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DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : Sasan Parniani Date of birth : 21 March 1984
Title : STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE
Academic Session : 2010/2011 I declare that this thesis is classified as : I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:
1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose
of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
Certified by :
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date : 20 November 2010 Date :
NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the
organization where research was done)* OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access
(full text) √
R12440726 Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin
“I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this
report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree
of Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure)”
Signature :
Academic Supervisor: Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin
Date : November, 2010
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE
SASAN PARNIANI
(MA081371)
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Technologi Malaysia
November, 2010
ii
I declare that this project report entitled “strength properties of high volume slag
cement concrete” is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ....................................................
Name : SASAN PARNIANI
Date : November, 2010
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To my beloved mother and father
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor,
Professor.Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin (Faculty of Civil Engineering) and for his patience,
guidance, support and time which have contributed thoroughly in this study. Next, I
wish to thank the staffs of Structures and Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, for their assistance in the experimental works.
I also take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved family
and dear friends (Farnoud .Achara), for their moral support, through the duration of this
study.
Lastly, I would like to express my appreciation to those who have given me
either direct or indirect assistance in this project.
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ABSTRAK
Sangga relau bagas terkenal sebagai salah satu bahan dalam proses penghasilan
konkrit. Pada tahun 1905, sangga relau bagas berbutir telah mula digunakan untuk
menghasilkan campuran simen di Amerika Syarikat. Pada masa kini, telah
dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan sebagai unsur atau bahan pengikat yang dicampur
bersama dengan simen Portland dalam proses penghasilan konkrit. Kajian ini dilakukan
bertujuan untuk mengkaji ciri kekuatan sangga relau bagas dalam konkrit. Kerja-kerja
makmal telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan tiga aspek kekuatan konkrit yang mengandungi
simen sangga relau bagas. Bagi langkah pertama, konkrit dengan peratusan kandungan
sangga relau bagas penggantian telah disediakan dan diuji bagi mengenalpasti kapasiti
optimum sangga relau bagas berbutir dalam konkrit untuk mencapai kekuatan tertinggi.
Untuk mencapai objektif ini, sampel-sampel berbentuk kubus (dimensi: 100m x 100mm
x 100mm) telah disediakan dan diuji bagi mengenalpasti pecahan terbaik kandungan
sangga relau bagas yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kapasiti kekuatan mampatan
maksima. Sampel-sampel berbentuk prisma (dimensi: 100mm x 100mm x 500mm) juga
disediakan dan diuji untuk mengenalpasti kekuatan lentur bagi konkrit simen sangga.
Bagi langkah kedua, dua rasuk konkrit bertetulang rasuk telah disediakan dan diuji untuk
mengenalpasti serta membandingkan ketinggian isipadu simen sangga relau bagas
dengan konkrit biasa berdasarkan sifat kelenturan untuk konkrit dari jenis ini. Akhir
sekali, kesan-kesan dari penyembuhan keadaan disiasat dan kehilangan kekuatan simen
sangga relau bagas apabila terdedah kepada penyembuhan yang lemah diperiksa.
Keputusan ujian menunjukkan bahawa 40% sangga relau bagas penggantion
menghasilkan kekuatan mampatan yang terbaik bagi konkrit pada usia 28 hari. Walau
bagaimanapun, kesan daripada kekuatan lentur konkrit sangga relau bagas adalah
berbeza. Selain itu, adalah dipelajari bahawa flexibility rasuk berkurang dengan
peningkatan penggantian ketinggian isipadu sangga relau bagas dalam rasuk konkrit
bertetulang. Daripada keputusan-keputusan ujian tersebut, didapati bahawa kehilangan
kekuatan dalam konkrit sangga relau bagas berbutir adalah lebih tinggi jika
dibandingkan dengan konkrit biasa dalam keadaan penyembuhan yang lemah.
