universiti putra malaysia a study on the biology and...
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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
A STUDY ON THE BIOLOGY AND STATUS OF THREADFIN BREAM (FAMILY: NEMIPTERIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
N. PERONII CAUGHT IN WATERS OFF THE TERENGGANU COAST
MOHD ZAKI MOHD SAID
FPSS 1988 1
It is hereby certified that we have read this thesis entitled ' A Study on the Biology and Status of Threadfin Bream (Family : Nemipteridae) with Special Reference to N . Peronii Caught in Waters Off the Terengganu Coast ' by Mohd . Zaki Mohd . Said , and in our opinion it is satisfactory in terms of scope , quality , and presentation as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
SULAIMAN M. YASSIN , Ph . D . Professor/Dean o f Graduate Studies
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Chairman Board of Examiners)
k::,�� .. SAUL B . SAILA , Ph . D .
Professor The Graduate School of Oceanography
University of Rhode Island U . S . A .
( External Examiner )
GREEN , Ph . D . Professor
Department of Biology and Marine Science Memorial University of New Foundland
Canada ( External Examiner)
HAji·MO�AMBAK:·Ph:D: Associate Professor/Dean
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
( Internal Examiner )
.l.K."�,.�� ABU KHAIR MOHAMMAD MOHSIN , Ph . D . Associate Professor/Coordinator
Fisheries Biology Unit Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia ( Internal Examiner/Supervisor )
This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and was accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
, � ,#.'")ff�,&::,,f� ""'/'&t-�-� -"l
.... J;, (1 , ---------����--� ¥ ---------
Prof . Dr . Sulaiman M . Yassin Dean of Graduate School Universiti Pertanian Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang , Selangor Malaysia
A STUDY ON THE BIOLOGY AND STATUS OF THREADFIN BREAM (FAMILY : NEMIPTERIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO N . PERONII
CAUGHT IN WATERS OFF THE TERENGGANU COASr-
by
MOHD ZAKI MOHD SAID
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science , Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
May , 1988
Dedication
This work is dedicated to all the members in my family
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my greatest appreciation to
Dr . Abu Khair Mohammad Mohsin who has been very patient in the
supervision of this study . I am also indebted to Dr . Mohd . Azmi
Ambak , the Dean of the Faculty o f Fisheries and Marine Science ,
for his comments and suggestions .
I wish to express my gratitude to Nelson Marshall of the
University of Rhode Island for his advice on the scope of the
study and to Dr . John Munro of ICLARM for securing funds f rom
FAO for Length-Frequency analysis at ICLARM.
I am also expressing my thanks to Dr . Daniel Pauly for his
help and advice in data analysis during my visit to ICLARM.
Thanks also go to Dr . Harlem Lampe for his advice on some
statistical analysis .
Thanks are also due to all the staff of the Faculty of
Fisheries and Marine Science both in Serdang and Kuala
Terengganu who have given support for the success of this
study .
Finally , my thanks to UPM for the research funding and
facilities for carrying out the research .
ii i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEJ.)(;EMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
T ABLE OF CONTENTS • • . . . . . . . • • • • . • . • . . • . • • • . . . . . • • . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . • . • • . • • • . . . • • . . • • . . • • . . . .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . • • . . • . • . . • . . . • . . . • • . . . . . • •
ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ABSTRAK • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . .
INTRODUCTION TO THE MALAYSIAN FISHERIES • . • . . . •
STATUS OF MALAYSIAN FISHERIES . . . . • . • . . • . . . . • . .
TRAWL FISHERy . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . .
STATE OF THE FISHERY RESOURCES . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . .
RESEARCH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geographical Distribution • • . • • . • . . • • • . • • . . •
Spatial Distribution • • . • • • • • . • . . • . • . . . • • . • .
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND
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1
1
5
8
10
12
13
15
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19
21
FACTOR . . . • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • . . • • • . . . . . . 24
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REPRODUCTION . • . . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29
Stage I ( immature ova): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Stage II ( maturing ova) : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Stage III ( maturing ova): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Stage IV ( mature ova): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Stage V ( fully matured): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Stage VI ( ripe ): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
AGE , GROWTH AND MORTALITy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
FISHERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CHAPTER 3 - THE STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
INTRODUCTION . . • • . . . • . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . . . . • • . . . • . • . . . 50
DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBAREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Inshore Region ( Subarea I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Middle Region ( Subarea I I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Offshore Region ( Subarea I II ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
WEATHER AND SEA CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
STATUS OF FISHERY INDUSTRY AROUND THE STUDY AREA . 57
CHAPTER 4 - MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
INSHORE REGION ( Subarea I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
MIDDLE REGION ( Subarea II ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
OFFSHORE REGION ( Subarea III ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
TAXONOMY AND SySTEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTOR . . 72
v
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF N . PERONII • • • • • • • • • • • •
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF N . PERONII • • • • . • • • • • • • • • •
POPULATION DyNAMICS . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • •
FISHERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
CHAPTER 5 - TAXONOMY AND SySTEMATICS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ ..
