates), respectively. In the first series, 8dates (between 20,900 BP and 38,080 BP) are not consi-dered as presenting a sigma too high (between 1,100 and5,460 14C years). Of the 5 remaining dates, 4 dates on bur-ned bone and charcoal span between 25,400 ±400 BP and25,820 ±400 BP, the latter date being obtained in Gro-ningen on a sample of Picea charcoal collected in 1994by M. Anikovich in the lower part of subunit 4-1, cleanedand identified at the RBINS. As for the fifth date, it gavean age of 32,600 ±400 BP on charcoal submitted to Gro-ningen (Sinitsyn, 1993).

The 7 dates of the second series were obtained oncharcoal from the humic horizon 4-2, collected first in1989 and then between 2006 and 2012, during the exten-sion of the area excavated on both sides of the centralpart of the site (Holliday et al. 2007; Hoffecker et al.2015). With two dates of 29,130 ±320 BP and 29,400±370 BP and five dates between 31,880 ±500 BP and

Paul Haesaerts, Freddy Damblon, Johannes van der Plicht, Marcel Otte, Philip R Nigst

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32,280 ±500 BP, the second series of dates is clearly dis-tinguishable from the first series. Both series suggest astratigraphic and chronological duplication of CL III.

4.3 Cultural layers IV and V

In addition to three significantly rejuvenated datesranging from 27,400 BP to 32,300 BP attributed to CL V(Sinitsyn and Praslov, 1997), we have the doublet of dates34,900 ±350 BP and 37,900 ±2,800/2,100 BP obtained inGroningen on conifer charcoal samples collected in 1994in the humic horizon 6-3. Although these ages are com-patible with the stratigraphic position of CL V, these twodates are, however, unsatisfactory due to their age diffe-rences and the large sigma, leaving us to suspect a pro-blem with the quality of the sample or the pre-treatmentto remove contaminants. As we still had samples of coni-fer charcoal collected by N. Praslov in the lower part ofthe sequence during the excavation in 1981-1982, we the-refore decided to date them recently.

The evolution and improvement of radiocarbon AMSdating has allowed to increase precision and to refine theaccuracy of the results, although the mass of availablecarbon material still remains a limiting factor. Accurateand precise dates require an effective pre-treatment at theAMS dating laboratory. The classic method ABA (Acid-Base-Acid) is sufficient for materials younger than 35,000BP 14C (Bird et al. 1999), although a recent comparative

study observed up to 40,000 BP no significant differences(Haesaerts et al. 2013). However, for older charcoal sam-ples approaching the limit of the radiocarbon method, apre-treatment using ABOx-SC (Acid-Base-Oxidation -Stepped Combustion) proved more successful in elimina-tion of contaminants (Bird et al. 1999). This method hasalready provided significant older results for the site ofKostenki 14 (Douka 2010; Wood et al. 2012) and also forvarious Palaeolithic sites in Central Europe (Haesaerts etal. 2013; Nigst et al. 2014).

In the case of Kostenki 1, and especially for the CL V(Streletzkian) it was important to test this type of datingby comparing the two methods of pre-treatment respec-ting the minimum requirements of carbonaceous massused for dating. It was also interesting to compare thedates obtained in two different radiocarbon AMS labo-ratories (GrA: Groningen; OxA: Oxford).

The following charcoal samples were selected fromthe material available originating from the lower part ofthe Kostenki 1 sequence. A-1605: sample labelled CL-IV, 1981 (depth 3.00 – 3.10 m)A-1606: sample labelled CL-V, 1982 (depth 3.50 m) A-374: rest of the sample from the humic horizon 6-3dated already in 1994 (37,900 ±2,800/2,100 BP)

It has to be noted that the depths mentioned on thelabel of the samples A-1605 and A-1606 are in goodagreement with the position of the corresponding cultu-ral layers reported in 1994 by N. Praslov in the southernprofile (Fig. 2).

Therefore, in 2012, we used our cross-dating approach(Haesaerts et al. 2013) on the samples A-374 and A-1606,both belonging to CL V. One sub-sample of each samplewas sent to Groningen for ABA pre-treatment and AMSmeasurement and the other one to Oxford for ABOx-SCpre-treatment and AMS measurement. The sample A-1605 of CL IV did not provide the critical mass of char-coal necessary for a cross-dating and, hence, has onlybeen dated after ABA pre-treatment in Groningen andresulted in an age of 38,250 ±700/550 BP (GrA-53616).

As part of our cross-dating approach, samples A-374and A1606 were homogenized by reduction to very smallfragments (0.5-1.0 mm) before being divided in two sub-samples (one for ABA/Groningen and one for ABOx-SC/Oxford) in order to provide the laboratories withsub-samples considered identical. Given the aggressive-ness of ABOx-SC pre-treatment, it was decided to deliver150 mg of charcoal for this type of pre-treatment, while100 mg were used to for ABA pre-treatment (T. Highamand J. van der Plicht, pers. com.).