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ABSTRACT
The use of blast-furnace slag as constitute of concrete is well known. The
use of ground granulated blast-furnace (GGBFS) slag for producing blended
cement commenced in 1905 in United States. Recent consideration has been
given to use of GGBFS as separate cementitious material mixed along with
Portland cement in production of concrete. This study was conducted to
investigate strength properties GGBF slag in concrete. Laboratory work was done in
three aspects of slag cement concrete strength. At first step different percentages of
replacement slag in concrete was done and tested to determine the optimum strength
volume o GGBFS in concrete. To accomplish this objective, cube samples
(100mmx100mmx100mm) was prepared and tested to evaluate the best proportion
of slag to reach maximum compressive strength. Also prism samples
(100mmx100mmx500mm) were tested to determine flexural strength of slag cement
concrete. At second step, two reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested for
evaluating and comparing high volume slag cement with plain concrete in according
to flexural behavior of this type of concrete. Finally the effect of curing condition
investigated. And strength loss of slag cement concrete in expose to poor curing was
examined. The test results conclude that 40% replacement of slag has best
compressive strength in concrete at 28 days .but effect of flexural strength of
GGBFS concrete was different. Furthermore it shows that ductility and flexibility of
beam decrease with substitute of high volume slag in reinforced beam. Eventually
results indicate that strength loss in GGBF slag concrete is more than normal
concrete in poor curing conditions.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ii
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
v
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Problem statement 6
1.3 Objective 6
1.4 Scope of study 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Hydration process – reactions 8
2.3 Hydraulic activity of slag 10
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2.4 Factors determining cementitious properties 12
2.5 Compressive and flexural strength 14
2.6 Proportioning of GGBFS in concrete 16
2.7 Temperature development of concrete made with slag
21
2.8 Effects of curing conditions on properties of concrete
………using slag replacement
24
2.9 Uses of GGBF slag in concrete and mortal 28
2.10 Effect of components fineness on strength of blast
……….furnace slag cement
30
3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Material to be used 33
3.3 Determination and evaluation of strength property of
……..slag cement replacement concrete in different proportions
36
3.3.1 Compressive Strength Test 36
3.3.2 Flexural Strength Test 38
3.4 Flexural performance of reinforced concrete beam with
.......... .high volume slag
39
3.4.1 Steel Reinforcement Design and Preparation of
........................Steel Bars
41
3.4.2 Preparation of Formwork 42
3.4.3 Four-Point Loading Tes 42
3.5 Effect of curing conditions in slag cements concrete
.......... ..strength
43
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 45
4.1 General 45
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4.2 Optimum replacement of GGBFS 45
4.2.1 Compressive Strength Results 45
4.2.2 Flexural Strength Results 47
4.3 Workability 49
4.4 Flexural Performance of GGBF slag in reinforced
………concrete beam
49
4.4.1 Ultimate Strength 49
4.4.2 Load-Deflection 50
4.4.3 Steel Strain 52
4.4.4 Mode of Failure 52
4.5 Effect of curing conditions in slag cement concrete
...........strength
54
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Recommendations 58
References 59
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Slag-activity index standards for various grades as prescribed in
ASTM C 989
4
2.1 Benefiting of improved strength 15
2.2 Specific replacement rates of slag in concrete 19
2.3 Compressive strength in different temperatures 27
3.1 Chemical composition and fineness of the ccementitous material 35
3.2 Tests program to determine high strength concrete (7and28days) 38
3.3 Summary of testing program to study flexural performance of slag
cement Beams
39
3.4 Compressive strength of 50%slag cement and OPC concrete in
different condition curing (3 days, 7 days, 28day and 90 days)
44
4.1 Compressive strength of normal and slag cement concrete cubes 46
4.2 Flexural strength of normal and slag cement concrete cubes 47
4.3 Slump test for determining the workability 49
4.4 Ultimate load and first crack Load of RC beams 50
4.5 Ultimate load and deflection at ultimate load 51