MATERIALS AND METHODS • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Collection of Specimens • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • •
Measurement and Count • • . • • • • . • • . . • • • • • . • • . • • • • •
Key to the Species of Nemipterus • • . • • • • • . • • . • • •
The Description of the Species . • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • •
The Morphometric and Meristic Characters • • • • . • .
Variations in Growth of Morphometric Characters
Variations among Dominant Species • • • • . . • . • • . • • •
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •
General Description of the Genus , Nemipterus ( Swainson) , 1839 . • . . • . • • • . • • • . . • . . • . . • . . • • . . . • .
Key to the Species of Nemipterus Found off the Terengganu Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • .
THE DESCRIPTION .................................................................. ..
Nemi pterus tal u .............................................................. ..
Synonyms : .................................................................. ..
General Characters : • . • . • • • • • . • . • . • • . . . . • • . •
Li ve Colour : ............................................................ ..
vi
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73
74
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79
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85
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93
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Nemipterus peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • . .
Synonyms : . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . • . . . • . • . . . . . .
General Characters : .
Live Colour : • • • . . • • • . . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Nemipterus marginatus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • •
Synonyms : • • • • • • • . • •
General Characters : . • . • • . • • • . . • • • . • • • . • . . • •
Li ve Colour : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nemipterus delagoe Smi th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Synonyms : • • . . • •
General Character s : . . • • . • • . • • . . • • . . • • . • . . . •
Live Colour : . •
Nemipterus hexodon
Synonyms :
(Quoy & Gaimard ) • . • • • • • . • . . •
General Characters : • • • • • • . • • . • • . . • . • • • • . • • •
Li ve Colour : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nemipterus tambuloides .
Synonyms : •
General Characters : • • • . • • . . • • . . • • . • • • . • . • • •
Li ve Colour : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nemipterus japonicus .
Synonyms : . .
General Characters : • . . • . • • • • • • . . • . . . • . • • . • •
Li ve Colour : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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109
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1 1 0
1 1 1
1 14
1 1 4
1 15
1 1 6
Nemipterus nemurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Synonyms: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Characters: • . • • • • • • • . • • • . . • • • . . • • • •
Li ve Colour: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nemipterus mesoprion . . . . . • . . . . . . • • . . • . . . • . . . . . .
Synonyms: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Characters: . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . .
Li ve Colour: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nemipterus bathybus • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
Synonyms: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Characters: • • • . • . . • • . • • • . • • • • • • . • . •
Li ve Colour: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . •
VARIATION IN GROWTH OF MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS . . •
VARIATION AMONG DOMINANT SPECIES • . . . . . . . . •••• . . . .
MERISTIC CHARACTERS . • . • • • . • • • . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . •
CHAPTER 6 - LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION
Page
1 1 7
1 1 7
1 18
1 19
1 21
'12 1
122
1 23
1 24
124
1 24
1 26
1 26
1 29
136
142
FACTOR . . . • • . • . . • • • • . . . . . . .. . . • . • • • . . . . • • 149
INTRODUCTION . . • . • . . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . . . 149
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Length-weight Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 52
Treatment of the Data . • • • • • . . • • . • • • . . • . . • . . . • . 154
Relationship of Various·Lengths . . • . . • • . • • • • . • • 155
Statistical Test . . • . • • • . . • . • • . . . • . . • . . • . . • • . • • 155
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 58
Length-weight Relationship of � peronii . . . . . . 158
Length-weight Relationship of N. nemurus . . . . . . 165
Length-weight Relationship of � marginatus . . . 167
Length-weight Relationship of N . tambu1oides . . 169
Length-weight Relationship of � nematophorus . 171
Length-weight Relationship of � bathybus . . . . . 1 73
Condition Factor of � peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 76
Relationship of Various Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 78
Middle Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 78
Inshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Offshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 78
CHAPTER 7 - FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF N . PERONI I . . 18 1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . • • . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . . • • • . . • . . • . • . 181
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . • . • . • • • • • • . • . . • • • . • o
• • • • • • • 184
Collection of Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Analysis of Food Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Frequency of Occurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Food Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Food by Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Food by Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Food by Length Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 1
Food b y Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
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CHAPTER 8 - REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF N . PERONII . . . . . 227
INTRODUCTION.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 227
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . • . 230
Sex Ratio.......................................................................... 230
Fecundi ty.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 231
Time of Spawning............ . .............................................. 232
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Sex Ra tic.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 232
Fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 7
Time of Spawning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Occurence of Mature Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
