university of aveiro final meeting and project review 23/24 june 2003 gdansk university of aveiro...

University of AveiroUniversity of Aveiro

Final Meeting and Project Review 23/24 June 2003 Gdansk


Emissions and Air Quality Emissions and Air Quality ModellingModelling

Department of Environment and PlanningDepartment of Environment and Planning

University of Aveiro (Portugal)University of Aveiro (Portugal)

Carlos Borrego and Ana Isabel Miranda



Emissions and Air Quality Modelling

Air qualityAir quality is an important issue in a is an important issue in a

sustainable urban transportation sustainable urban transportation

systemsystem..

SUTRA SUTRA addressed this question through a addressed this question through a cascade of emissions cascade of emissions andand air quality models air quality models, ,

which covers different scales, from the which covers different scales, from the regionalregional to the to the ”hotspot””hotspot”..



Emissions and Air Quality Modelling

TREM

VISUM

VADIS

Local scale

AirWare

City level

OFIS

Regional scale



Transport Emission Model for Line Transport Emission Model for Line Sources Sources TREM

allows the estimation of road traffic emissions with high temporal and spatial

resolution.

Objectives within SUTRA project:

Quantification of road traffic emissions for the reference situation and the development scenarios;1

. Development of a link to transportation model;2.Implementation of new vehicle technologies;3

. Development of a friendly user interface.4.



Transport Emission ModelTransport Emission Model

Methodology

E = e aEEmissionmission factorfactor

Emission factors fromMEET / COST methodology

• Different vehicle technologies (engine capacity, vehicle mass, emission reduction technology)• Average speed approach• Future technologies• Pollutants: CO, CO2,NOx, VOC, PM10, SO2

TTransport activityransport activityLink to transportation model - Cold start emission with high spatial resolution

Link to GIS - High spatial resolution - Spatial analysis of the emission data

Different aggregation levels for vehicle classification

- Adapted to the data available




Total emission for each road segment

TREMTREMhot emission

cold emission

ArcView

Network geometry, road segment length

Statistical data

Vehicle age, emission reduction technology, engine

capacity,...VISUM

Traffic volumeVehicle speed

Number of vehicles under cold engine;Vehicle speed



Transport Emission ModelTransport Emission Model RResults

Air Pollution modelsAir Pollution models

Analysis of Spatial Analysis of Spatial distributiondistribution((join with other GIS informationjoin with other GIS information) )

IndicatorsIndicators

ScenariosScenarios

Genoa indicators for CO2:Total emission: 207 041

(t.year -1)Emission per capita: 0.326 (t.year -1)Emission per pass-km: 0.351 (kg.km -1.year-1) Private transport over total: 96.3 %

CO emissions from Road Transport

14026

4626

1953

8015

4144

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

10500

12000

13500

15000

Baseline CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4

ton

s p

er

ye

ar

CO emission from road transport in Thessaloniki

Gdansk CO emission

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

hours

em

iss

ion

ra

te (

g.h

-1)




Uncertainties estimation for Lisbon City Case

Coefficient of Variation (%)

CV =s

X

100

Data considered

speed

Series 3

Series 2

Series 1

vehiclesby

classes

vehiclesby

category

totalvehicle number

Results :

CV emission

uncertainty (%)



1. TREM Interface available for download in SUTRA

Webpage (restricted access to city partners)

2. TREM interface on-line:

www.dao.ua.pt/gemac

Transport Emission Model Transport Emission Model iinterface

This software is developed at the Department of Environment and Planning – University of Aveiro – Portugal

www.dao.ua.pt/gemac



VADIS Local Scale Model


Adaptation of street canyon model to calculate urban air pollution due to traffic road emissions and to estimate local hot-spot values;

1.

2. Validation of VADIS results with air quality data for all city cases;

3. Development of an interface for a friendly user access to model input operations;

4. Simulation of development scenarios by the city partners using the VADIS interface.

allows the calculation of urban street canyon air pollution due to road traffic emissions and the estimation of local hot-spots.

