university graphic identity€¦ · julian beever, uk artist amamorphic illusions . department of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Tom Hethmon Center for Mine Safety & Health Excellence
Department of Mining Engineering University of Utah
“Situational Awareness”
Wyoming Mining Association
2014 Annual Safety Conference
![Page 2: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Presentation Overview
1. Introduction to situational awareness.
2. The three phases of situational awareness.
3. How to lose situational awareness.
4. Measuring situational awareness.
5. Take-home lessons & suggestions.
![Page 3: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
How do you prevent occupational illness and injuries?
![Page 4: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Causes Mining Incidents?
Equipment failure
Mother nature At-risk behavior
Unsafe work environment
Unsafe work procedures
?
Pre-existing condition
![Page 5: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
• Unsafe conditions
• Equipment
• Procedures
• Behaviors
![Page 6: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Risk
• Risk = Probability X Consequence of occurrence of outcome
![Page 7: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Eastern 401
![Page 8: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Benny Agbayani
![Page 9: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Wildfires
![Page 10: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Mullane
![Page 11: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness (SA) Defined
Being aware of what is happening around you to understand how information, events, and your own actions will impact you
and your goals, both now and in the future.
Wikipedia
The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning,
and the projection of their status in the near future.
Endsley, 1988
![Page 12: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 13: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 14: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
1. The perception of elements in the environment with a volume of time and space;
2. The comprehension of their meaning;
3. The projection of their status in the near future.
Perceive Understand Project
![Page 15: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Gaining & Maintaining SA
Perceive
Understand
Project
Future: Understanding
the situation triggers
decision-making, action
& review.
Gathering (scanning) information
Comparison w/ mental model
Update model
Feedback, check, monitor
![Page 16: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
The (Situational Awareness) 360 Bubble
![Page 17: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Elements of Situational Awareness
• Information: production targets, SOPs, timing, rules, training, operations data, communication, etc.
• Environment: temperature, heat, lighting, co-workers, equipment, visibility, proximity, tools, housekeeping, complexity, etc.
• Personal: health, fatigue, confidence, experience, competence, vigilance, distractions, motivation, working memory, etc.
• Organizational: acceptable behavior, culture, change & change management, history, expectation, supervision, accountability, incentive, teamwork, etc.
![Page 18: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
The (Situational Awareness) 360 Bubble
SOP?
Proximity?
Mechanically sound?
Housekeeping?
Unusual sounds?
New workers? Poor weather?
Non-routine task?
Line of fire? Process upset?
Behind schedule? All energy isolated?
![Page 19: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
• Is SA an innate skill? Are some people born with the ability to be competent at SA regardless of the environment?
• If so, how do you identify these people?
• Can workers be screened for SA ability?
• Can SA be learned and developed? If so, how?
![Page 20: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
• Level 1 SA.
• Acquiring information from the environment/situation: – By seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, feeling.
• Paying attention to what is most important.
• Knowing what is relevant and what is not relevant.
• Active process. Requires practice & discipline.
• Information used to build a mental model of the environment.
• Can we be ‘on’ all the time?
Perceive
![Page 21: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 22: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 23: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 24: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 25: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 26: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 27: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 28: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 29: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 30: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 31: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
![Page 32: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
What Do You Perceive?
It’s also
important to
know when
there is no
change…
![Page 33: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Keys to Optimizing Perception
• Testing workers’ ability to ‘see’ in their environment.
• Show new workers what is acceptable & unacceptable;
• Avoid complacency (experienced workers on autopilot?);
• Build on previous shift’s perceptions: – Use pre-shift/tailgate meetings to describe changes;
![Page 34: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Failing to See
• Scanning & observing require discipline & practice.
• Scan the entire environment -- may be multiple areas.
• Don’t expect to see something.
“Sometimes you see only half of the picture but need to see all of it to understand the situation.”
![Page 35: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Visual Illusions
• Visually perceived images that differ from objective reality.
• Literal optical illusions: create images that are different from the objects that make them.
• Physiological illusions: the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific type (brightness, color, size, position, tilt, movement).
