universal laws and architectures
TRANSCRIPT
John Doyle 道陽Jean-Lou Chameau Professor
Control and Dynamical Systems, EE, & BioE
tech1#Ca
Universal laws and architectures:Theory and lessons from
brains, hearts, cells, grids, nets, bugs, fluids, bodies, planes, docs, fire, fashion,
earthquakes, music, buildings, cities, art, running,cycling, throwing, Synesthesia, spacecraft, statistical mechanics
https://www.cds.caltech.edu/~doyle
The following preview is approved for all audiences.
https://rigorandrelevance.wordpress.com/author/doyleatcaltech/
https://www.cds.caltech.edu/~doyle
Universal laws and architectures:
The videos
• SDN, IOT, IOE, CPS, etc..• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Major transitions
• SDN, IOT, IOE, CPS, etc..• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Major transitions
Theory of• Evolution• Architecture• Complexity• Networks
Our heroes
Evolution ComplexityArchitecture
{case study}UTheorems+
• Lots of aerospace• Wildfire ecology• Earthquakes• Physics:
– turbulence, – stat mech (QM?)
• “Toy”: – Lego– clothing, fashion
• Buildings, cities• Synesthesia
• Brains• Bugs (microbes, ants)• Nets/Grids (cyberphys)• Medical physiology
• SDN, IOT, IOE, CPS, etc.• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
• Brains• Bugs (microbes, ants)• Nets/Grids (cyberphys)• Medical physiology
• Lots of aerospace• Wildfire ecology• Earthquakes• Physics:
– turbulence, – stat mech (QM?)
• “Toy”: – Lego– clothing, fashion
• Buildings, cities• Synesthesia
Precursorsin 1940s
U{case study}Theorems+
• Brains• Bugs (microbes, ants)• Nets/Grids (cyberphys)• Medical physiology
• Lots of aerospace• Wildfire ecology• Earthquakes• Physics:
– turbulence, – stat mech (QM?)
• “Toy”: – Lego– clothing, fashion
• Buildings, cities• Synesthesia
2012
Precursorsin 1940s
U{case study}Theorems+
1980s
2006 - 2014: Department Head Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics2001 - 2014: Professor AEM and Control Science & Dynamical Systems Center1996 - 2001: Associate Professor AEM and CSDSC1995 - 2014: Co-Director Control Science and Dynamical Systems Program1992 - 2004: Director of Grad Studies CSDS Department1990 - 1996: Assistant Professor AEM1989 : Ph.D. Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology
Gary Balas@UMN
1990-2014
Theorems+
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism/balance
{case study}
U
• Brains• Familiar, accessible• Live demos!• Cheap, reproducible• Open• Unavoidable
Caveats and Issues• Bad scholarship, cinematography, diplomacy, organization• Badly organized (Videos, slides, papers in Dropbox)• More questions than answers• Trailer for videosBut• Applicable• Accessible (even latest theory research is relatively…)• Almost undergrad for almost everything• “Obvious” (if in retrospect)• Eager for feedback (and also new material)
Laws as Tradeoffs
costly
fragile
efficient
robust
Function=Locomotion
Ideal
costly
fragile
efficient
robust
4x
>2x
Tradeoffs
Ideal
fragile
robust
“costly”“efficient”
Similar• Tradeoffs• Laws• MechanismsBut simpler• Models?• Experiments?
fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
“costly”“efficient”
Similar• Tradeoffs• Laws• MechanismsBut simpler• Models• Experiments
Simplified inverted pendulum
Act
l
l
l length (to COM)g gravityv control (acceleration)
y
x
θ
v
Simplified inverted pendulum
Act
l
l
l length (to COM)g gravityv control (acceleration)
y
x
θ
v
Simplified inverted pendulum
Actsin cos
sinO
xl g vy x l
vθ θ θ
θ+ = −= +
=
l
l
l length (to COM)g gravityv control (acceleration)
y
x
θ
v
Simplified inverted pendulum
Act
gpl
=
Instabilitysin cos
sinO
xl g vy x l
vθ θ θ
θ+ = −= +
=
l
l
l length (to COM)g gravityv control (acceleration)
y
x
θ
v
Simplified inverted pendulum
Act
gpl
=
Instabilitysin cos
sinO
xl g vy x l
vθ θ θ
θ+ = −= +
=
l
eye vision
Act
delayl
N noiseE error
( ) ET jN
ω =
Simplified sensorimotor control
gpl
=
Instability
Control?
eye vision
slow
Act
delayl
N noiseE error
( ) ET jN
ω =
Simplified sensorimotor control
gpl
=.3sτ ≈
InstabilityControl
brain
Amplification (noise to error)?
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
NE
( ) ET jN
ω =
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
Instability
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
NE
( ) ET jN
ω =
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫Amplification (noise to error) theorem:
Necessary!
