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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
FRESH FISH CONSUMPTION IN SEMARANG INDONESIA
Dwisetia Poerwono
FEP 1990 4
FRESH FISH CONSUMPTION IN SEMARANG INDONESIA
by
Dwisetia Poerwono
Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
in the Faculty of Economics and Management Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
January 1990
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
supervisor Dr . Roslan A. Ghaffar for his advice,
encouragements, guidance and endless patience during the course
of this work. I am also grateful to Dr . Nik Mustapha R.
Alxlullah for his helpful suggestions and cannents.
I also would like to extend my appreciation to
- Internatiooal DevelopIeIlt Research Center (IDRC ) for
awarding me a two-year masteral degree fellowship,
- All lecturers and staff of the Faculty of Econanics and
Management Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM), especially
Mr. Tai Shzee Yew, Dr. Ishak Haj i Qnar and Mr. Kapi Sudar
for administering UPM - IDRC scholarship,
- Faculty of Econanics and Management, Diponegoro University
(UNDIP) for granting me the study leave,
- Mr. Wiratno, Faculty of Econanics and Management UNDIP for
his encouragement and supports,
- The Canputer Center of UPM am The Canputer Center of
the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Developnent
Institute (MARDI ) ,
- Mr. Alias Radam for helping me to run the canputer
progranmes.
Menik - , lin, Yuli , Si ti , Hesti , Yuyun and Hetty for
gathering the data.
ii
Words are insufficient to express my profound gratitute to
these people and institutions whose aggregate contributions
have made the realization of this thesis possible.
Finally, I dedicate this humble work to my wife Triwahyuni
and my son Aga. for their prayers, love, patience,
encouragements, sacrifices and for making my life always
meaningful.
iii
TABLE OF CINl.'ENrS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABS'lRACT
ABS'lRAK
I IN'IROOOCI'ION
Fishery and Indonesian Econanic Developnent
The Fisheries Sector and the Indonesian Econany
Importance of Fisheries Sector
Prcduction and Consumption Trend
Fisheries Development Policies and Strategies . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Problems of the Indonesian Fisheries Sector
Prcduction Problems
Marketing Problems
Consumption Problems
Insti tutional Problems
Fisheries Consumption and the Households
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .
iv
Page
ii
vii
xi
xii
xv
1
1
3
3
8
1 2
1 7
1 7
1 8
20
21
22
28
Page
Obdectives and Hypotheses of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
organization of Thesis 30
II �OOI..£)(;Y' . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32
Conceptual Framework and .Arla.l yt.i ca.l Mc:xlel . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . • • • . • 32
Marketing System and Availability of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Consumption Patterns and Acceptability . . . . . . 34
Demand Estination 37
Data and Data Collection 47
III RESULTS OF DEMAND ESTIMATIOO AND DISaJSSlOO • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50
N �CIDSlOOS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 62
Policy Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suggestions for Further Research
BIBLlcx;RAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A Marketing and Distribution Channel
B Socio Econanic Profile , Purchasing and Consumption Patterns and Attitudes
66
68
70
76
Towards Fresh Fish of Household • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89
C Acceptability of Fresh Fish • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 120
v
D Factors Affecting Household Expenditures
Page
on Fresh. Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
F Results of Demand System Est:imation with LiIlear Fqtla.tiOIl . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . 130
F Fishing Zones Regulation in Indonesia . . . . • • • • • • 133
G f.1a.p of Se rJaraIlg • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135
H Mul t Scale Fqui valent Conversion Factors • • . • • . • 137
I Questionnaires 139
BI�ICAJ:., SI<:E:IOi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 149
vi
Table
1
LIST OF TABLES
The Fisheries and Agriculture Sector as Percentage of Gross Ikmestic Product (GOP ) at Current Market Prices, 1 967-1 985 • • • • • • • • • • •
2 N\.:Jnber of Fishennen and Fishfanners,
Page
4
1 976-1 987 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6
3 Export VolUIIe and Export Value of Fisheries Products, 1 970-1 987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 'lbtal Fisheries Production of Indonesia, 1 970-1 986 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9
5 Number of Fishing Boats , 1 978-1 985
6 COnsumption of Fish in Indonesia,
1 1
1 978-1 986 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
7
8
Percentage of Protein Canstmted fran Selected COmmodity, 1 983 , 1 984 , 1 985
Annual Per Capita Fish Consumption by Island, 1 980 , 1 981 , 1 982 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
9 Fish COnsumption Per capita by Monthly Per Capita Household Expenditure- Group
23
24
in 1 980 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
Disposition of Percentage 'lbtal Fish Production in Indonesia, 1980, 1983, 1985 • • • • • • •
Fish Consumption Per capi ta/Week in Indonesia, 1 980 , 1 984 , 1 987 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
SUR Parameter Estimates and Associated Standard Errors of the Demand Systan without Symmetry Restriction (Logarithmic Linear Equation) • • . • • • •
SUR Parameter Estimates and Associated Standard Errors of the Demand System with Syrrmetry Restriction (Lo:fcirithmic Linear Equation) . • • . • • .