• Cognitive illusions: result of unconscious inferences.
![Page 36: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Optical Illusions
![Page 37: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Julian Beever, UK Artist
![Page 38: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Julian Beever, UK Artist
Amamorphic illusions
![Page 39: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Count
![Page 40: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Illusion of Attention
• Aka: inattentional blindness & selective attention.
• We think everyone sees/experiences the world as we see it.
• We share an illusion that we all see/experience the world the same. This is an incorrect assumption.
• You experience the world based on what your mind allows you to experience.
• Not paying attention to something is to be blind to it.
![Page 41: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
• Level 2 SA.
• Building the mental model.
• Comparing observations with experience & knowledge.
• Synthesizing disjointed elements through pattern recognition, interpretation & evaluation.
• With no experience it’s difficult to form an accurate mental model. This is one reason inexperienced workers get injured most often.
• Mental models must be kept up to date.
Understand
![Page 42: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Change
![Page 43: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Door
![Page 44: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Change Blindness
• A form of inattentional blindness.
• Usually associated with an extraneous, momentary, disruption in visual continuity.
• Magicians rely on this common human error.
• Increasing shifts in attention decrease the severity of change blindness.
• Changes in the foreground are detected more readily than changes made to the background, an effect of the intentional bias for foreground elements.
![Page 45: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
• Level 3 SA
• Understanding of the situation enables us to look ahead.
• Ability to project future actions of the environmental elements.
• Achieved through knowledge of status & dynamics of elements and extrapolation of this into the future.
• Time is critical in SA – it changes with the action of individuals, task characteristics and the environment.
Project
![Page 46: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Endsley (1995)
![Page 47: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Decision-making & Situational Awareness
Goal
Action
Result
Review
Planned
Action
Expected
Result
![Page 48: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Mistakes & Performance Growth (H. Dreyfus)
Basis
fo
r A
cti
on
Novice Advanced Competent Proficient Expert
Beginner
Behavior
based on
rules &
procedures
Behavior
based on
personal
practical
knowledge
![Page 49: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Mindfulness (Habit)
90%
10%
If a worker’s normal work pattern includes unsafe
behavior, and the work is repetitive, the unsafe behavior
will become habit.
Active thought
Habitual functioning
![Page 50: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 51: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 52: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 53: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 54: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 55: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
SA & Mining Incidents
![Page 56: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Hazard (Situational) Awareness: Errors
• Level 1: Failure to perceive information in the environment.
• Level 2: Failure to correctly assimilate or understand info.
• Level 3: Errors due to lack of mental model, i.e., think ahead.
• What type of error is most common?
![Page 57: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Hazard (Situational) Awareness: Errors
• Level 1: Failure to perceive information in the environment.
• Level 2: Failure to correctly assimilate or understand info.
• Level 3: Errors due to lack of mental model, i.e., think ahead.
• What type of error is most common?
![Page 58: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Losing Situational Awareness
• Perception based on faulty information;
• Inadequate pattern recognition (don’t see the cues);
• Inadequate/inflexible mental model;
• Excessive motivation (distraction);
• Inadequate working memory (fail to ‘chunk’ information)
• Workload (overload);
• Stress;
• Fatigue;
• Poor communication (especially for team SA).
![Page 59: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Alertness (Fatigue) & Human Error
![Page 60: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Job & Personal Factors that Weaken SA
• Task saturation: Lack of planning or preparation.
• Physical stress: Hunger, temperature, noise, endurance, etc.
• Mental stress: Pre-existing condition, divorce, demotion, $.
• Impulsiveness: Ready, act, think.
• Invulnerability & complacency: “It won’t happen to me…”
• Resignation: Fate, out of my hands, I don’t care.
• Time: Bias is always on not having enough time.
![Page 61: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
The Impact of Stress on SA
• Omission: Letting things drop by failing to respond to important signals (L1).
• Error: Make mistakes (L3).
• Procrastinating: Delay things you can’t handle (L3).
• Approximation: Accept lower standards of performance.
• Fixation: Concentrate on one item while ignoring others (L3), e.g., Eastern Air 401.