Intuition
( )exp pt
delay τ
Before you can
react
time
state 1pl
∝
.3sτ ≈
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫
P
+
noise
error
C
( ) ET jN
ω =
( ) ( ){ }sup sup Re( ) 0|T T j T s sωω
= = ≥∞Max modulus
Proof?
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
1
exp
( ) ( ) exp
exp
Ms P s s
T M M p p p
T p
P τ
τ
τ
−≥ ≥ ≥
≥
∞ ∞
∞
= − ⇒
= Θ
⇒
( ) ( )1
1
( ) ( )
P p T p
M p p −
= ∞⇒ =
⇒ = Θ
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
exp
T s M s s j
s s
ω
τ
= Θ Θ =
Θ = −
Undergrad math
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
4
6
8
10
0
Length l, m
.3sτ = Shorter?
( )expT pτ≥
fragility
gpl
=
sin cossinO
x vl g vy x lθ θ θ
θ
=
+ = −= +
delay
noise
error
Length l
.3sτ =
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
4
6
8
10
0
Length l, m
.3sτ = Shorter
fragility
gpl
=
( )exp pτsin cos
sinO
x vl g vy x lθ θ θ
θ
=
+ = −= +
delay
noise
error
Length l
.3sτ =
( )expT pτ≥
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
4
6
8
10( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫
0
Theory
Length l, mdelay
noise
error
Length l
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2
4
6
8
10( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫
0
HardHarderTheory
& Data
Length l, mdelay
noise
error
Length l
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
N
E
( ) ET jN
ω =
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
Necessary!
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫Robust to “noise” model
fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
Law #1 : MechanicsLaw #2 : GravityLaw #3 : Light/visionLaw #4 : ( )expT pτ≥
Yoke Peng Leong
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
NE
( ) ET jN
ω =gpl
= .3sτ ≈
Necessary!
Universal lawsMechanics+
Gravity +Light +
( ) ( )exp ln
expT
pT
τ∞
≥
∫fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
hard harder ???
l
Ol
harder ???
Ol l≤
Ol l≥
Ol
( ) ( )exp ln
expT z pp
z pTτ
∞
+ ≥−
∫
Unstable zeros
( )21 11 1
1 1
O
O
O
O
g gz pl l l
l l lz pz p l l l
l z pl z p
ααααα
= =−
+ −+=
− − −
+ −+ + −= → = =
− − −
Simple analytic formulas
P
+
noise
error
C
( ) ( ){ }sup sup Re( ) 0|T T j T s sωω
= = ≥∞Proof?
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
exp
T s M s s js zs ss z
ω
τ
= Θ Θ =
−Θ = −
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
exp
( ) ( ) exp
exp
Ms zs P s ss z
z pT M M p p pz p
z pT pz p
P τ
τ
τ
−≥ ≥ ≥
≥
∞ ∞
∞
− = − ⇒ + +
= Θ−
+⇒
−
Undergrad math
( )exp z ppz p
τ +−
10
100
Length, m.1 1.5.2
2
.3sτ =
hardest!
( ) ( ) ( )expexp
exl
pn z pp
z pT
pT
τ τ∞
≥ ≥+
−
∫
1Ol l≤ =
Theory
( )exp pτ
( )exp z ppz p
τ +−
10
100
Length, m.1 1.5.2
2
1pl
∝
.3sτ =
hardest!hard
( ) ( ) ( )expexp
exl
pn z pp
z pT
pT
τ τ∞
≥ ≥+
−
∫
hard harder hardest!
What is sensed matters.
Unstable pole Unstable zero
0l l≤0l l≈
robust
short
fragile
mass.1 1
1g 10kg
Fragile to• Up• Length l• Length lo (sense)• Noise• Medial direction• Close one eye• Stand one leg• Alcohol• Age• …
fragile
robust
short long
Robust to• mass• down
delay
Instability
Sensors/actuators
Delay
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
E
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
( )( )
exp ln
expQuantized
T
T pτ∞
∝
∫
Necessary!
Robust to “noise” model
Spiking neurons?Discrete axons?Distributed control?
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
E
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
( )( )
exp ln
expQuantized
T
T pτ∞
∝
∫
Necessary!
Quantized
Robust to “noise” model
Spiking neurons?Discrete axons?Distributed control?
fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
hardest!
crash
Theory & data
fragile
robust
short long
Gratuitously fragile
Example of sparse/bad sensing
fragile
robust
short long
Gratuitously fragile
Look up & shorten
costly
fragile
efficientrobust
Just add a bike?
costly
fragile
efficientrobust
Learn
costly
fragile
efficientrobust
Learn
Learn
fragile
robust
“costly”“efficient”
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism/balance
Major transitions
unstable
fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
“costly”“efficient”
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism/balance
Major transitions
fragile
robust
crash
short long
hard
harder
“costly”“efficient”
Similar• Tradeoffs• Laws• Mechanisms
But simpler• Models• Experiments
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Balance (biped)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Efficiency/instability/layers/feedback• Efficient but
unstable
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Balance (biped)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Efficiency/instability/layers/feedback• Efficient but
unstable• Needs control
‒ Complex‒ Distributed‒ Layered‒ Active‒ Laws/tradeoffs
How universal?