vii
27
28
54
55
1 4 Own Price and Income Elasticities of �ish
Page
fran Several Studies • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 61
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Quantity of Fresh Fish Sold per Day • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
NUmber of Species SOld • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Availability of Fresh Fish in Market • • • • • • • • • • • •
Selling Hours of Fresh FishItonger
Fresh Fishrronger Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'lbtal Years as Fresh FishmJnger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sold Out of Fresh FiSh • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Preservation of Unsold Fresh Fish
Fresh Fishrronger Selling Location
Fresh Fishmonger Profit Margin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Education Levels of Husband and Wife • • • • • • • • • • • •
Occup3.tions of Husband and Wife
'lbtal f\b1thly Household Incane
79
79
80
80
83
84
86
86
87
88
93
93
94
28 Years of Stay in Semarang and
29
30
31
Years of �iage • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94
Housing Status of Respondent • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • •
Household Size • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Household Religion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
95
95
96
32 Person Who Decides to Buy Fresh Fish am. Who Buys It • . • • • • . . • • . • • • • • • • . . • . • . • . • • • • • • . 99
33 Number of Species KnCMn and Number of Species Purchased • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . . • • • • 1 00
34 Species PtlrchaSecl . • . • . • • • • • . • . • • . . . . • . . . • • • . • • . • 1 00
viii
Page
35 Reasons for Purchasing Fresh Fish • • . . . . . . • . . . . . . 1 01
36 Problems Encountered in Buying Fresh Fish . . . • • • . 1 01
37 Market Availability of Fresh Fish
38 Regularity of Fresh Fish Purchase
39 �thly Household Expenditure of
1 02
1 02
Fresh Fish . . • . . . • . • • • . . . . . • • . . • • . . • . . . . • . . • . . . . . 1 03
40 Proportion of Incate Spent on Fresh Fish, Beef, Chicken, Eggs and "Tahu-tempe" • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 04
41 Proportion of Incane Spent on Fresh Fish by Expenditure of Fresh Fish . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • 1 05
42 Reasons for Consuming Fresh Fish • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 08
43 Fish Recipes Usually Practiced by Hou.seholds • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 08
44 N1.mIber of Fish Recipes KnCMl1 by Iiotlseholds • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 09
45 Sources of Fish Recipes • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 09
46 Meal Time when Fish are Served • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 1 1 0
47 Attitudes Towards Fish
48 Attitudes Tc:Mards the Statement "Fish is Better than Chicken" by Hcusewife I s
1 1 4
Fl:iuca.tion Iev'el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 5
49 Attitudes Towards the Statement "Fish is Better than Beef" by Housewife IS Fd.ucatiOIl Iev'el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6
50 Attitudes Towards the Statement "Fish is Available in t:le Market" by Ava ilabili ty of Fish in the Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1 7
51 Attitudes Towards the Statement "Fish is Cheap Meals" by �thly Hou.sehold Inoame . • . • . • • • . . • . . • 1 1 8
ix
Page
52 Some Negative Aspects of Fresh Fish • • • • • • • • • • . • • 1 1 9
53 Absolute Acceptability Index of Milkfish, Mullet, Tilapia , Tuna, Chicken and Beef • • • • • • • • • 1 22
54
55
Rank of Fresh Fish, Chicken and Beef
Relative Acceptability Index of Milkfish, Mullet, Tilapia, Tuna, Chicken and Beef