4.6 Cracking properties of the RC beams 54
4.7 Compressive strength Vs age with diffretent curing condition 55
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Ternary diagram indicating composition of Portland cement and
blast-furnace slag in the system CaO-SiO2- Al2O3
13
2.2 Rate of heat liberation of cements with and without GGBF slag at
27 C (80 F)
13
2.3 Comparison of heat generated in mass concrete with portland
cement, Portland cement-fly ash, and portland cement-slag concrete
mixture
22
2.4
2.5
2.6
Experimental and calculated compressive result of OPC concrete
Experimental and calculated compressive result of 30% slag
concrete
Experimental and calculated compressive result of 50% slag
concrete
26
26
27
3.1 Compressive test equipment 37
3.2 Cross Section of RC Beams 40
3.3 Arrangement of reinforcement bars and wooden formwork 41
3.4 Strain gauge installation at the center of reinforcement bars 41
3.5 Beam test schematic 43
3.6 Four point loading test 43
4.1 Compressive strength Vs Age of mixes with diffretent percentage of
GGBFS
46
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4.2 Flexural strength Vs age of mixes with diffretent percentage of
GGBFS
47
4.3 Load versus deflection graph of the beams 51
4.4 Load versus steel strain curve 52
4.5 Mode of Failure of high volume slag replacement concrete beam 53
4.6 Mode of Failure of normal concrete(G30) beam 53
4.7 Compressive strength of different curing conditions 55
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Slag cement, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), has been used in
concrete projects more than a century in worldwide. Earlier usage of slag cements
explains that long-term performance is improved in several ways. Based on these recent
experiences researchers have found that main effects of improved durability are in life
cycle costs and reduce maintenance costs. Consuming slag cement to substitute a portion
of portland cement in a concrete mixture is a useful technique to make concrete better
and more consistent. Main effects of slag cement usage are:
• Easier finish ability
• Higher compressive and flexural strengths
• Lower permeability
• Improved resistance to aggressive chemicals
• More consistent plastic and hardened properties
When iron is manufactured using a blast furnace, the furnace is continuously
charged from the top with oxides, fluxing material, and fuel. Two products—slag and
iron—gather in the bottom of the hearth. Molten slag floats on above the molten iron;
both are tapped distinctly. The molten iron is transferred to the steel producing facility,
while the molten slag is changed to a granulator. This process, known as granulation, is
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the rapid cooling with water of the molten slag into a raw material called granules.Rapid
cooling prevents the development of crystals and forms glassy, non-metallic, silicates
and alumina silicates of calcium. These granules are dried and then ground to a suitable
fineness, the result of which is slag cement. The granules can also be jointed as an
ingredient in the manufacture of blended Portland cement. GGBFS cement has exactly
the same chemical ingredients as ordinary Portland cement, only in slightly differing
proportions. Thus it can replace Portland cement by up to 85% in making ready-mixed
concrete. nowadays, slag cement is used to produce blended cement that complies with
ASTM C 595 (1992).Slag cement can be used as a constituent in hydraulic cement
produced under ASTM C 1157(1992).
ASTM C 989, first adopted in 1982, provides for three strength grades of GGBF
slag, depending on their related mortar strengths when mixed with an equal mass of
portland cement. The classifications are Grades 120, 100, and 80, based on the slag-
activity index expressed as:
SAI = slag-activity index, percent = (SP/P x 100)
SP = average compressive strength of slag-reference cement mortar cubes, psi
P = average compressive strength of reference cement mortar cubes, psi
Classification is in accordance with Table 1.1 (adapted from ASTM C 989) as
follows:The slag-activity index test is influenced by the Portland cement used; ASTM C
989 specifies total alkalies and 28- day compressive strengths for the reference cement.
The precision of this test is such that the coefficient of variation is 4.1 percent for single
laboratory testing and 5.7 percent for multilaboratory testing.
In addition to requirements on strength performance, the specification limits the
residue on a 45-mm (No. 325) sieve to 20 percent and the air content of a mortar
containing only GGBF slag to a maximum of 12 percent.
