units 17-19
TRANSCRIPT
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LearningLearning
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LearningLearning
• Change in behavior due to experience with Change in behavior due to experience with environmentenvironment
• Basic reflex between stimulus and responseBasic reflex between stimulus and response
• Associative learningAssociative learningo Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Operant conditioningOperant conditioning
• Non-Associative learningNon-Associative learning o HabituationHabituationo SensitizationSensitization
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Classical conditioning Classical conditioning o Pavlov’s dogsPavlov’s dogs
- Measured amount of saliva produced Measured amount of saliva produced by presenting dogs with meat powder by presenting dogs with meat powder
- When food dispenser made a sound to When food dispenser made a sound to deliver food, the dogs salivated before deliver food, the dogs salivated before it was deliveredit was delivered
- Dogs learned to associate the sound Dogs learned to associate the sound with delivery of foodwith delivery of food
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Acquisition and extinction Acquisition and extinction o Stimulus generalizationStimulus generalizationo Stimulus discrimination Stimulus discrimination
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Classical conditioningClassical conditioningo Little AlbertLittle Albert
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Learning to operate on the environment to Learning to operate on the environment to
produce a certain change that leads to a produce a certain change that leads to a rewardreward
o Behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced Behavior is strengthened if it is reinforced and weakened if it is punished/not reinforcedand weakened if it is punished/not reinforced
o Skinner – behavior is Skinner – behavior is notnot guided by inner guided by inner thought thought or cognition or cognition
o Reinforcement is dependent on organism’s Reinforcement is dependent on organism’s behaviorbehavior
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• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Pigeon learns to touch a lighted key for Pigeon learns to touch a lighted key for
reinforcement (Skinner, 1938)reinforcement (Skinner, 1938)
Associative LearningAssociative Learning
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Thorndike’s Law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of Effect
- If a consequence is pleasant, the behavior If a consequence is pleasant, the behavior will become more frequent in the futurewill become more frequent in the future
- If a consequence is unpleasant, the If a consequence is unpleasant, the behavior becomes less likely to occur in behavior becomes less likely to occur in the futurethe future
o In classical conditioning, the controlling In classical conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes stimulus comes beforebefore a behavior – in a behavior – in operant conditioning, the controlling operant conditioning, the controlling stimulus comes stimulus comes afterafter a behavior a behavior
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• Operant conditioningOperant conditioningo Thorndike’s Puzzle BoxThorndike’s Puzzle Box
Associative LearningAssociative Learning
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Associative LearningAssociative Learning
• Reinforcement Reinforcement o Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement = = presentation of a pleasant stimuluspresentation of a pleasant stimuluso Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement = = removal of an unpleasant removal of an unpleasant
stimulusstimulus
- Escape learning- Escape learning
- Avoidance learning- Avoidance learning
• PunishmentPunishmento Presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking a child)Presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking a child)o ““Bring a negative”Bring a negative”
• OmissionOmissiono Terminate a pleasant stimulus (withholding a Terminate a pleasant stimulus (withholding a
paycheck) paycheck) o ““Stop a positive”Stop a positive”
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• Schedules of reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement o Fixed ratioFixed ratioo Variable ratioVariable ratioo Fixed intervalFixed intervalo Variable intervalVariable interval
Associative LearningAssociative Learning
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Non-Associative LearningNon-Associative Learning
• Habituation Habituation o Decreased strength of a response after Decreased strength of a response after
repeated presentations of a stimulusrepeated presentations of a stimulus
• Sensitization Sensitization o Repeated stimuli creates higher sensitivityRepeated stimuli creates higher sensitivity
• ModelingModelingo Observing another’s behavior and then Observing another’s behavior and then
imitating that behaviorimitating that behavior