A-374, ABA pre-treatment, 100 mg GrA-53611: 39,200 ±800/750

A-374, ABOx-SC pre-treatment, 150 mg OxA-26649: 42,150 ±750

A-1606, ABA pre-treatment, 100 mg GrA-53612: 42,100 ±1,000/700

A-1606, ABOx-SC pre-treatment, 150 mg OxA-26650: 42,800 ±900

Additional data to the stratigraphy and the chronology of the Kostenki 1

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Figure 5: Kostenki 1. Distribution of the 14C dates for CL IV andCL V. Black circle: Groningen ABA dates; red square: OxfordABOx-SC dates; shaded area: accepted time range.

Paul Haesaerts, Freddy Damblon, Johannes van der Plicht, Marcel Otte, Philip R Nigst

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Figure 6: Synthetic pedosedimentary sequence (cumulated thickness). Abbreviations: KBA: Kostenki-BorshchevoArea (Praslov and Rogachev 1982; Holloway et al. 2007) V: CI tephra. Tr.V: traces of volcanic ash (cf. Hoffeckeret al. 2016, p. 315). Right side; = with oblique bar: geometric unconformity; (V): inferred position of volcanic ashlenses in the northern part of the excavation following Praslov (1981-1982); BB: bone bed; black triangle: positionof the lithics in 1994 profiles; 14C BP: accepted time intervals (red: ABOX-SC ages).

The results of the two cross-dated samples are conclu-sive (Fig. 5). In particular, it should be noted that sampleA-1606 produced two equivalent 14C ages for the ABA-and ABOx-SC-pre-treated sub-samples. Both the ages aswell as the sigma are comparable. On the contrary, the14C ages obtained for the sub-samples of A-374 presentsome 3,000 14C years of difference, with ABOx-SC-pre-treated sub-sample providing an older age. Such a diffe-rence at around 42,000 BP can be explained either by theslightest contamination in the ABA sub-sample of A-374or by statistical variation in AMS measurement, which isvery possible for the period under review (Haesaerts etal. 2013; Haesaerts et al. 2014). However, the cross-datingresults show a very satisfying convergence between theGrA-53612 date of 42,100 ±1000/700 BP using ABA pre-treatment and the two OxA-26649 and OxA-22650 datesof 42,150 ±750 BP and 42,800 ±900 BP, respectively,using ABOx-SC. All three sub-samples come from CL V,which confirms the presence of the Streletzkian at Kos-tenki 1 between 43,500 and 41,500 14C BP at 1 sigma (Fig.5). In a similar way, the age of ~38,250 14C BP obtainedfor CL IV fits with the position of this layer in the strati-graphic sequence. This shows once again the need towork on charcoal samples of well-controlled stratigraphicorigin, uniform taxonomic composition and consistentwith the period considered.

5 Conclusion

The starting point of our approach at Kostenki 1concerned the positioning of the cultural layers I to V wi-thin the stratigraphic sequence established by N. Praslovduring his excavations in 1981 and 1982. In 1994 we gotaccess to the remaining sections which were cleaned andrecorded. The chronological background, of the upperpart of the sequence (CL I to III) resulted in critical ana-lysis of the published 14C ages. For the lower part of the

sequence with CL IV and V we presented new 14C datesbased on cross-dating between ABA pre-treated samples(Groningen) and ABOx-SC pre-treated samples (Ox-ford).

Within the Kostenki I sequence, the humic horizons4-2 (Aurignacian CL III) and 6-3 (Streletskian CL V)dated respectively 31,880 - 32,280 BP and 43,500 - 45,500BP, represent interstadial episodes under continuous her-baceous cover. They occur as major chronostratigraphicmarkers, allowing a better integration of the pedosedi-mentary record at the scale of the Kostenki-Borshchevoarchaeological area, locked by the ash layer (Fig. 6). Thesemarkers may also be linked with the interstadial episodesMalu Galben 13 around 32,500 BP in Romania (Dam-blon and Haesaerts 2007; Haesaerts 2007), Willendorf D1between 43,400 and 45,100 BP in Austria (Nigst et al.2014) and further with GI-8 and GI-12, respectively, ofthe Greenland-Ice sequence (Haesaerts et al. 2009; 2010).

Acknowledgements

This research is a contribution to the Sc-04, Sc-09 andMO/36/021 research projects of the Belgian Science Po-licy, the INTAS projects 93-169, 93-169-Ext, 96-072,2000-879 and the NEMO-ADAP research project of theEC FP7 Marie Curie programme (CIG No. 322261). Theauthors are also grateful to their Russian friends and col-leagues for assistance in the field and Saint-Petersburg.Congratulations to Thomas Higham and KaterinaDouka for the high-resolution ABOx-Sc dates producedin Oxford. Many thanks to Eric Dermience for technicalassistance in laboratory handling and producing the gra-phics. PRN’s research was supported by the EC FP7Marie Curie programme (CIG No. 322261), the LeakeyFoundation, the DM McDonald Grants and AwardsFund, the Isaac Newton Trust, the British Academy, andthe Max-Planck-Society.

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Paul Haesaerts, Freddy Damblon, Johannes van der Plicht, Marcel Otte, Philip R Nigst

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Le SungirienSaint-Pétersbourg 2016

Култу́ра СунгирыаСанкт-Петербург 2016

Sergei VASILYEV, Andrei SINITSYN & Marcel OTTE (édit.)

Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de LiègeLiège, 2017

U.I.S.P.P. Commission 8, Paléolithique Supérieur d’Eurasie