CHAPTER 9 - POPULATION DyNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
INTRODUCTION . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 248
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
N.. PERONI I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 250
Estimation of Growth Parameters from Length Frequency Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Estimation of Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Selection Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Recruitment Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
N . NEMURUS, � MARGINATURS AND � TAMBULOIDES . . . . 264
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
N . PERONII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Growth.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 265
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Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Selection Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Recruitment Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
N. NEMURUS, !h MARGINATURS AND !h TAMBULOIDES . . . . 281
CHAPTER 10 - FISHERY FOR NEMIPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . • • • • . • • • • . • . . . . . . • . . . . 292
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Middle Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Inshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Offshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Middle Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Catch Per Unit Effort ( CPUE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Catch Composition of Threadfin Bream. . . . . . . . . . 300
Seasonal Variation in Catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Percentage Composition of!h Peronii . . . . . . . . . . 305
Size Range of N . Peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Inshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Composition and Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) . . 310
Offshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Catch Per Unit Effort ( CPUE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 12
Size Range of Nemipterus Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Catch Composition of Threadfin Bream . . . . . . . . . . 322
Species Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
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Species Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
CHAPTER 1 1 - GENERAL DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
TAXONOMY AND SySTEMATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTOR . . 333
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF N . PERONII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
POPULATION DyNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
FISHERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . 344
CHAPTER 12 - SUMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
xii
Table
1
2
LIST OF TABLES
Description
Parameters of the length-weight relationshi p in Nemipterus species taken from different localities . • • • • . • • • • .
Summary of the spawning period (months) by species from different localities . • • . . . . • .
3 Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth formula ( VBGF) for different Nempiterus speCles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Average catch per hour for 22 pelagic trawl hauls taken in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 10th - 25th June , 1 980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Average catch rates of dominant families in different depths taken in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 1 0th - 25th,
6
7
8
June, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weight and percentage of the total catch of major species of fish caught in the offshore reglon • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . •
Relevant statistics of the canonical discriminant functions . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . • . . • .
Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients . . . . . . • • . . . • . • • • . . • . •
9 Variation in some meristic characters of � bathybus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Variation in some meristic characters of N. tambuloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 Variation in some meristic characters of � marginatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 Variation i n some meristic characters of � nematophorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 3 Variation i n some meristic characters of N. nemurus . . . • . • . • . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
xiii
Page
30
37
43
60
61
63
137
139
143
144
145
1 46
147
, 1
Table Description
14 Variation in some meristic characters of
15
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
N . perOnll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of covariance between males and females � peronii sampled from Middle Region ( Redang group of islands) • • • • • • • • • •
The monthly condition factor of males and females � peronll during the study period, April 1 982 to March 1983 • • • • • • • • • •
Monthly frequency of occurrence of various food items in the stomach of N . peronll during the study period • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . • •
Monthly occurrence of various food items by weight in the stomach of N . peronll during the study period . . • . . . . . • . • • • • • . . . .
Monthly occurrence of various food items by number in the stomach of N . peronll during the study period • • • • • • . . . . . . • • • • • • •
Monthly stomach fullness of N . peronii during the study period • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • . •
2 1 Index of relative importance of the common food items in the diets of N . . peronii during the study period • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
22 Index of relative importance of the common food items in the diets of N . peronii by
23
24
seasons • • • . . • • • . . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
The frequency of occurrence of various food items in stomachs of different length classes of N . peronii • • • . . • . . . • • • • • • . • . . • •
The stomach fullness of empty stomachs
and the percentage in different length
classes of N . peronii . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 Index of relative importance of the common food item in the diet of N . peronii by
26
length classes • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •
The frequency of occurrence ( % ) of various food items in the stomachs of males , females and indeterminate � peronii • . . . . .
X.1V
Page
148
1 56
177
190
193
196
200
202
2 10
2 12
218
219
221
Table
27
28
Description
The percentge weight various food items in males, females and
composition the stomachs
indeterminates
of of N .
peronll . . ....... . . . ................................................. ..
The composition by number ( % ) of various food items in the stomach of males, females and indeterminates � peronii .