1. Chandra, Buzi, Doyle (2011) Glycolytic oscillations and limits on robust efficiency. Science
2. Gayme, McKeon, Bamieh, Papachristodoulou, Doyle (2011) Amplification and Nonlinear Mechanisms in Plane Couette Flow, Physics of Fluids
3. Li, Cruz, Chien, Sojoudi, Recht, Stone, Csete, Bahmiller, Doyle (2014) Robust efficiency and actuator saturation explain healthy heart rate control and variability, PNAS
Biology
Physics
Medicine
• Robust efficiency• Undergrad (mostly)• “Obvious” (in retrospect)• Extreme bimodal reviews
+ tutorial videosPapers
Veryuniversal
Chandra, Buzi, and Doyle UG biochem, math, control theory
InsightAccessibleVerifiable
Veryuniversal
too fragile
complex
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
Law #1Law #2Law #3
Law #1Law #2Law #3
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws? Specific
Specific
too fragile
complex
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
Law #1Law #2Law #3
Law #1Law #2Law #3
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws? Specific
Specific
Law #4z pTz p+
≥−
Universal
wasteful
fragile
efficient
robust
too fragile
complex
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
Law #4z pTz p+
≥−
Universal
wasteful
fragile
efficient
robust
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
too fragile
complex
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
Law #1Law #2Law #3
Law #1Law #2Law #3
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws? Specific
Specific
Law #4z pTz p+
≥−
Universal
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight • Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Flight
unstable
Universal?Specific?
1pt R
¶ + ×Ñ + Ñ = D¶u u u u
Flight and swimming
(streamlining)
wasteful
fragile
efficient
robust
Universal
1pt R
¶ + ×Ñ + Ñ = D¶u u u u
Turbulent
z x
y
uFlow
Blunted turbulent velocity profile
Turbulent
Laminar
wU
wU
wasteful
fragileLaminar
Turbulent
efficient
robust
1pt R
¶ + ×Ñ + Ñ = D¶u u u u
UniversalTurbulent
Physics of Fluids (2011)
z x
y
uFlow
Blunted turbulent velocity profileLaminar
Turbulent wU
wU
wasteful
fragileLaminar
Turbulent
efficient
robust
1pt R
¶ + ×Ñ + Ñ = D¶u u u u
wasteful
fragileLaminar
Turbulent
efficient
robustSharks
Dolphins
wasteful
fragileLaminar
Turbulent
efficient
robustSharks
Dolphins
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)?• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws?
Specific
Turbulent
efficient
robustSharks
Dolphinsu
Flow
Specific
Specific
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)?• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
robustshort
cheaprobust
Balancing
Glycolysis
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws?
Universal
Turbulent
efficient
robustSharks
Dolphinsu
FlowRobust efficiency
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing (running)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)?• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis (metabolism)
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
cheaprobust
Running
Metabolism
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws?
Specific
Universal
Robust efficiency
Specific
• Money/finance/lobbyists• Industrialization• Society/agriculture• Weapons• Balancing (running)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)?• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis (metabolism)
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
cheaprobust
Running
Metabolism
• Efficient but unstable• Needs complex/active control• With associated laws?
Specific
Universal
Cardiovascular physiology
Robust efficiency
Li, Cruz, Chien, Sojoudi, Recht, Stone, Csete, Bahmiller, Doyle
Robust efficiency and actuator saturation explain healthy heart rate control and variabilityProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. PLUS 2014
efficientrobust
controls
external disturbances
heart rateventilationvasodilationcoagulationinflammationdigestionstorage…
errorsO2BPpHGlucoseEnergy storeBlood volume…internal nois
High Low
High
Cardio-physiology
k10-1 100 101100
101
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
expensive
Biology
robustTurbulent
efficient
robust uFlow
Physics
controls
external disturbances
heart rateventilationvasodilationcoagulationinflammationdigestionstorage…
errorsO2BPpHGlucoseEnergy storeBlood volume…internal nois
High Low
High
10
100
.1 1.22
Medicine
efficientrobust
• Robust efficiency• Tradeoffs, mechanisms
Neuro
k10-1 100 101100
101
too fragile
complex
No tradeoff
expensive
Biology
robustTurbulent
efficient
robust uFlow
Physics
controls
external disturbances
heart rateventilationvasodilationcoagulationinflammationdigestionstorage…
errorsO2BPpHGlucoseEnergy storeBlood volume…internal nois
High Low
High
10
100
.1 1.22
Medicine
efficientrobust