3
The specification also includes two chemical requirements: one limiting the
sulfide sulfur (S) to a maximum of 2.5 percent and the other limiting the sulfate content
(reported as SO3) to a maximum of 4.0 percent.
Canadian standards CSA A363 and CSA A23.5 differentiate between GGBF
slags that react hydraulically with water and those that require activators to develop their
cementitious properties quickly.
Blended cements, in which the GGBF slags are combined with portland cement,
are covered by ASTM C 595. Three types of such cements are addressed: 1) slag-
modified Portland cement [Type I (SM)], in which the GGBF slag constituent is less
than 25 percent of the total mass; 2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement (Type IS), which
contains 25 to 70 percent GGBF slag; and 3) slag cement (Type S), containing 70
percent or more GGBF slag. While the specifications permit the GGBF slag and the
other ingredients to be ground either together or separately and blended, most portland
blastfurnace slag cements have been interground. Such cements have been used
worldwide for almost 100 years, and have excellent service records (Lea 1971).
4
Table 1.1—Slag-activity index standards for various Grades as prescribed in
ASTM C 989
Grade Slag-activity index, minimum percent
Average of last five
consecutive samples
Any individual sample
7-day index
80 ------ -----
100 75 70
120 95 90
28-day index
80 75 70
100 95 90
120
115
110
1.1 Background
First usage of slag was at 1700s, when the material was mixed with lime to make
mortars. The first U.S. production was in 1896. Until the 1950s, granulated slag was
used in the manufacture of blended portland cements, or as raw feedstock to make
cement clinker. However, the 1950s saw slag cement become available in other
countries as a separate product. The first granulation facility in the U.S. to make a
separate slag cement product was Sparrows Point, Maryland, in the early 1980s.
Recently the supplying and adding of slag to concrete increase rapidly in compare with
before.
5
Same as Portland cement slag cement is hydraulic material and tend to react with
water to form cementitious material (calcium-silicate hydrate or CSH). Like pozzolans,
slag cement consumes by-product calcium hydroxide from the hydration of portland
cement to form additional CSH. The resulting cement paste is stronger and denser, thus
improving the concrete.
The beneficial influence of slag cement in concrete depends on many factors
such as proportion of replacement and curing conditions, but in general use of GGBFS
in concrete has the following advantages:
• Slag increases the amount of C-S-H gel in concrete thereby increasing density
and reducing permeability.
• GGBFS raise ability of concrete against sulphate attacks by diluting the total
amount of C3A in concrete.
• Usage of slag cement will reduce the potential of ASR in system by decreasing
pore size and total alkalis in concrete.
• Slag reduces temperature of hydration therefore decline thermal stress in
concrete.
• GGBFS may increase the compressive and flexural strength of concrete in long
time (after 28 days) if it is cured in specific conditions.
• Slag cement can help the environment because the emission of CO2 in this type
of concrete is about half of the OPC concrete
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1.2 Problem statement
Durability and strength are the most important objects in concrete mix design ,cement is
well know as a important factor to produce concrete, which means it is essential to use
cementitius material in any construction activities. Recently most of the countries are
faced to lack of cement. The industrial and agricultural material has been developed to
produce new cementitious material instead of cement .providing and developing of these
materials is not really sufficient enough to make use in concrete. Therefore, full
profitable utilization can be achived by further development and adjustment for the
material that have been studied.
1.3 Objective
• To study the effects of slag cement replacement on the compressive strength of
concrete.
• To determine the effects of slag cement replacement on the flexural strength of
concrete.
• To evaluate slag cement concrete in different curing conditions.
• To assess cracking behaviour and deflection of slag cement reinforced concrete
beam
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1.4 Scope of study
The scope of study is established to achieve the objectives, and this study will be
mainly concentrated on experimental works. Experiments regarding to the compressive
and flexural strength tests to suit with study period, will be done in different percentages
of slag and different curing conditions