units 30+31

PersonalityPersonality

PersonalityPersonality• Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)

o Emphasizes sexuality and unconscious motives as Emphasizes sexuality and unconscious motives as root of personalityroot of personality

o Everything rooted from the Everything rooted from the expression/repression of the sex driveexpression/repression of the sex drive

o Neurotic symptoms caused by psychological Neurotic symptoms caused by psychological traumastraumas

• Emotions resulting from trauma expressed Emotions resulting from trauma expressed indirectly via weak/vague behaviors that are indirectly via weak/vague behaviors that are meaningful meaningful

• When a patient is made aware of the meanings When a patient is made aware of the meanings of these symptoms (via hypnosis, free of these symptoms (via hypnosis, free association), unexpressed emotions are releasedassociation), unexpressed emotions are released


• Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)o Free association often impaired by unconscious Free association often impaired by unconscious

resistanceresistanceo Such resistance opposes recovery of critical Such resistance opposes recovery of critical

memories into consciousness (“repression”)memories into consciousness (“repression”)o Most repressions are sexual in nature and date Most repressions are sexual in nature and date

back to early childhoodback to early childhoodo Repressed thoughts/memories/impulses trigger Repressed thoughts/memories/impulses trigger

anxiety when brought forth and are therefore anxiety when brought forth and are therefore continually pushed into unconsciouscontinually pushed into unconscious

• Three basic subsystems of personality – “The Three basic subsystems of personality – “The psyche”psyche”

- IdId• Most primitive portion of personality; Most primitive portion of personality;

contains all biological urges, reservoir of contains all biological urges, reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy; “pleasure sexual and aggressive energy; “pleasure principle”principle”

- SuperegoSuperego• Conscious parental voice; represents Conscious parental voice; represents

internalized rules of parents/society, often internalized rules of parents/society, often conflicts with the Idconflicts with the Id

- EgoEgo• Attempts to balance Id and Superego via Attempts to balance Id and Superego via

“reality principle”“reality principle”


Psychosocial Stages of Personality Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development (Freud)Development (Freud)


• Defense mechanisms (Freud)Defense mechanisms (Freud)o RegressionRegressiono Reaction FormationReaction Formationo ProjectionProjectiono RationalizationRationalizationo DisplacementDisplacemento DenialDenialo SublimationSublimationo Passive aggressionPassive aggression

PersonalityPersonality• JungJung

o The unconscious contains more than repressed The unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts and feelings (“thoughts and feelings (“collective collective unconsciousunconscious”)”)

o EgoEgo - - Conscious component at center of Conscious component at center of individualityindividuality

o The persona The persona - - Represents social roles that Represents social roles that unconsciously unconsciously influence behavior influence behavior

o The “shadow”The “shadow” - - Formed out of parts of self Formed out of parts of self repressed by repressed by persona persona

o Anima/animusAnima/animus – – Unconscious masculine/feminine Unconscious masculine/feminine traits, traits, dominant role formed when dominant role formed when ego solidifies ego solidifies a gender role a gender role


• Humanistic Perspective (Rogers)Humanistic Perspective (Rogers)o Central feature of personality is the self-Central feature of personality is the self-

concept concept • If self-concept is + we tend to act/perceive world as If self-concept is + we tend to act/perceive world as

++• If self-concept is – we fall short of “ideal” self and If self-concept is – we fall short of “ideal” self and

feel dissatisfied and unhappyfeel dissatisfied and unhappy

o People are basically good and self-actualizingPeople are basically good and self-actualizing• To nurture growth in others, 3 conditions To nurture growth in others, 3 conditions

required:required:o Being genuine, accepting, and empathicBeing genuine, accepting, and empathic

• Criticisms?Criticisms?


• Personality traits vs. statesPersonality traits vs. stateso Trait = enduring/stable aspects of Trait = enduring/stable aspects of

personalitypersonalityo States = temporary/situationally inducedStates = temporary/situationally induced


• Trait Perspectives of PersonalityTrait Perspectives of Personalityo Eysenck’s 3-factor modelEysenck’s 3-factor model

• Extraversion – Extraversion – sociable, assertive, sensation-seekingsociable, assertive, sensation-seeking• Neuroticism – Neuroticism – tendencies toward anxiety or feartendencies toward anxiety or fear• Psychoticism – Psychoticism – impulsivity, aggressive, egocentric, impulsivity, aggressive, egocentric,

antisocialantisocial

• Personality assessmentPersonality assessmento Observation (interviews)Observation (interviews)o Personality inventories/surveys (MMPI)Personality inventories/surveys (MMPI)o Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)