• Foundational• Huge literatures• Data, models, simulation• Yet persistent mysteries
• Robust efficiency• Tradeoffs, mechanisms
Neuro
Universal laws and architectures:Theory and lessons from
brains, hearts, cells, grids, nets, bugs, fluids, bodies, planes, docs, fire, fashion,
earthquakes, music, buildings, cities, art, running,cycling, throwing, Synesthesia, spacecraft, statistical mechanics
https://rigorandrelevance.wordpress.com/author/doyleatcaltech/
So far
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Major transitions
efficient
robust
Glycolysis
Turbulence
Cardio-physiology
Balance
Needs complex control
Efficient but unstableSimilar• Tradeoffs• Laws• MechanismsBut simpler• Models• Experiments
Crash
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Balance (biped)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Warfare (“up”)
Prey (“back”)
Crash
Bad
Weapons
Mass extinction
Crash
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states• Weapons• Balance (biped)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Slavery
Famine
Bad
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states• Weapons• Balance (biped)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (streamlining)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Slavery
Famine
• Crashes “back” can hurt everyone• Crashes “forward” benefit those (few)
that cause and maintain them• Systematic study is missing
forward
back
• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis
Major transitions
efficient
robust
FastFlexible
Apps
OSHW
Gene
Trans*Protein
CerebellumCortex
Reflex
Needs complex control
Efficient but unstable
Next
https://rigorandrelevance.wordpress.com/author/doyleatcaltech/
Universal laws and architectures:Theory and lessons from
brains, hearts, cells, grids, nets, bugs, fluids, bodies, planes, docs, fire, fashion,
earthquakes, music, buildings, cities, art, running,cycling, throwing, Synesthesia, spacecraft, statistical mechanics
Next
Entropy rate
Energy (L2)
eye vision
Act
delay
Control
l
E
gpl
= .3sτ ≈
( )( )
exp ln
expQuantized
T
T pτ∞
∝
∫
Necessary!
Quantized
Robust to “noise” model
Spiking neurons?Discrete axons?Distributed control?
10
100
.1 1.5.22
( )exp pτ
Speed ∝ 1/τ
Length lo
Length l
Speed ∝ 1/τ
delay?
noise
error
( ) z pT pz p
τ +≥
−exp
Theory
robust + efficient
Fast
Flexible
accessibleaccountableaccurateadaptableadministrableaffordableauditableautonomyavailablecredibleprocess
capablecompatiblecomposableconfigurablecorrectnesscustomizabledebugabledegradabledeterminabledemonstrable
dependabledeployablediscoverable distributabledurableeffective
evolvableextensiblefail transparentfastfault-tolerantfidelityflexibleinspectableinstallableIntegrityinterchangeableinteroperable learnablemaintainable
manageablemobilemodifiablemodularnomadicoperableorthogonalityportableprecisionpredictableproducibleprovablerecoverablerelevantreliablerepeatablereproducibleresilientresponsivereusable
safety scalableseamlessself-sustainableserviceablesupportablesecurablesimplestablestandardssurvivable
tailorabletestabletimelytraceableubiquitousunderstandableupgradableusable
efficient
robust
sustainablerobust + efficient
efficient
Fast
Flexible
IEEE Conference on Decision and ControlDecember 2015 Osaka, Japan
Hard Limits on Robust ControlOver Delayed and Quantized Communication Channels
With Applications to Sensorimotor Control
Li, Cruz, Chien, Sojoudi, Recht, Stone, Csete, Bahmiller, Doyle
Robust efficiency and actuator saturation explain healthy heart rate control and variability
PNAS PLUS 2014
Old story
0 100 200 300 4000 100 200 300 400406080100120140160180
sec
0 100 200 300 4000 100 200 300 400406080100120140160180
sec
( )[ ] [ ]( )2, 2 2 2[ ]
vp vp total as as vs vs a
T O
p ap
av vs
c P V c P c P c P
v O M F O O
= −
− + ⋅= −
+ +
as as s
vs vs s r
ap ap
l
r p
c P Fc P F Qc P
Q
Q F
== −=
−
−
( ) ( ) ( )2
2 2 22 * 2 * 2 *2 2min P as as o Hq P P q O O q H H dt − + ∆ − ∆ + −
∫
Li, Cruz, Chien, Sojoudi, Recht, Stone, Csete, Bahmiller, Doyle
Robust efficiency and actuator saturation explain healthy heart rate control and variability
PNAS PLUS 2014
0 100 200 3000 100 200 300406080100120140160180
sec
Li, Cruz, Chien, Sojoudi, Recht, Stone, Csete, Bahmiller, Doyle
Robust efficiency and actuator saturation explain healthy heart rate control and variability
PNAS PLUS 2014
Data
Fast
Slow
How? Why?• Mechanism• Tradeoff
• Architecture• Speed• Flexibility• Robustness• Virtualization• DiversityFast
Slow
Cortex
eye vision
Actdelay
Object motion
Error+
slow
Slow
FlexibleHigh Res
vision
Fast
Inflexible
Cortex
eye vision
Act
slow
delay
VORfast
Object motion
Head motion
Error+
Slow
Flexible
vision
Fast
InflexibleLow Res
VOR Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)
Does not use “vision”?