56 OLS Paramater Estinates and Associated Standard Errors of Expenditure Functions
1 23
. . . . . . . . . 1 23
of Fresh Fish • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 1 29
57 SUR Paramater Estinates and Associated Standard Errors of the Demand System without Synmetry Restriction (Linear Equation) • • • • • • • • • • 1 31
58 SUR Paramater Estinates and Associated Standard Errors of the Demand System with Synrretry Restriction (Linear Equation) • • • • • • • • • • 1 32
x
LIST OF FIGURFS
Figure Page
1 Fresh Fish Marketing Channel in Sanarang • • • • • . • 81
2 Map of Sana.raJlg • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 36
xi
Abstract of thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Supervisor Faculty
FRESH FISH cnBJMPTIOO IN SPW\RAN:; INIXE!'.SIA
by
DfiSETIA �
January" 1990
Dr. Roslan A. Ghaffar Econanics and Management
In Indonesia, the present role of fish in the daily diet
is very small. This study is aimed at detennining the nature
and causes of the 1011 consumption level of fish in Indonesia.
Using cross section data of 1 79 sampled hooseholds and 65
fresh fishm::ngers in the public markets , the results of this
study shOll that in the retail ootlets of fresh fish the market
is efficient. Both fishrrongers and consumers (households ) in
majority indicated that fresh fish is readily available in the
market. The largest number of households bought fresh fish
regularly at least once a week. Milkfish, Mullet, Tilapia and
Tuna are the species usually purchased. The major problem when
buying fresh fish is freshness of fish.
xii
The acceptability of fresh fish varies among households ,
but in general , the relative acceptability index shONs that
chicken is preferred to fresh fish and teef , while milkfish is
preferred to other fish and beef.
'lWo m::rlels have been used in this study for estirrating the
parameters of the freshfish demand system. First, logarithmic
linear functions of demand system m::rlel -using OLS and second,
Zellner' s Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) mcxiel.
The logarithmic linear function of demand system of fresh
fish used in this study looks appropriate for estirrating the
demand for fresh fish. '!he symmetry restriction on this demand
function is accepted. '!he Goldfeld-Quandt test applied to the
data indicates heteroscedasticity is not a problem in this
logarithmic demand system. Meanwhile Zellner' s Seemingly
Unrelated Regression (SUR) yield estirrates which are
a�totically more efficient than those obtained b¥ ODdinary
Least Squares (OLS). So, the Seemingly Unrelated Regression
have been applied in this study for estimating the demand
function of freshfish.
With the exception of Tilapia , the findings of this study
shON that the demand for fresh fish is elastic with respect to
its CMl1 price. The coefficient of CMl1 price elasticities ranged
from -0.6756 to -2 .2591 . While the expenditure elasticities
xiii
are positive and significantly different from zero except for
Mullet.
Based on the results of this study, consumption of
freshfish can be enhanced if the following actions are also
taken: improvement of the fish stall in public markets ,
pranotion of fish consumption, provision of government
subsidies on fuel for fishennen , provision of subsidies on
fertilizer, pesticides and low interest credit scheme far
fishfa.nners.
xiv
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Pertanian Malaysia sebagai memenuhi sebahagian daripada syarat untuk menclapatkan ijazah Master Sains
Penyelia Fakulti
oleh
January, 1990
Dr. Roslan A. Ghaffar Ekonani dan Pengurusan
Peranan ikan dalam pemakanan harian di Indonesia adalah
sangat kecil. Kaj ian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui keadaan
dan sebab rendahnya paras pengambilan ikan di Indonesia.
