University of Babylon College of Engineering Architectural Engineering Dep Class 3th

Principles of Planning

ProfDr Mohammad Ali Alanbari

2018-2019

First Semester Week No 16

1

2

Theories of the distribution of land uses

Contrary to popular opinion our cities are not primarily formed by the actions of local body politicians or town planners but rather it is the aggregate activity of property developers of all types that ultimately determine the form a city will take Multiple and often conflicting factors influence developers decisions and therefore ultimately influence the land use distribution within a city These factors can generally be categorized as demographic economic sociological legal and political

3

---Of these demographic economic and sociological factors tend to drive demand ---Economic factors again are employed as the decision making tools choosing between various alternatives ---Whereas the legal and political factors will establish the framework within which the development takes place and will attempt to influence for the benefit of society in general the direction of that development

4

The interrelationship of factors under the previous five headings is extremely complex and one factor cannot be adequately viewed in isolation from the others One holistic technique that can be used to analyze this interaction is to study historic urban land use throughout the world in an attempt to see if any consistent patterns of development have occurred If such urban land use patterns can be determined and by deduction their causes identified this will help in predicting the future shape of cities in a similar set of circumstances

Theories of Urban Land Use and their Application to the

Christchurch Property Market

by John McDonagh Lecturer in Property Studies

Lincoln University

5

First Concentric Zone Theory (Theory of Central Growth Bergs)

An early theory designed to explain the land use structures of cities was presented by Ernest Burgess in 1923 Burgess developed a concentric ring approach theorizing that a city expands from its original center in a series of concentric zones This was a development of Von Thunenrsquos explanation of rural land uses and values put forward in the early part of the last century and based upon the concept of a medieval village design

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

2

Theories of the distribution of land uses

Contrary to popular opinion our cities are not primarily formed by the actions of local body politicians or town planners but rather it is the aggregate activity of property developers of all types that ultimately determine the form a city will take Multiple and often conflicting factors influence developers decisions and therefore ultimately influence the land use distribution within a city These factors can generally be categorized as demographic economic sociological legal and political

3

---Of these demographic economic and sociological factors tend to drive demand ---Economic factors again are employed as the decision making tools choosing between various alternatives ---Whereas the legal and political factors will establish the framework within which the development takes place and will attempt to influence for the benefit of society in general the direction of that development

4

The interrelationship of factors under the previous five headings is extremely complex and one factor cannot be adequately viewed in isolation from the others One holistic technique that can be used to analyze this interaction is to study historic urban land use throughout the world in an attempt to see if any consistent patterns of development have occurred If such urban land use patterns can be determined and by deduction their causes identified this will help in predicting the future shape of cities in a similar set of circumstances

Theories of Urban Land Use and their Application to the

Christchurch Property Market

by John McDonagh Lecturer in Property Studies

Lincoln University

5

First Concentric Zone Theory (Theory of Central Growth Bergs)

An early theory designed to explain the land use structures of cities was presented by Ernest Burgess in 1923 Burgess developed a concentric ring approach theorizing that a city expands from its original center in a series of concentric zones This was a development of Von Thunenrsquos explanation of rural land uses and values put forward in the early part of the last century and based upon the concept of a medieval village design

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

3

---Of these demographic economic and sociological factors tend to drive demand ---Economic factors again are employed as the decision making tools choosing between various alternatives ---Whereas the legal and political factors will establish the framework within which the development takes place and will attempt to influence for the benefit of society in general the direction of that development

4

The interrelationship of factors under the previous five headings is extremely complex and one factor cannot be adequately viewed in isolation from the others One holistic technique that can be used to analyze this interaction is to study historic urban land use throughout the world in an attempt to see if any consistent patterns of development have occurred If such urban land use patterns can be determined and by deduction their causes identified this will help in predicting the future shape of cities in a similar set of circumstances

Theories of Urban Land Use and their Application to the

Christchurch Property Market

by John McDonagh Lecturer in Property Studies

Lincoln University

5

First Concentric Zone Theory (Theory of Central Growth Bergs)

An early theory designed to explain the land use structures of cities was presented by Ernest Burgess in 1923 Burgess developed a concentric ring approach theorizing that a city expands from its original center in a series of concentric zones This was a development of Von Thunenrsquos explanation of rural land uses and values put forward in the early part of the last century and based upon the concept of a medieval village design

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

4

The interrelationship of factors under the previous five headings is extremely complex and one factor cannot be adequately viewed in isolation from the others One holistic technique that can be used to analyze this interaction is to study historic urban land use throughout the world in an attempt to see if any consistent patterns of development have occurred If such urban land use patterns can be determined and by deduction their causes identified this will help in predicting the future shape of cities in a similar set of circumstances

Theories of Urban Land Use and their Application to the

Christchurch Property Market

by John McDonagh Lecturer in Property Studies

Lincoln University

5

First Concentric Zone Theory (Theory of Central Growth Bergs)