VADIS VADIS ModelModel



Local Scale Model

Set-up by 2 independent modules:

VADIS_V and VADIS_D

Flow and dispersion near obstacles under variable wind conditions

Field of application:Field of application:

General descriptionGeneral description

Local dispersion model;

Calculation of concentration fields of air pollutants in specific areas of a city.



Local Scale Model

Wind dataWind data wind field domain

wind field grid resolution

wind velocity and direction

vertical rotation axis between dispersion and wind field grids

Dispersion dataDispersion data dispersion field domain

dispersion field grid resolution

obstacles and sources coordinates in the domain

Boundary Layer Module (VADIS_V)

3-D velocity wind field3-D velocity wind field

Lagrangean module (VADIS_D)

Emission data(source emission rate)

3-D concentration field3-D concentration field

TREM



Local Scale Model

evaluationComparison between CO concentrations measured by the air quality station located at Prata Street and the concentrations calculated by VADIS and FLUENT models.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Time (h)

CO

co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

.m-3

)

Concentrations measured by Prata Street air quality station

Concentrations estimated by VADIS in a near point to the air quality station

Concentrations estimated by FLUENT in a near point to the air quality station

Simulated period:

8/7/1997



Local Scale Model

evaluation

0 50 100 150 200 2500

50

100

150

200

250

0 50 100 150 200 2500

50

100

150

200

250

CO[µg.m -3]Hallera street

100

250

500

1000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

Gdansk

Domain rotation angle: 0ºWind direction: 113ºWind velocity: 1,3 m.s-1

Air Quality Station(CO m easured value: 11:00 - 12:00 - 474 µg.m -3)

Simulation period:

1/7/1999 11:00 – 12:000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

200

500

1000

1500

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2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

C O(µg.m -3)

Bergues Str.

Mo

ulin

s S

tr.

To

ur

de

-I'll

e S

tr.

Geneva

Simulation period:

13/1/2001 15:00 – 16:00

Domain rotation angle: 18ºWind direction: 72ºWind velocity: 4,9 m.s-1

Air Quality Station(CO m easured value: 15:00 - 16:00 - 1450 µg.m -3)



1. VADIS Interface available for download in SUTRA Webpage (restricted access to city partners)

2. VADIS interface on-line:

www.dao.ua.pt/gemac

Local Scale Model interface



AirWare City-level Model

Integrated model-based information and decision support system for air quality assessment and

management.Objectives within SUTRA project:

Development of a tool for comprehensive impact assessment urban transportation, that goes beyond the air quality aspects;

1.Adaptation of a rule-based expert system for screening level environmental impact assessment to the project requirements;

2.Development of checklists and rule-sets consistent with the indicators of sustainable urban transportation, sustainable urban development and economic assessment.3.



City-level Model

City-level modeling of air quality (SO2, NOx, TPS)

Gaussian short-term and long-term Gaussian short-term and long-term models (ISC3/AERMOD)models (ISC3/AERMOD)

3-D dynamic Eulerian model (TIMES/URBAN) for conservative pollutants or first-order decay and conversion (SO2=>SO4, NO=>NO2)

Dynamic (24 hours) photochemical box model (USEPA PBM)

AirWare systemAirWare system

Geographical Data

Population Data

Emission Inventories

Meteorological Data

Air Quality Data

Economic Data

Input information

usingusing

air quality air quality modelsmodels



City-level Model

Model: ISC ST

Pollutant: NOx

Inversion: 1500

Stability: B

Temperature: 10.0 °C

Wind speed: 1.0 m/s

Wind direction:

<>

Total Emission 43.0 kg/h

Traffic 43.0 100.0%

Point 0.0 0.0%

Area 0.0 0.0%

Max. Conc. 180.16 µg/m3

Average 1.29 µg/m3

Nonzero Avg. 2.87 µg/m3

Above Max.Thres. 0.18 %

Population Exp. 0 Frequency Distribution:

Gdansk

SC 1 (young and virtuous)