Kaj ian telah dibuat secara ramtang dengan data kerat
lintang yang melilBtkan 1 79 isirumah dan 65 penjual ikan di
pasar awam. Keputusan menunjukkan tahawa. saluran pasaran runcit
ikan adalah cekap (efisien). Penjual dan panbeli pada umumnya
menyatakan tahawa. ikan segar adalah mencukupi. Sebahagian resar
dari pengguna. membeli ikan segar secara teratur sekurang-
kurangnya seminggu sekali, dan yang sering nendapat perhatian
ialah ikan Pisangpisang (Bangus) , Belanak, Tilapia dan Tuna .
Didapati pula l:ahawa. yang menjadi punca utana masalah pada
pembelian ikan segar, adalah kesegaran ikan.
xv
Penerimaan ikan oleh pengguna adalah didapati berbeda beda
tetapi secara bandingan indeks penggunaan menunj ukkan bahawa
ayam adalah lebih digemari daripada ika.n dan daging lembu , ika.n
Pisangpisang pula adalah j enis ikan yang pa.ling digernari
daripada jenis ikan yang lain ataupun daging lembu.
Dua merlel telah digunakan dalarn kaj ian ini , iai tu merlel
logaritlnic linear dengan OLS dan m:::rlel Zellner' s Seemingly
Unrelated Regression (SUR).
FUngsi logarithmic linear bagi penuintaan ikan segar yang
telah digunakan dalam kaj ian ini didapati sesuai untuk
digunakan di dalam membuat anggaran pennintaan ika.n segar •
Ujian synmetry restriction telah dapat diterima manakala uj ian
Goldfeld-Quandt telah mengesahkan tiada masalah
heteroskedastisiti yang ujud di dalarn sistem penganggaran ini .
Semen.tara itu m:::rlel SUR menghasilkan taksiran yang lebih
efisien dibanding taksiran yang diperolehi dari OLS . Oleh sebab
itu, SUR digunakan dalarn kaj ian ini untuk menaksir fungsi
permintaan ikan segar.
Pennintaan ikan segar, kecuali ikan Tilapia, adalah anj al
harga dengan nilai pengkali keanjalan adalah di antara
-0 . 6756 hingga -2 . 2591 . Keanjalan pe:melanjaan adalah positif
dan berbeda secara nyata daripada 0 kecuali untuk ikan Belanak.
xvi
Berdasarkan basil kaj ian ini , penggunaan ikan segar dap3.t
ditingkatkan j ikalau beberap3. tindakan berikut juga
dilaksanakan iaitu perJ:e.ikan tanpat penjualan ikan di pasar
awam, prarosi pemakanan ikan segar, subsidi bagi minyak untuk
nelayan dan pemberian subsidi J:e.ja dan uJ:e.t hama serta kredit
bunga yang rendah untuk nelayan.
xvii
CHAPTER I
:rNIROIXG'ION
Fishery and Indonesian Econanic Developnent
Planning for econanic developnent is a relatively new
phenanenon in Indonesia. In fact during the first 20 years
after getting independence in 1 945 , little attention was given
to developnent planning. Planning for eoonanic developnent
became a matter of concern only after the New Order Government
took over the running of the country. FollONing huge budget
deficit and hyperinflation, developnent planning has becane a
major preoccupatioo for the New Order Government.
Like many other developing coontries , Indonesia has a
canprehensive Five Year Developnent Plan (FYDP) which was
implemented beginning in 1 969 as follON: Plan I ( 1 969-1 973 ) ,
Plan II ( 1 974-1 978 ) , Plan III ( 1 979-1 983 ) , Plan IV ( 1 984-1 988 )
and fifth Plan ( 1 989-1 993 ) • These plans consisted of
programnes for project developnents in each sector of the
econany , which vary fran physical infrastructures construction
to non physical ones.