• Regression: Revert to an earlier procedure or action (L2&L3).
![Page 62: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Warning Signs for Decreasing SA
• Fixation on one thing to the exclusion of others.
• Failure to look around.
• Failure to adhere to standard operating procedures (SOP).
• Two or more source of information disagree.
• Unresolved personal conflicts.
• Confusion/bafflement regarding the situation.
• Failure to meet checkpoints or milestones in the plan.
![Page 63: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Measuring SA
SA
Workload Attention
Pattern Recognition
Performance
Working Memory
Mental Models
![Page 64: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Sample SSA Survey Question
“You have been asked to do an important task by your manager. A colleague then asks you to give an important but non-urgent message to another colleague. What do you do?”
Tell my colleague that I will pass the message on as soon as I have finished the task for my manager.
Stop what I am doing, give the message to the other colleague and then finish the task for my manager.
Tell my colleague that I am very busy and that I can not pass the message on.
Tell my colleague that I am very busy and that they should do it themselves.
![Page 65: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Sample SSA Survey Question
“You have been asked to do an important task by your manager. A colleague then asks you to give an important but non-urgent message to another colleague. What do you do?”
Tell my colleague that I will pass the message on as soon as I have finished the task for my manager.
Stop what I am doing, give the message to the other colleague and then finish the task for my manager.
Tell my colleague that I am very busy and that I can not pass the message on.
Tell my colleague that I am very busy and that they should do it themselves.
![Page 66: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
‘Situational Safety Awareness’ Survey (SSA)
• Reports the results of a study of 808 heavy industry & mining employees.
• Claims that new recruits scoring >60 on the SSA were seven times less likely to be injured than employees who had not been screened.
![Page 67: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Ways to Improve Situational Awareness
• Actively scan the environment: no ‘one & done.’
• Expand your area of attention.
• Minimize internal & external distractions:
– If distracted, return to the start.
• Be aware of & anticipate visual illusions & miscues.
• Never trust your expectations exclusively.
• Check for contradictory elements.
• Check the reliability of your information.
• Don’t rush assessments.
• Regularly update your mental model.
![Page 68: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
New/Reassigned Employees
• Ensure they have a basic mental model before being released to the work environment alone: – Use 2D & 3D images & video.
– Use virtual reality.
– Make it as real as possible.
• Ensure they understand the mechanisms of communication if they are alone or working in a team/crew.
• Check for understanding during the shift: supervisor, mentor.
• Debrief as heavily as possible in the early days.
• Emphasize the importance of near miss reporting.
![Page 69: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Thinking Ahead – In Practice
• Set a time or place to recheck the situation.
• Confirm that the situation agrees with the initial plan.
• Set priorities for the current situation: – Rules
– Standard operating procedure (SOP).
– ‘Change triggers’.
• Set priorities for thinking: – Workload
– Attention
– Task
![Page 70: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Bourne
![Page 71: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Conclusions & Recommendations
• Individual & team SA is a life & death issues in most industries. • Effective SA can greatly enhance your personal safety. • Some people are naturally good at SA (Select them). • SA is a cognitive skill that can be taught (Do it);
– Use site-specific examples, be visual, auditory, etc. – Use video, slides, simulators, etc. – Integrate into personal risk assessment (Take 5).
• Integrate into pre-shift crew/team meetings. • Integrate SA into your BBS processes (Do they SA?). • Integrate SA into your incident investigation process;
– Did the injured party or co-workers neglect SA? • Track indicators of systemic SA weakness as a metric.
![Page 72: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 73: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 74: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 75: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Department of Mining Engineering
Situational Awareness
![Page 76: University Graphic Identity€¦ · Julian Beever, UK Artist Amamorphic illusions . Department of Mining Engineering Count . Department of Mining Engineering Illusion of Attention](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051812/602b88d98d7a220481428c96/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Center for Mining Safety & Health Excellence
Thank You for Your Attention
Tom Hethmon Center for Mining Safety and Health Excellence
Department of Mining Engineering University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah 801.585.5176
[email protected] www.safetycenter.edu.ut