Slow
FlexibleHigh Res
vision
Fast
InflexibleLow Res
VOR
Tradeoff
Mechanism
Minimal cartoon
Cortex
eye vision
Act
slow
delay
VORfast
Object motion
Head motion
Error+
Cortex
eye vision
Act
slow
delay
VOR
fast
Object motion
Head motion
Error+
These signals must “match”
Next important piece?
Cortex
eye vision
Actslow
delay
VOR
fast
Object motion
Head motion
Error+
Tune gain?
gain
VOR and visual gain must match
Cortex
eye vision
Actslow
delay
VOR
Object motion
Head motion
Cerebellum
Error+
ErrorTune gain
gain AOS
AOS = Accessory Optical system
fast
Cortex
eye vision
Actslow
delay
VOR
This fast “forward”
path is necessary
Object motion
Head motion
Cerebellum
Error+
ErrorTune gain
gain AOS
AOS = Accessory Optical system
fastdirect,fast
feedback
slow
Cortex
eye vision
Actslow
delay
VOR
Object motion
Head motion
Cerebellum
Error+
ErrorTune gain
gain AOS
AOS = Accessory Optical system
fastdirect,fast
feedback
slow
This fast “forward”
pathNeeds
“feedback” tuning
slowest
Cortex
vision
delayVOR
Cerebellum
gainAOS
vision
delay
Cerebellum
gainAOS
Cortex
Cerebellum
gainAOS
distributed compute
(& control)
“Grey” boxes
Cortex
vision
Actdelay
VOR
Cerebellum
gainAOS
vision
delay
Cerebellum
gainAOS
Cortex
vision
delay
Cerebellum
gainAOS
“White”cables vision
Actslower
delay
fast
Cerebellum
gainAOS
slowest
slowerfast
slowest
vision
Actdelay
gain
sparse communication, heterogeneous
delays
Slow
FlexibleHigh Res
vision
Fast
InflexibleLow Res
VOR
Tradeoff
Mechanism
Minimal cartoon
Cortex
eye vision
Act
slow
delay
VORfast
Object motion
Head motion
Error+
Vision
VOR
Tune
extreme heterogeneity
Slow
FlexibleHigh Res
Fast
InflexibleLow Res
secs
msecs
hours
Vision
VOR
Tune
delaylog10
low reshigh res(flexible)
extreme heterogeneity
why?
Ideal
secs
msecs
hours
Vision
VOR
Tune
delaylog10
low reshigh res(flexible)
why?
Ideal
• These dimensions• Tradeoff• Extreme heterogeneity
High resolution vision robust w/motion• Object motion• Self motion
Vision
Motion
High resolution vision robust w/motion• Object motion• Self motion
heterogeneous delays
secs
msecs
hours
errorlow high
delaylog10
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
secs
msecs
hoursPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
errorlow high
810> ×delaylog10
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
heterogeneous delays
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Robust
RobustFragile
RobustFragile
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Robust
RobustFragile
secs
msecs
hoursPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
errorlow high
810> ×delaylog10
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
heterogeneous delays and errors 1110> ×
A KU PK
F B
M P
LZ YMQ
RH
O
V JW
TB
NC
A
G
X YQ
A
D T
A KU PK
F B
M P
LZ YMQ
RH
O
V JW
TB
NC
A
G
X YQ
A
D T
HIGH RES
FAST
A KU PK
F B
M P
LZ YMQ
RH
O
V JW
TB
NC
A
G
X YQ
A
D T
HIGH RES
FAST
secs
msecs
hours
Vision
VOR
delaylog10
low res?high res(flexible)
A KU PK
F B
M PLZ YMQ
RH
O
V JW
TB
N C A
G
X YQ
A
D T
HIGH RES
FAST
secs
msecs
hours
Vision
VOR
delaylog10
low res?high res(flexible)
A KX Y
FAST
low resolution ≠ noisy
secs
msecs
hoursPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
error?low high
810> ×delaylog10
Ideal
heterogeneous delays and errors 1210> ×
( )( )
1
exp ln
exp
G
G pg
τ∞
∝
∫
Tune
error?
( )( )
1
exp ln
exp
G
G pg
τ∞
∝
∫
2x
x ∞
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delayVOR
Object
Head
Cerebellum
Error+
Tunegain
fast
Extreme system level
heterogeneity
secs
msecs
hoursdelaylog10
error
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Why?
log10 axon diameter
log10axons
per nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
Extreme component
level heterogeneity
axons per
nerve
axons per
nerve
10-1 100 101100
102
104
106 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
mean axon diameter (microns)
Sciatic
610> ×mean axon diameter (microns)
axons per
nerve
10-2 100 102100
102
104
106 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
610> ×mean axon area
log10 axon diameter
log10axons
per nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
Extreme component
level heterogeneity
Why?