Tcrlaro ( 1 981 ) defined developnent as a multidimensional
process involving the reorganization and reorientation of
the entire econanic and social systans. Additionally, in
1
2
multidimensional developnent process there are three major
elements i.e: fX)pulation grCMth, natural resoorces and
accumulation of capital (Richard, 1 973 ) .
Fisheries , particularly the capture marine fisheries is
one of the natural resources which can be categorized as
renewable if it is developed and managed adecjuately. HoNever,
it is difficult to make precise determination of the fX)tential
fish reSOJroes in Indonesian waters. This is due to the limited
amamt of research corxlucted to assess the resource ' s magnitude
and fX)tential. The Directorate General of Fisheries ( 1 984 )
estinated that only aramd 30 percent of the fX)tential
fisheries resoorces have been exploited.
With the establishment of the Exclusive Econanic ZOne in
1 980 , the total area of the sea under Indonesia' s jurisdiction
� to be about 5 .8 million square kilaneters. In addition,
Indonesia has roore than 200 ,000 ha of brackishwater ponds
(Clong et al., 1 984 ) . Based on this big fX)tential of fisheries
resoorces, in general, the objective of fisheries developnent
woold be to contribute to general econanic developnent in terms
of prOlTiding focx1, foreign exchange and employment. The main
objectives of fisheries developnent can be surrmarized as
follCMS:
( 1 ) to enable the attainment of better incane and living
standards for the small fishermen and fishfanners and to
enhance employment opportunities;
3
( 2 ) to improve the prcrluctivity of fishermen and
fishfarmers and at the same time to increase total fish
prcrluction;
( 3 ) to increase fish consumption, particularly among low
incane population groups;
( 4 ) to increase exports and decrease imports of
fisheries prcrlucts , and
( 5 ) to control the utilization and nanagement of
fisheries resources efficiently and effectively.
To accaoplish these objectives, armual plans consisting of
progrannes for project developnents have been carried out by
the government.
'!he Fisheries Sector and the Iniblesian F.caony
Impartanoe of Fisheries Sector
Althoogh the fisheries sector oontributes a relatively
small share of Indonesia ' s Gross Dc.mestic Prcrluct (GOP) it
still makes an important contribution to employment and export
earnings. Table 1 shows that the share of fisheries to the
Gross Dc.mestic Prcrluct decreased during 1 967-1 976 . Eventhough
there was relatively rapid growth of prcrluction, fisheries '
share of Gross Dc.mestic Prcrluct in 1 977 to 1 985 was rather
stable.
4
Table 1
The Fisheries and Agriculture sector as Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GOP) at Current Market Prices , 1 967-1 985
(Rp billion)
============================================================== Total Percent Percent
Years GOP Agriculture of GOP Fisheries of GOP --------------------------------------------------------------
1 967 848 454 53 . 5 54 6 . 3
1 968 2097 1 069 50 . 9 75 3 . 5
1 969 271 8 1 339 49 . 2 1 01 3 . 7
1 970 3340 1 575 47 . 1 1 1 2 3 . 3
1 971 3672 1 646 44 .8 1 1 6 3 . 1
1 972 4564 1 837 40 . 2 1 1 4 2 . 4
1 973 6753 271 0 40 . 1 1 34 1 . 9
1 974 1 0708 3497 32. 6 1 79 1 . 6
1 975 1 2643 4003 31 . 6 1 91 1 . 5
1 976 1 5467 481 2 31 . 1 21 5 1 . 4
1 977 1 9033 5906 31 . 0 328 1 . 7
1 978 22746 6706 29 . 4 393 1 .7
1 979 32025 8996 28 . 1 575 1 . 8
1 980 45446 1 1 290 24. 8 803 1 .7
1 981 54027 1 3643 25 .2 91 2 1 . 6
1 982 59633 1 5668 26 .2 1 053 1 . 7
1 983 73697 1 7696 . 2 24 .0 1 220 . 1 1 . 6
1 984 87535 . 5 2061 7 . 3 23 . 5 1 373 . 1 1 . 5
1 985 96066 . 4 22649 . 6 23 . 5 1 556 . 6 1 . 6
==============================================================
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics , Indonesia.