PersonalityPersonality• Trait Perspectives of Personality (con’t)Trait Perspectives of Personality (con’t)

o ““Big 5 Model” includes Eysenck's traits of Big 5 Model” includes Eysenck's traits of extroversion and neuroticism extroversion and neuroticism but expanded psychoticism but expanded psychoticism

o O.C.E.A.N. O.C.E.A.N. o OOpen to experiencespen to experiences o CConscientiousnessonscientiousnesso EExtroversionxtroversion o AAgreeablenessgreeablenesso NNeuroticism euroticism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Factors.jpg

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)Inventory (MMPI)Clinical Scales of the MMPI

Scale Abbreviation

What it purports to measure

Hypochondriasis

Hs Concern with bodily functions

Depression D Pessimism, hopelessnessHysteria Hy Exaggeration of symptoms

Psychopathy Pd Disregard for social standardsMasculinity Mf Gender role-based interests

Paranoia Pa Suspiciousness, delusions of persecution

Psychasthenia

Pt Guilt feelings, tendency to worry

Schizophrenia

Sc Bizarre thoughts, withdrawn

Hypomania Ma Overactive, excited, impulsiveIntroversion Si Shyness, inhibition

Term DescriptionI Introvert

edWithdrawn from social

interactionE Extravert

edSeeks social interaction

S Sensate Perception-oriented to external cues

N Intuitive Perception-oriented to internal cues

T Thinking Judge according to logic/reason

F Feeling Judge according to emotion J Judging Decisive, rigidP Perceptiv

e Flexible but indecisive

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)(MBTI)

ENFJ ENFJ (Extroverted feeling with intuiting): Easy speakers, idealize their friends, make good parents, but have a (Extroverted feeling with intuiting): Easy speakers, idealize their friends, make good parents, but have a tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and salespeople. tendency to allow themselves to be used. They make good therapists, teachers, executives, and salespeople.

ENFP ENFP (Extroverted intuiting with feeling): These people love novelty and surprises, are big on emotions and (Extroverted intuiting with feeling): These people love novelty and surprises, are big on emotions and expression. They also tend to feel self-conscious. They are good at sales, advertising, politics, and acting. expression. They also tend to feel self-conscious. They are good at sales, advertising, politics, and acting.

ENTJ ENTJ (Extroverted thinking with intuiting): In charge at home, expect a lot from spouses/kids, like organization and (Extroverted thinking with intuiting): In charge at home, expect a lot from spouses/kids, like organization and structure and tend to make good executives and administrators. structure and tend to make good executives and administrators.

ENTP ENTP (Extroverted intuiting with thinking): Lively, not humdrum. A little dangerous, especially economically. (Extroverted intuiting with thinking): Lively, not humdrum. A little dangerous, especially economically. Good at analysis and make good entrepreneurs. They do tend to play “one-up-manship”. Good at analysis and make good entrepreneurs. They do tend to play “one-up-manship”.

ESFJ ESFJ (Extroverted feeling with sensing): Like harmony, have strong ‘shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’. May be (Extroverted feeling with sensing): Like harmony, have strong ‘shoulds’ and ‘should-nots’. May be dependent, first on parents and later on spouses, wear their hearts on their sleeves and excel in service occupations dependent, first on parents and later on spouses, wear their hearts on their sleeves and excel in service occupations involving personal contact. involving personal contact.

ESFP ESFP (Extroverted sensing with feeling): Very generous and impulsive, have a low tolerance for anxiety. They (Extroverted sensing with feeling): Very generous and impulsive, have a low tolerance for anxiety. They make good performers, like public relations, and they love the phone. Tend to avoid scholarly pursuits, especially make good performers, like public relations, and they love the phone. Tend to avoid scholarly pursuits, especially science. science.

ESTJ ESTJ (Extroverted thinking with sensing): Responsible mates and parents and are loyal to the workplace. They are (Extroverted thinking with sensing): Responsible mates and parents and are loyal to the workplace. They are realistic, down-to-earth, orderly, and love tradition. realistic, down-to-earth, orderly, and love tradition.

ESTP ESTP (Extroverted sensing with thinking): Action-oriented, often sophisticated, sometimes ruthless ("James (Extroverted sensing with thinking): Action-oriented, often sophisticated, sometimes ruthless ("James Bond“). As mates, they are exciting and charming, but have trouble with commitment. They make good promoters Bond“). As mates, they are exciting and charming, but have trouble with commitment. They make good promoters and entrepreneurs.and entrepreneurs.