log10 axon diameter
log10axons
per nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
secs
msecs
hoursdelaylog10
error
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delayVOR
Object
Head
Cerebellum
Error+
Tunegain
fast
• Extreme heterogeneity• Connect scales
log10 axon diameter
log10axons
per nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
secs
msecs
hoursdelaylog10
error
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delayVOR
Object
Head
Cerebellum
Error+
Tunegain
fast
• Extreme heterogeneity• Connect scales• Mechanistic physiology• Integrated• Quantitative• Tradeoffs as “laws”
log10 axon diameter
log10axons
per nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
secs
msecs
hoursdelaylog10
error
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delayVOR
Object
Head
Cerebellum
Error+
Tunegain
fast
Assume:resource (cost)(to build and maintain nerve)∝ area α
α
Assume:
resource (cost)(to build and maintain nerve)
∝ area α
α
Assume:
resource (cost)(to build and maintain nerve)
∝ area α
αAssume
lengths and areas are
given
log axon diam µm
logaxons
per nerve
7 bits
1 bit
3 bits
resource (cost) ∝ area αarea α
axon diameter
axonsper
nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
too big
resource (cost) ∝ area α
axon radius (µm)
N=axons
per nerve
0 10
2
4
6
ρ =
2nerve area = Nα πρ=
resource (cost) ∝ area α
7 bits
1 bit
3 bits
Why not make axon radius small?(Maximize mutual information.)
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
SciaticIdeal?
axon radius
axonsper
nerve
Why not make axon radius small?(Maximize mutual information.)
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
SciaticIdeal?
axon radius
axonsper
nerve
Tradeoffs
spike rate ρ∝ spike speed ρ∝
(propagation)
Tradeoffsin
spikingneurons
axon radius (µm)
N=axons
per nerve
ρ =0 1
0
2
4
6
2nerve area = Nα πρ=
Ideal?
axon radius (µm)
N=axons
per nerve
ρ =0 1
0
2
4
6
2N αρ
∝
2R α αρρ ρ
∝ ∝
spike rate (bits/time) R N
ρρ
∝∝
2nerve area = Nα πρ=
spike speed 1delay sT
ρ
ρ
∝
∴ ∝
R Tαλ∴ =
spike rate (bits/time) R N
ρρ
∝∝
axon radius (µm)
N=axons
per nerve
ρ =0 1
0
2
4
6
2R
T
α αρρ ρ
α
∝ ∝
∝2nerve area = Nα πρ=
1delay sTρ
∝ feasible
infeasible
R Tαλ=R Tαλ≤
R
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ∴ =
1delay sTρ
∝
R Tαλ=
R
fast
slow
1/R
delay
fast
slow
R Tαλ=
low res
high res
2
resource =
nerve area = Nα πρ=
low res
high resR
2
resource =
nerve area = Nα πρ=
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
( )?R Tαλ=
1/R
delay
fast
slow
R Tαλ=
1/R
delayfeasible
infeasiblefast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
1 bit
3 bits
Assuming fixed lengthand area
1/R
delay
feasible
infeasiblefast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
delay
fast
slow
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
errorlow high
Ideal
Ideal
• Extreme heterogeneity• Connect scales• Mechanistic physiology• Integrated• Quantitative• Tradeoffs as “laws”
P
x
vu
T Delay of T
(head motion)
LK
LQ
LQ Channel(neural signaling)
Q Quantizer
Reflex controller(VOR: Motion compensation)LK
reflex (delayed)
state
P
x
vu
T Delay of T
(head motion)
LK
LQ
LQ Channel(neural signaling)
Q Quantizer
Reflex controller(VOR: Motion compensation)LK
reflex (delayed)
R Tαλ=
state
P
x
v
T Delay of T
(head motion)
LK
LQ Q Quantizer
Reflex controller(VOR: Motion compensation)LK
reflex (delayed)
state[ ]( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )Lx t ax t Q u t T v t+ = − − +
u
P
x
vu
r
(head motion)
(target motion)
LK HK
LQ HQ
remote sensingadvanced warninghigh level planning
delay
reflex (delayed)
P
x
r (target motion)LK
HK
HQ
remote sensingadvanced warninghigh level planning
delay
reflex (delayed)
[ ]( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )H rx t ax t Q u t T r t T+ = − − + −
|| || 1r ∞ ≤
||| || ?x ∞ =
[ ]( )HQ u t T−
P
x
v
ur
L Hwarnedreflex
(delayed)
|| || || || 1v rδ∞ ∞≤ ≤
( 1) ( )x t ax t+ = +
||| || ?x ∞ =
( ) ( )1
|| || ,|| || 1 1
1 1 min sup || || = 2 2
0,
LL
Ti
v r i
H r
T R Rx a a a a
a T Tδ
δ δ∞ ∞
−∞
≤ ≤ =
− −+ − + −
≠ ≤
∑warned
quant costdelayed
delay costdelayed
quant cost
Theorem
P
x
v
ur
L Hwarnedreflex
(delayed)
|| || || || 1v rδ∞ ∞≤ ≤
( 1) ( )x t ax t+ = +
.1
1
10cost
Delayed (Tc)24
Warned (Tw)
value
-4-2
delay
quant
delay Ts
quant
ctrltotal state
total delay
.1
1
10
0
warned, plan, tune
delayed, fast, reflex
delay >>1bits >>1
small, constant bits & delay
few uniformly large axonslarge errors
diverse, small axonssmall errors
Extremely different
.1
1
10
Cost(system)
Delayed (Tc)0246
Warned (Tw)
Optimal value(parts)
-6-4-20
delay
quant
delay Ts
quant(bits)
ctrltotal state
total delay
.1
1
10
warned, plan, tune
delayed, fast, reflex
.1
1
10Cost
0246Warned (Tw)
delay → 0
ctrltotal state