29 Index of relative importance of the common food items in the diets of � peronii by
30
3 1
sex ......................................................................... ..
Monthly sex ratio of threadfin fish, N . peronii sampled from May 1 982 to April 1983 off the Terengganu Coast • • • . . • . • • • • . .
Sex ratio of thread fin fish, � peronii in various length classes (midlengths ), sampled from May 1982 to April 1 983 off the Terengganu Coast • . . . . . • • • . . . • • • • • • . • • .
32 Fecundity of � peronii in relation to standard length, body weight and ovary
33
weight . .................................................................... ..
The parameters of the relationship between total fecundity (F) and body weight ( BW) , standard length ( SL) and ovary weight (OW) in � peronii collected off the Terengganu Coast ........................................................................ ..
34 Length-frequency data of combined samples of � peronii sampled from March 1982 to
35
36
April 1983 ............................................................. ..
Length-frequency data of male samples of � peronll sampled from March 1982 to April 1983 in Redang group of islands . . • . .
Length-frequency data of female samples � peronii sampled from March 1982 to April 1983 in Redang group of islands . . • • . • . . • . • .
37 ELEFEN 1 runs of female samples of N .
38
peronl1 .................................................................... ..
ELEFEN 1 runs of male samples of N . peronii . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv
Page
221
221
225
2 3 3
2 3 5
238
242
252
253
254
256
257
Table Description
39 ELEFAN 1 runs of combined samples of N .
40
41
42
43
44
peronl1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Growth parameter values and related ' ELEFEN l ' outputs taken from lengthfrequency samples of � peronii . • • • • • • • • • .
Mean length of the different age groups of thread fin bream from the Offshore Region as determined from probility paper • • • • • • • • •
The von Bertalanffy growth constant of threadfin bream from the Offshore Region • • •
Catch per trawl ( kg/3-Hour) of the threadfin bream for 1 2-month study period from March 1 982 to February 1 983 from Redang group of islands (Middle Region) • • .
The percentage in the overall catch and the catch per unit effort of the threadfin bream caught in the inshore area during April to September 1983 • • • . • • • • • • . • • . . • • • •
45 Diurnal catch composition of Nemipterus � ...................................... .
46 Range of sizes of Nemipterus species from Terengganu coast • . . . . . • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • . • •
47 Catch composition by number and weight of Nemipterus species caught in the Offshore
48
49
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution survey area
of Nemipterus species in the according to sampling
stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The table showing the locations and the number of species in the area • • • . . • • • • . . . • . . . . • . •
xvi
Page
258
266
289
289
299
311
313
315
324
326
330
Figure
1
2
3
LIST OF FIGURES
Description
Map showing Peninsular Malaysia , Sabah and Sarawak and adjacent seas • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Map showing the study area Sl=Subarea I , S2=Subarea I I , S3 = Subarea III • • • • • • • • . • •
Map showing Redang group of islands Middle Region - Subarea II • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • •
4 Design of the trawl net used in Inshore Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Design of the trawl net used in Middle Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Design of the trawl net used in Offshore
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
12
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map showing the sampling stations in Subarea III ( Offshore Region) • • . • • . • • . . . . •
Graphs several standard
showing the relationship between morphometric characters and length ( a ) and head length ( b )
for � peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graphs showing the relationship between several morphometric characters and standard length ( a ) and head length ( b ) for N . nemurus • • . . . . • • . • • . . . . • • . • • • • • • • • • •
Graphs showing the relationship between several morphometric characters and standard length (a ) and head length ( b ) for N . ba thy bus • • . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . • • • • • . . • •
Graphs showing the relationship between several morphometric characters and standard length ( a ) and head length ( b ) for N .
Graphs several
margina tus . . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . • . . • • • . . .
showing the relationship between morphometric characters and
standard length (a ) and head length ( b ) for N . tambuloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • • •
xvii
Page
2
52
54
65
67
69
70
130
131
1 32
133
134
Figure
1 3
1 4
Graphs several standard
Description
between and
showing the relationship morphometric characters length (a ) and head length ( b )
for � nematophorus • . • • • • • . • • • • . . . • • • • • • • .
Territorial map showing the relationship between five species of Nempiterus • • • • • • • .
1 5 The relationship o f length and weight of male � peronll taken from the Middle Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 6 The relationship o f length and weight of female � peronii taken from the Middle
1 7
1 8
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The relationship of length and weight of � peronii taken from the Inshore Region . .
The relationship of length and weight of � peronii from Offshore Region . . . . . . . . • . .