5
The fisheries sector is an important source of employment ,
prOV'iding jobs for 1 , 347 , 000 marine fishennen , 444 , 000 inland
open water fishennen and 1 ,509 ,400 fishfarmers in 1 987 (Table
2 ) • In addi tion to giving jobs for more than three million
fishennen and fishfarmers, it is believed that the sector
prOV'ides employment to hundreds of thousands of persons in
fish processing, handling, transport and marketing as well as
in related industries that support the sector (accurate data
are not available) . By looking at the data fran 1 976 to 1 987 ,
the total number of fishermen and fishfarmers has been
increasing at an average annual rate of 6 . 1 percent. It should
be noted that 3 million persons is equivalent to about 5
percent of Indonesia ' s total labour force. 'lhese figures imply
that the prcrluctivity of fisheries sector is quite lOW', that is
5 percent of the labour force prcrlucing about 1 .6 percent of
the Gross Dalestic Product. As a canp:lI'ison, the whole
agricultural sector (including agriculture, forestry, wild-life
and fishery) which absorbed 54 . 65 percent of total labour force
has a contribution of 24 percent of Gross D::JIestic Prcrluct. At
the same time 1 4.8 percent of the total .lal:xx.1r force in the
trade sector prcrluced about 1 5 . 5 percent of the Gross Danestic
Prcrluct.
Indonesia' s foreign exchange earnings fran the fisheries
sector have grCMn rapidly fran US$7 . 0 million in 1 970 to
US$480 . 0 million in 1 987 (Table 3 ) . This rapid grOW'th was due
6
Table 2
Number of Fishermen and Fishfarmers, 1 976-1 987
============================================================== Marine Open Water
Year Fishennen Fishennen Fishfarmers Total
1 976 994 1 69
1 977 81 1 51 2
1 978 831 865
1 979 888 997
1 980 970 731
1 981 1 1 04 649
1 982 1 1 70 864
1 983 1 226 643
1 984 1 294 472
1 985 1 286 448
1 986 1 31 7 300
1 987 1 347 000
482 562
402 021
330 760
31 5 484
41 1 663
445 776
439 605
424 726
438 953
434 290
439 1 00
444 000
745 892
609 571
664 1 95
827 1 39
849 1 21
963 432
997 069
1 089 749
1 1 50 294
1 282 095
1 391 1 00
1 509 400
2 222 623
1 823 1 04
1 826 820
2 031 620
2 231 51 5
2 51 3 857
2 607 538
2 741 1 1 8
2 883 71 9
3 002 833
3 1 47 500
3 300 400
==============================================================
Sources: Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia, Directorate General of Fisheries, Various issues
7
Table 3
Export Volume and Export Value of Fisheries Prcrluct, 1 970-1 987
==============================================================
Year
1 970
1 971
1 972
1 973
1 974
1 975
1 976
1 977
1 978
1 979
1 980
1 981
1 982
1 983
1 984
1 985
1 986
1 987
Volume ( ' 000 rot )
20 . 1
30 .8
41 . 2
52 .2
55. 0
40 . 7
54. 4
57 . 5
63 . 5
68 . 3
78 . 7
75 . 2
88 . 1
87 . 4
75. 7
84 . 4
1 07 . 3
1 25 .8
Value ( US$ million )
7 . 0
1 9 . 0
34 . 9
68 . 2
92 . 3
89 . 2
1 31 . 4
1 63 . 0
1 93 . 4
236 .8
226 . 4
225 . 4
253 .6
251 .5
248 . 0
259 . 4
373 . 9
480 . 0
==============================================================
Sources: central Bureau of Statistics , Indonesia