ctrl ≈ constant
Cost = size of signal with worst-case disturbance
total state≈ quant << 1
.1
1
10
Cost
Delayed (Tc)0246
Warned (Tw)-6-4-20
delay
quant
ctrltotal state
ctrl ≈ constant
total state≈ quant << 1
total state≈ delay >> 1
Extremely different
Cost = size of signal with worst-case disturbance
0246Warned (Tw)
Optimalvalue
delay Ts
quant(bits)
.1
1
10
.1
1
10Cost
delay
ctrltotal state
delay >>1bits >>1
diverse small axonssmall errors
warned, planning,tuning, precision
Delayed (Tc)0246
Warned (Tw)
Optimal value
-6-4-20
delay Ts
quant(bits)
total delay
.1
1
10
Extremely different
.1
1
10
Cost(system)
Delayed (Tc)0246
Warned (Tw)
Optimal value(parts)
-6-4-20
delay
quant
delay Ts
quant(bits)
ctrltotal state
total delay
.1
1
10
warned, plan, tune
delayed, fast, reflex
delay
fast
slowPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
errorlow high
.1
1
10cost(error)
delayquant
ctrldelay
fast
slowPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
errorlow high
total state≈ quant << 1
diverse, small axonssmall errors
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
24Warned (Tw)
valuedelay Ts
quanttotal delay.1
1
10
0
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
diverse, small axonssmall errors
.1
1
10cost
24Warned (Tw)
value
delayquant
delay Ts
quant
ctrltotal state
total delay.1
1
10
0
error
delay
fast
slow plannav
Reflex
Tune
low high
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
.1
1
10cost
24Warned (Tw)
value
delayquant
delay Ts
quant
ctrltotal state
total delay.1
1
10
0
delay
fast
slow plannav
Reflex
Tune
low high
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
error
P
x
vu
rL H
delay
fast
slow plannav
Reflex
Tune
low high
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
error
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
delay
fast
slow plannav
Tune
low high
error
reflex
reflex
Delayed (Tc)
value
-4-2
delay Ts
quant
total delay
.1
1
10
0
.1
1
10cost delay
quant
total state
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
delay
fast
slow plannav
Tune
low high
error
reflex
reflex
delay
fast
slow plannav
Tune
low higherror
reflex
axon diameter
axonsper
nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
Delayed (Tc)
value
-4-2
delay Ts
quant
total delay
.1
1
10
0
.1
1
10cost
Delayed (Tc)
value
-4-2
quant
delay Ts
quant
ctrl
total state
total delay
.1
1
10
0axon diameter
axonsper
nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
delayed, fast, reflex
24Warned (Tw)
valuedelay Ts
quanttotal delay.1
1
10
0axon diameter
axonsper
nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
.1
1
10cost
24Warned (Tw)
value
delayquant
delay Ts
quant
ctrltotal state
total delay.1
1
10
0
warned, plan,tune, precision
axon diameter
axonsper
nerve
-1 0 10
2
4
6 Optic
Vestibular
Olfactory
Auditory
Aα
cranial
spinal
Sciatic
secs
msecs
hoursPlan
navigate
Reflex
Tune
heterogeneous delays
errorlow high
810> ×delaylog10
Plannavigate
Reflex
Tune
delay
fast
slow plannav
Reflex
Tune
low higherror
P
x
vu
rL H
delay
fast
slow plannav
Reflex
Tune
low high
1/R
delay
fast
slow
low res
high res
R Tαλ=
error
From: “Understanding Vision: theory, models, and data”, by Li Zhaoping, Oxford University Press, 2014
Eye muscle
From: “Understanding Vision: theory, models, and data”, by Li Zhaoping, Oxford University Press, 2014
Layered feedback
R R R R R……
CC
“reflex”
“cortex”brains
• Localized control (LPs)‒layered‒scalable‒local model, synthesis, implement
Distributed/local control
“grey” boxes and “white” cables
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
physical plant
disturbance
act/sense
sense act/sense
body + tools+ environment
sensors + muscles
brains
Distributed/local control
……
w
P
w
P
w
P
w
P
w
P
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
body + tools+ environment
……
w
P
R
w
P
w
P
R
w
P
w
P
R ……
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒saturates‒sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
sensors + muscles
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒saturates‒sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
• Localized control (LPs)‒layered‒scalable‒local model, synthesis, implement
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C …
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C ………
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C …
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C ……
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C ……
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C ……
• Communications‒ sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒ saturates‒ sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒ sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
Scalability?