An early theory designed to explain the land use structures of cities was presented by Ernest Burgess in 1923 Burgess developed a concentric ring approach theorizing that a city expands from its original center in a series of concentric zones This was a development of Von Thunenrsquos explanation of rural land uses and values put forward in the early part of the last century and based upon the concept of a medieval village design

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

5

First Concentric Zone Theory (Theory of Central Growth Bergs)

An early theory designed to explain the land use structures of cities was presented by Ernest Burgess in 1923 Burgess developed a concentric ring approach theorizing that a city expands from its original center in a series of concentric zones This was a development of Von Thunenrsquos explanation of rural land uses and values put forward in the early part of the last century and based upon the concept of a medieval village design

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

6

It was assumed that the central district would be used for intensive high rent uses such as office buildings department stores and other retailers financial institutions hotels theatres etc The ring immediately surrounding the central district would be made up of a variety of uses including low rent workers residences for those employed in the central area as well as manufacturing wholesaling storage and similar activities which are related directly or indirectly to those activities carried out in the central zone Rings further out in the hierarchy would in turn be devoted to low cost wage earner housing middle class housing and on the rural urban fringe higher cost upper income housing

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

7

Concentric Zone Theory

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

8

1 Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city is a non-residential area and itrsquos where businesses are This area s called downtown a lot of sky scrapers houses government institutions businesses stadiums and restaurants 2 Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has poorer-quality housing available Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments 3 Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older houses occupied by stable working class families A large percentage of the people in this area rent 4 Zone of better residence- This zone contains newer and more spacious houses Mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone 5Commuterrsquos ZoneSuburbs- This area is located beyond the build-up area of the city Mostly upper class residents live in this area

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

9

Second Theory of Sectors Homer Hoyt

The sector or wedge theory is an important alternative to the concentric ring theory outlined above This theory was developed by Homer Hoyt during the 1930s and was the result of an analysis of more than 200000 neighborhood blocks in approximately 70 American cities The sector theory assumes that in a city unconstrained by geographic features a sliced pie shaped spread of land uses will result - numerous sectors or slices extending out from the central business district to the cities outskirts Within each sector like uses and people of similar social strata will tend to associate and growth will be accommodated by pushing further outward from the city center rather than by encroaching on an adjacent sector

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

10

Sector Theory

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads rivers or train routes

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

11

Third Multiple Nuclei Theory Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

A further development of the theory of urban land uses was the multiple nuclei theory of 1945 by Harris and Ullman This enlarged on Hoytrsquos thesis by asserting that cities and other metropolitan areas often evolve with more than one business district This is particularly the case in very large cities There is still a principle or down town business CBD or central core but as a city grows there emerge one or more additional business districts located along major transport routes at some distance from the CBD

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

12

Each of these becomes a nucleus for a similar hierarchy of land uses that are comparable to those occurring around the CBD according to the Burgess or Hoyt theories For this hierarchy to fully occur however there needs to be an area of vacant or low intensity use land between the various nuclei

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

24

25

13

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity not a single CBD Ports airports universities attract certain uses while repelling others

14

15

16

17

18

Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Fourth Theory of Central place Walter Christaller

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement size and number of settlements The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany In the flat landscape of southern Germany Christaller noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant By examining and defining the functions of the settlement structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement locations using geometric shapes

19

Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Assumptions Christaller made a number of assumptions such as All areas have bull an isotropic (all flat) surface bull an evenly distributed population bull evenly distributed resources bull similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market bull transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance bull no excess profits (perfect competition)

20

Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Explanation of some terms Central Place low order high order sphere of influence 1048698 A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it 1048698 Simple basic services (eg grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (eg universities) are said to be of high order 1048698 Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it but not vice versa 1048698 Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements 1048698 The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place

21

Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Details of the theory The theory consists of two basic concepts bull threshold -- the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services bull range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found With the upper and the lower limits it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area

22

Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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Arrangement of the Central places settlements As transport is equally easy in all direction each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram However circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas To solve this problem Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram Within a given area there will be fewer high order cities and towns in relation to the lower order villages and hamlets For any given order theoretically the settlements will be equidistance from each other The higher order settlements will be further apart than the lower order ones

23

The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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The three principles in the arrangement of the central places Christaller noted three different arrangements of central places according to the following principles 1 The marketing principle (K=3 system) 2 The transportation principle (K=4 system) 3 The administrative principle (K=7 system)

Sizes of settlementscommunities as per central place theory Walter Christaller gave a system with 5 sizes of settlements based on population The smallest unit is Hamlet which is considered a rural community and the largest unit is Regional Capital The rank order of central places in ascending order include 1 Hamlet 2 Village 3 Town 4 City 5 Regional Capital Metropolis

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