university libraries consortia development as a purchase method of ematerials yoshiro kato chief...
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University Libraries Consortia development
as a purchase method of eMaterials
Yoshiro KATO
Chief Executive
International Center
Keio University
Introduction
• Currently, university libraries are purchasing eMaterials to answer the needs of their users. This task is difficult for a single library. However, by forming a consortium among libraries, it becomes possible to purchase information in stabilized and reasonable prices.
• Today, I would like report about consortia based on the method of marketing analysis of commercial companies. At the same time, I would like to consider the development of the Consortia Life Cycle with good efficiency.
Necessity of MarketingThe marketing style difference between Commercial Companies and Libraries
Commercial Companies Libraries
Concept sales exchange
Target consumer user
Strategy competition cooperation
Marketing Mix 4P•Product•Price•Place•Promotion
•service•time saving•comfortable environment•communication
Strategic Marketing
Commercial Companies Libraries
Brand Competition Brand Cooperation
Concept Competitions among companies targeting common customers
Cooperation among libraries targeting common users
Example Tyota & HondaKirin & Asahi Beer
Strategic Marketing
Commercial Companies
Libraries
industrial Competition industrial Cooperation
Concept industrial Competition targeting common products
Global Cooperation among libraries targeting common service
Example Tyota & HondaKirin & Asahi Beer
Cooperation between RLG and Keio University
Strategic Marketing
Commercial Companies
Libraries
Formation of Competition Formation of Cooperation
Concept Brand Competition of PET bottles
Cooperation among libraries of a same kind
Example Styles of Competition between PET bottles industries and tea leaf merchants.
•University Libraries
•Public Libraries
Strategic Marketing
Commercial Companies
Libraries
Competition in general Cooperation in general
Concept Competition to target money in the wallet of consumer.
Cooperation by outsourcing
Example Competition to have consumers spend bonus money on whether taking trips or purchasing electric products
•Cooperation between incorporated University institution and University Libraries
•Cooperation between local government and Public Libraries
Brand ResearchPQ: Perception Quotient
questionnaire surveys
Commercial Companies
Libraries
Target ConsumersEmployees
UsersLibrarians
Characters 1. Originality2. Premium3. Recommendation
1. Characteristic services
2. Evaluation of collections of books
3. Comfortable service
Common Topics:
Brand Research
Commercial Companies
Libraries
Questionnaires
to consumers:their needs
to users:their value
to employees:use for their task
to librarians:motivation to accomplish their task
The Life Cycle of commodity (merchandise)
at commercial companies• Strong Needs of introducing new products for Marketing
• Early development↓
• Development↓
• Maturation↓
• Disbanding↓
• Early development (introduction)
Library Services Life Cycle
• Philip Kotler 1969 Proposal of Marketing for nonprofit organization
• Life Cycle of Library Services in Japan
Early development
Google, e-book, digitalization
Development E-journal, OPAC
Maturation ILL, Open stack
Disbanding Cataloging with cards and booklets
Library Consortia Life Cycle
• Shachaf’s theory of Consortia Life Cycle in 2003
• The Life Cycle Model
• Potter’s 6 standards1. The number of participating libraries
2. Core programs
3. Ground of the constitute
4. Financial source
5. Participation of major Universities
6. The management & administration organization
Library Consortia Life Cycle
country The Name of Consortium Established yearNo. of
participating University Libraries
UK JISC DNER/NESLI (Joint Information System Committee, Distributed National Electronic Resources/National Electronic Site Licensing)
1996 175
Spain REBIUN (Committee of the Conference of Spanish University Principals)
1996 47
Israel MALMAD (Israel Center for Digital Information Systems)
1997 8
Library Consortia Life Cyclecountry The Name of Consortium Established
year
No. of participating University Libraries
Austria CAUL CEIRC (Council of Australian University Libraries Electronic Information Resources Committee)
1998 70
China CALIS (China Academic Library and
Information System)
1998 70
Italy INFER (Italia National Forum on
Electronic Information Resources)
1999 15
Library Consortia Life Cycle
country The Name of Consortium
Established year
No. of participating University Libraries
Micronesia FSM (Federated State of Micronesia Library Service Plan 1999-2000)
1999 all Libraries of the
country
Brazil ANSF (Academic Network of Sao Paulo)
2000 6
Methodology of development stages
《 The Embryonic Stage》
• Pre-establishment stage toward the later established consortium.
Characters1. Informal, Voluntary Networking Activities2. Interlibrary Loans
Requirement for Establishing Formal Mechanisms1. Governmental Funding and Approval2. Strong Internal Leadership in Consortia
Methodology of development stages
《 Early Development》
• Gradually, Achieving the Primary Goals of Its Charter• Demonstrating Benefits That Will Reach Fruition in the Development Stage• The Bibliographic Network and Interlibrary Loan Services are Taking Root.• Starting ‘Full Text Databases’ Subscriptions• Establishment of Unique Identity of Consortium• Cultivating Outside Relationships
Methodology of development stages
《 Development》• Seeking funds from external sources• suggestion of internal membership commitment• Growth of subscriptions shared between consortia
members• This stage lasts up to five years• Focusing on the consortium’s effectiveness and
efficiency
Methodology of development stages
《 Maturation 》• Guarantee for the access to electronic resources through s
hared subscriptions, union catalogues and interlibrary loan• Support for Internet connections and Pprovision of hardw
are for that purpose• Extension of participation beyond academic libraries• Financial independence by being self supported organizati
on with membership fee and service fee• Becoming an important negotiation agent for electronic lic
ensing subscription• Improving services by collaborating with other consortia
Methodology of development stages
1. Disbanding or Termination• Lack of Consortia viability
2. MetaConsortia• Consortium of consortia, founded on
the basis of cooperation among several consortia
Classification of the Consortia by Stage of Development
Stage Nationwide Consortia
1. Embryonic Italy, Micronesia, Spain
2. Early Development Brazil
3. Development China, Israel, UK
4. Maturation Australia U.S.A (Statewide)
5. a. Disbanding
b. MetaConsortia
Farmington Plan, CISTI(Canada)
ICOLC, eIFL
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
The Embryonic Stage (1998 – 2000)
• Joint use of Intranet style electronic journal
• IDEAL Consortia by Academic Press
• IDEAL open consortia (JIOC/NU) by 6 Universities of Japan Association of National University Libraries (JANUL)
↓Disbanding in 2002
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
Early Development (2000 – 2002)• Establishment of the task force for electronic
journal by Japan Association of National University Libraries
• University of Tokyo Library took the major role
• April, 2002, signing up for the contract of a consortium with Elsevier and other 4 publishers.
Japanese University Libraries ConsortiaDevelopment (2002 – 2003)• Contract with 13 publisher for electronic journal
• 3,800 titles of electronic journals became available
• Due to introducing electronic journals, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) provide budget for National University Libraries.
• Cooperative work with National Institute of Informatics to establish guarantee of on going access to online publications
• Establishment of Private University Libraries Consortium (PULC)
Japanese University Libraries Consortia
Development (2002 – 2003)• Subsidy from Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to introduce electronic journals at Private Universities
• Development into self supportive organization
• Japan Coalition of Library Consortia (JCOLC)
• Planning for the establishment of JCOLC
Conclusion• Current consortia are only for purchasing Electron
ic Journals. The same strategy must be used for purchasing eBooks.
• For further development of the method of Schacaf, we must correct newest data and continue quantitative researches
• We are aiming to increase the purchase of electronic information resources by establishing an unique consortium which fit for the environment of Japanese Libraries