• Communications‒ sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒ saturates‒ sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒ sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
• Localized control ‒modeling, synthesis‒ implementation
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C
P
C …
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
…
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C ………
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C …
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C …
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C …
……
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
P
C
w
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Scalable
• Communications‒ sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒ saturates‒ sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒ sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
• Localized control‒model, synthesis, implement‒ layered
…
…
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
CC
“reflex”
“cortex”
Scalable
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Actuation and sensing‒saturates‒sparse ‒delayed, quantized
• Physical plant‒unstable dynamics‒distributed‒sparse
• Disturbance (w)‒worst case‒advanced warning T
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
• Localized control (LPs)‒layered‒scalable‒local model, synthesis, implement
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
Fast
Flexible
RobustRobust
……
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R
w
P
R ……
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
physical plant
disturbance
Distributed/local control
act/sense
sense act/sense
Fast
Flexible
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
• Localized control (LPs)‒layered‒scalable‒local model, synthesis, implement
R R R R R ……
CC“reflex”
“cortex”
Distributed/local control
FastFlexible
Delay vs resolution tradeoff.
• Communications‒sparse‒delayed, quantized
A KU PK
F B
M P
LZ YMQ
RH
O
V JW
TB
NC
A
G
X YQ
A
D T
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delay
fast
Object
Head
Cerebellum
+
ErrorTune gain
gainAOS
Slow
Flexible
Fast
Inflexible
Reflex
vision
VOR
Color?
Motion
Motion
Stare at the intersection
Marge Livingstone
colorvision
Stare at the intersection.
Stare at the intersection
Stare at the intersection.
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delay
fast
Object
Head
Cerebellum
+
ErrorTune gain
gainAOS
Slow
Flexible
Fast
Inflexible
Reflexvision
VOR
Color?
Motion
Motion
Slow
Flexible
Fast
Inflexible
vision
VOR
Color
Motion
Cortex
eye vision
Actslow
delay
Object +
colorvision
Slow
colorvision
Motion
OK, color decisions are rarely urgent.
Slow
Flexible
Fast
Inflexible
vision
VOR
Motion
colorvision
Slow
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delay
fast
Object motion
Head motion
Cerebellum
+
ErrorTune gain
gain AOSReflex
RNAP
DnaK
σ
RNAP
σDnaK
rpoH
FtsH Lon
Heat
σ
σ mRNA
Other operons
σ
DnaK
DnaK
ftsH
Lon
Sensorimotor
Vastly more different
than similar
Linux OS
Bacterial cell
Cortexeye vision
Actslow
delay
fast
Object motion
Head motion
Cerebellum
+
ErrorTune gain
gain AOSReflex
RNAP
DnaK
σ
RNAP
σDnaK
rpoH
FtsH Lon
Heat
σ
σ mRNA
Other operons
σ
DnaK
DnaK
ftsH
Lon
MechanismsLinux OS
Bacterial cell
Universals are profound
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
Universals are profound
• Tradeoffs• Evolvability
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
Tradeoffs
DiverseNot
Diverse Universals are profound
• Hourglass diversity
• Tradeoffs• Evolvability
“Constraints that
deconstrain”
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
Horizontal Transfer
Horizontal Transfer
Tradeoffs
Illusion
DiverseNot
Diverse Universals are profound
• Hourglass diversity
• Tradeoffs
• Horizontal transfer
• Evolvability
• Tunable (illusion)
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
DiverseNot
Horizontal Transfer
Virtual internalhidden
Tradeoffs
Illusion
Diverse Universals are profound
• Hourglass diversity
• Tradeoffs
• Horizontal transfer
• Virtual/Internal• Hijacking
• Evolvability
• Tunable (illusion)
Horizontal Transfer
Fast
Slow
Flexible Inflexible
Apps
OS
HW
Gene
Trans*
ProteinCerebellum
Cortex
Reflex
DiverseNot
Horizontal Transfer
Virtual internalhidden
Tradeoffs
Illusion
Diverse/Digital Universals are profound
• Hourglass diversity
• Tradeoffs
• Horizontal transfer
• Virtual/Internal• Hijacking
• Robustness
• Evolvability
• Tunable (illusion)
Horizontal Transfer
• Digital
• SDN, NFV, IOT, IOE, CPS• Compute/control technology• Industrialization• Money/finance/lobbyists/etc• Society/agriculture/states • Weapons• Bipedalism (balance,
cardiovascular physiology)• Maternal care• Warm blood• Flight (turbulence)• Mitochondria• Oxygen• Translation (ribosomes)• Glycolysis• Cells
• Hourglass diversity
• Tradeoffs
• Horizontal transfer
• Virtual/Internal• Hijacking
• Robustness
• Evolvability
• Tunable (illusion)
• Digital
Universals are profound