ISC application



City-level Model

ISC applicationLisbon

SC1 (young and virtuous)

Model: ISC ST

Pollutant: NOx

Inversion: 1500

Stability: B

Temperature: 10.0 °C

Wind speed: 1.0 m/s

Wind direction:

<>

Total Emission 159.0 kg/h

Traffic 159.0 100.0%

Point 0.0 0.0%

Area 0.0 0.0%

Max. Conc. 982.22 µg/m3

Average 11.11 µg/m3

Nonzero Avg. 14.93 µg/m3

Above Max.Thres. 0.07 %

Population Exp. 0 Frequency Distribution:



OFIS Ozone Fine Structure Ozone Fine Structure modelmodel


allow authorities to assess urban air quality by means of a fast, simple and still reliable model; refine a regional model simulation by estimating the urban subgrid effect on pollution levels.

Adaptation of photochemical air quality model (OFIS) for the set of application cases; 1

. Development of interfaces between the regional photochemical air quality model and the traffic, emission and energy models, as well as the assessment methods. 2.



Ozone Fine Structure Ozone Fine Structure modelmodel

Sample of horizontal grid layoutMain inputs: emissions: hourly non-urban, suburban and urban emissions rates

meteorological data: daily average wind speed and direction, temperature and temperature lapse rate above the mixing layer

boundary conditions: daily average regional background concentrations (NO, NO2, O3 and other species)

Wind direction

suburban

1D multibox model

urban



AOT60 and IND120 indicators

Ozone Fine Structure Ozone Fine Structure modelmodel

Methodology appliedMethodology applied

IND120IND120 (number of days) Spatial graphs of days with 8 hour running average ozone concentration exceeding 120 μg.m-3 values.

AOT60AOT60 (ppb x hours) The accumulated exposure above the threshold concentration of 60 ppb (120 µg.m-3) calculated from the daily maximum 8-hour means.



Ozone Fine Structure model Ozone Fine Structure model application

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

5

25

45

65

85

105

125 Number of days with 8 hour running average ozone concentration exceeding 120 μg.m-3 (IND120)

Wind rose of prevailing wind during the summer semester of 1999.

Spatial graph of exceedances Spatial graph of exceedances

Area of application: 150x150km2 area surrounding GenoaGenoa



Thessaloniki

AOT60AOT60

Ozone Fine Structure modelOzone Fine Structure model application

Area of application:

ReferenceReference scenarioscenario



Ozone Fine Structure modelOzone Fine Structure model application

SC1Young and virtuous

SC2Young and vicious

SC3 Old and virtuous

SC4 Old and vicious

Thessaloniki

AOT60

Area of application:



Final Remarks

No single No single modelmodel can cover the entire set of can cover the entire set of impactsimpacts,, so a so a

few well selected and complementary ones were few well selected and complementary ones were appliedapplied

to derive different to derive different indicatorsindicators..

TREMTREMPressure Pressure indicators:indicators:

Total passenger Total passenger transport emissiontransport emission CO CO22 in a yearin a year ( (tonstons..yryr-1-1))

Passenger transport Passenger transport emission emission COCO22 per per capita in a yearcapita in a year ((tonstons..yryr-1-1..capitacapita-1-1))

......

VADISVADISState State indicators:indicators:

Peak Peak concentration CO, concentration CO, NONOxx and PM10 and PM10 (µg.m(µg.m-3-3))

AirWareAirWareState indicators:State indicators:

NONO22 a annual average nnual average concentration concentration (µ(µgg..mm-3-3))

Above maximum Above maximum threshold NOthreshold NOxx (%) (%)

Population exposurePopulation exposure

......

OFISOFISState indicators:State indicators:

OO33 annual average annual average concentration (µg.mconcentration (µg.m-3-3))

AOT (max) AOT (max)

E120(domain)E120(domain)

......These MODELS may be applied for addressing the

issues raised by the EU Air Quality Framework Directive

university of aveiro final meeting and project review 23/24 june 2003 gdansk university of aveiro...

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