ISTJ ISTJ (Introverted sensing with thinking): These are dependable pillars of strength. They often try to reform their (Introverted sensing with thinking): These are dependable pillars of strength. They often try to reform their mates and other people. They make good bank examiners, auditors, accountants, tax examiners, supervisors in mates and other people. They make good bank examiners, auditors, accountants, tax examiners, supervisors in libraries and hospitals, business, and phys. ed. teachers, etc. libraries and hospitals, business, and phys. ed. teachers, etc.

ISTP ISTP (Introverted thinking with sensing): These people are action-oriented and fearless, and crave excitement. They (Introverted thinking with sensing): These people are action-oriented and fearless, and crave excitement. They are impulsive and dangerous to stop. They often like tools, instruments, and weapons, and often become technical are impulsive and dangerous to stop. They often like tools, instruments, and weapons, and often become technical experts. They are not interested in communications and are often incorrectly diagnosed as dyslexic or hyperactive. experts. They are not interested in communications and are often incorrectly diagnosed as dyslexic or hyperactive. They tend to do badly in school. They tend to do badly in school.

INFJ INFJ (Introverted intuiting with feeling): Serious students and workers who want to contribute, are private and easily (Introverted intuiting with feeling): Serious students and workers who want to contribute, are private and easily hurt. They make good spouses, but tend to be physically reserved. They make good therapists, ministers, and hurt. They make good spouses, but tend to be physically reserved. They make good therapists, ministers, and practitioners. practitioners.

INFP INFP (Introverted feeling with intuiting): Idealistic, self-sacrificing, and somewhat cool or reserved. They are very (Introverted feeling with intuiting): Idealistic, self-sacrificing, and somewhat cool or reserved. They are very family and home oriented, but don't relax well. Work in psychology, architecture, and religion, but rarely in business.family and home oriented, but don't relax well. Work in psychology, architecture, and religion, but rarely in business.

INTJ INTJ (Introverted intuiting with thinking): The most independent of all types, love logic and ideas, and are drawn to (Introverted intuiting with thinking): The most independent of all types, love logic and ideas, and are drawn to scientific research. scientific research.

INTP INTP (Introverted thinking with intuiting): Faithful, preoccupied, and forgetful, these are the bookworms. They are (Introverted thinking with intuiting): Faithful, preoccupied, and forgetful, these are the bookworms. They are good at logic and math and make good philosophers and theoretical scientists, but not writers or salespeople. good at logic and math and make good philosophers and theoretical scientists, but not writers or salespeople.

ISFJ ISFJ (Introverted sensing with feeling): These people are service and work oriented. They may suffer from fatigue (Introverted sensing with feeling): These people are service and work oriented. They may suffer from fatigue and tend to be attracted to troublemakers. They are good nurses, teachers, secretaries, general practitioners, librarians, and tend to be attracted to troublemakers. They are good nurses, teachers, secretaries, general practitioners, librarians, middle managers, and housekeepers. middle managers, and housekeepers.

ISFP ISFP (Introverted feeling with sensing): They are shy and retiring, are not talkative, but like sensuous action. They (Introverted feeling with sensing): They are shy and retiring, are not talkative, but like sensuous action. They like painting, drawing, sculpting, composing, dancing -- the arts generally -- and they like nature. They are not big on like painting, drawing, sculpting, composing, dancing -- the arts generally -- and they like nature. They are not big on commitment. commitment.

o Social-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive Perspective• Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)

o Personality constructed via interactions of:Personality constructed via interactions of:1) Socio-environmental factors 1) Socio-environmental factors

(modeling/conditioning)(modeling/conditioning)2) Internal cognitive factors (self-regulation; 2) Internal cognitive factors (self-regulation;

meta-cognition) meta-cognition) 3) Behavior (nature/frequency/intensity of 3) Behavior (nature/frequency/intensity of

action)action)


o Social-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive Perspective• Locus of controlLocus of control

o Internal locus of control – master of own fateInternal locus of control – master of own fateo External locus of control – life is determined by External locus of control – life is determined by

forces outside forces outside one’s control one’s control

• Learned helplessnessLearned helplessnesso ““Passive resignation” as a coping mechanism?Passive resignation” as a coping mechanism?o Often domain-specific Often domain-specific (e.g., test performance, (e.g., test performance,

abusive relationships)abusive relationships)


units 30+31

Education