The relationship of length and weight of � nemurus from the Offshore Region . . . . • . .
The relationship of length and weight of � marginatus from the Offshore Region . . . .
The relationship of length and weight of � tambuloides from the Offshore Region . . •
The relationship of length and weight of � nematophorus from the Offshore Region • •
Thge relationship of length and weight of � bathybus from the Offshore Region .
Monthly frequency of occurrence of the various food items in the stomach of N . peronii during the stud y period • . . • . . . . . �
25 Monthly occurrence of various food items by weight for � peronii expressed in
26
percen tg e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monthly occurrence of various food items by number for N . peronll expressed in percen tage . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XVl i i
Page
1 35
141
1 59
1 6 1
1 64
1 66
1 68
170
1 7 2
1 74
1 75
1 92
195
197
Figure
27 Montly empty
Description
variation stomachs
of the in N .
percentage of peronii • . • • . • • • •
28 Stomach fullness of � peronii during the
29
stud y period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The percentage frequency of occurrence of various food items in � peronll during the monsoon and non-monsoon period • • • • . . • •
30 Weight composition of various items in the stomachs of � peronii during monsoon and
3 1
32
non-monsoon period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The percentage by number of various items in the stomachs of � peronll during monsoon and non-monsoon period . . • • . • • • • • • •
Feeding intensity ( % ) of � peronii during monsoon and post-monsoon period • • • • • • • . . • •
33 The weight composition ( % ) of various food items in different length classes of � peronll . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . .
34 The percentage by number of various food itemd in different length classes of N . peronll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 Feeding intensity of juveniles males , females
36
37
38
39
40
� peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between fecundity and standard length of � peronii . • . . . • . . . . • • •
Relationship between fecundity and body weight of � peronii • • . . . . . • . . • • • • • • . . • • . •
Relationship between fecundity and ovary weight of � peronll • . • . . • . . . . • • • • • • . • . . • .
Graph showing the changes in the gonadosomatic index of the female fish during the study period . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • • . . • • . . . . • •
The percentage of mature females peronii in vrious months during the
of N . study
period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x i x
Page
199
201
204
206
207
209
214
215
224
239
240
241
245
247
Figure
4 1
Description
A restructured length frequency data of male � peronii fitted with growth curve .
42 A restructured length frequency data of female N. peronii fitted with growth curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43 A restructured length frequency data of combined samples of � peronii fitted with growth curve . . • • . . . . . • . • . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • .
44 A length-converted catch curve of male �
45
46
47
48
peronl1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A length-converted catch curve of female N . peronll • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . .
A length-converted catch curve of combined samples of thread fin for � peronii . . •
Selection pattern for male � peronii • . • . .
Selection pattern for female � peronii . • •
49 Selection patterns for combined samples of
50
5 1
52
53
54
55
56
� peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Patterns of recruitment of male N . peronll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Patterns of recruitment .of female N . peronl1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Patterns of samples of �
recruitment' of combined peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length-frequency and probability paper analysis of � nemurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length-frequency and probability paper analysis of � marginatus . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • •
Length-frequency and probility paper ananlysis of � tambuloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of � peronii in the nempiterid catch and percentage of nemipterids in total catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Page
267
268
269
274
275
276
278
279
280
282
283
284
285
286
287
301
Figure
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Description
Monthly variation in percentage of threadfin fish in total catch of marine fishes for f ive-year period ( 1979-1983 ) • • •
Monthly thread fin
variation in percentage fish in total catch during
of the
study period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length-frequency distribution males of � peronll sampled from Redang Group of Islands (Middle Region) • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . • •
Length-frequency distribution of females N . peronll sampled from Redang Group of Islands (Middle Region) • . • . . . • • • • . . • • . . . • .
Length-frequency distribution of combined samples � Peronii sampled from Redang Group of Islands (Middle Region) • • • • • • . • . .
Length-frequency distribution of N . nematophorus sampled from Offshore Area • . .
Length-frequency distribution of N . bathybus sampled from Offshore Area • . . . • • •
distribution of N . Length-frequency nemurus sampled from Offshore Area • • • • • . � Length-frequency distribution of N . peronii sampled from Offshore Area • • • • • . . •
Length-frequency marginatus sampled
Length-frequency tambuloides sampled
distribution from Offshore
distribution from Offshore
The probable phylogenetic lineage
of N . Area . . • --::
of N . Area . . . .
for nemipterids species • • • • • . . . • . • • • . . • • • • • • . .
xx;
Page
303
304
307
308
309
316
3 17
318
319
320
321
332