unites states army fm 20-3-30 august 1999 - part01

8/14/2019 Unites States Army Fm 20-3-30 August 1999 - Part01

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FM

20-3

30 AUGUST ]999

ByO(der

of the Secretary of the Arm y:

Official:

~.~D~

dm in istra tiv e ss ista nt to th e

S ecretary of the rm y

9 9 1 6 6 6

E R IC K S H I N S E K I

G e n e r a Un itad Sta tes rmy

hie f o f S ta ff

DISTRIBUTION:

A ctive Arm y, Army N ational Gllard, and U .

,Y .

Army Res er ve :

To be distributed in

acco rd an ce w ith th e initia l d istribu tio n n umber 1 14 82 5, req uirem en ts fo r FM 20 -3 .


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Pr

eface

This field manual (FM) is in ten de d to h elp company-lev el lead ers u nd erstan d th e p rin cip les an d

te ch niq ues o f camoufla ge, c on cea lmen t, an d d eco ys (CCD). To remain v iab le, all u nits must

app ly CCD to pers onne l and equ ipmen t. Igno ring a th re at s ability to d ete ct frie nd ly ope ra tions

on th e battle fie ld is s ho rts ighted and dange rous . F rie nd ly units e nhance th eir s urv iv ab ility

c apab ilitie s if th ey a re well v ersed in CCD prin cip le s and te chnique s.

CCD is equal in im portance to m arksm anship, m aneuver, and m ission. It is an integral part of a

so ld ier s d uty . CCD en compasses in div id ual an d u nit effo rts su ch as mov emen t, lig ht, an d n oise

d iscip line; lit te r con trol; d ispe rsal ; and decep tion ope ra ti ons. Each sold ie r s actions must

con tribute to th e unit s ove ra ll CCD pos tu re to maxim iz e e ffe ctiv enes s.

Increased survivability is the goal of a CCD plan. A unit commander must encourage each

sold ie r to th ink o f su rv iv ab ility and CCD as synonymous te rms . T ra in ing sold ie rs to re cogn iz e

th is corre la tio n in stills a g re ate r a pp re cia tio n o f CCD valu es .

A metric co nv ersio n ch art is p ro vid ed in Avven dix A .

The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. S end comments and recommendations on

Dep artmen t o f th e A rmy (DA) Form 2028 (Rec ommended Chan ges to Pub licatio ns an d B lan k

Forms) d irectly to Commanda nt, United S tate s A rmy Eng in ee r S ch oo l (USAES ), ATTN: ATSE-

DOT-DD, Fort Leona rd Wood , Mis souri 65473 -6650.

This pub lic ation imp lemen ts S tandard iz ation Ag re emen t (STANAG) 2931,

Order s fo r th e

Camou fla ge o f th e R ed C ro ss a nd R ed C rescen t o n L an d in T ac tic al Opera tio ns.

Un le ss th is pub lic ation sta te s o th erw is e, mas cu lin e nouns and p ronoun s do not re fe r exc lu siv ely

to men .


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Taking Countermeasures

Employing Rea lis tic CCD

Minimizing Movement

U s ing Decoy s

Avoiding Opera tional Patterns

Apply ing Recogn iti on Fac to rs

Site Selection

CCD Disc ip line

Sect ion II

-

Techn iques and Mate ri als

Techniques

Tes ts and Evaluat ions

Natura l Condi tions

Da ta Sources

Materials

CHAPTER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

4 Preparations

Battle

CHAPTER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

5 Preparations

Survivability Positions and Obstacles

Battle

CHAPTER

6

HIGH-VALUE TARGETS

Sectio n I - CCD Plann ing

Plans

Objective

Planning Process

Sec tion II - F ixed Ins ta ll at ions

Concept

C ommand Posts

Supply and W ater Points

A rm y A viation Sites

Section III - Relo ca ta ble Units

Mobility a nd CCD

Built-In Capabil it ies

CHAPTER SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS

7 Desert

Snow-CoveredAreas

Urban Terrain

APPENDI METRIC CONVERSION CHART


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XA.

APPENDI

XB.

APPENDI

xc.

APPENDI

XD.

APPENDI

XE.

APPENDI

XF.

GUIDELINES FOR TACTICAL STANDING OPERATING

PROCEDURES

Content

Commanders Responsibilities

Fratricide

CAMOUFLAGE REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Lightwe ight Camoufl age Screen Sys tem

Supplemental Camouflage

Vehic le Camouflage

Training

INDIVIDUAL CAMOFLAGE, CONCEALMENT, AND

DECOYS

Materials

Discipline

Dispersal

Considerations

Employment

ST ANDARD CAMOUFLAUGE MATERIALS

THE GENEVA EMBLEM AND CAMOUFLAGE OF

MED ICAL FACILITIES

GLOSSARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AUTHORIZATION PAGE

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved fo r pub lic re le as e; d is trib ution is unlim ite d.

*Th is p ub licatio n su persed es PM 20-3 , 1 4 Nov embe r 1 99 0.


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Chapter 1

Basics

CCD is th e u se o f materials an d te ch niq ue s to h id e, b len d, d isg uise, d ec oy , o r d isru pt th e

appea ranc e o f m ilita ry ta rg ets and /o r th eir b ackg rounds . CCD help s p revent an enemy

from detecti ng o r identi fy ing f ri endly t roops, equ ipmen t, act iv it ie s, o r in sta lla tions .

P ro perly d esig ned CCD te ch niq ue s tak e a dv an ta ge o f th e immed iate en viro nmen t an d

natu ra l a nd a rtific ia l mate ria ls . One o f th e impera tiv es o f curre nt m ilita ry doc trin e is to

con se rv e frie nd ly stre ng th fo r d ec is iv e a ction. Such con se rv ation is a id ed th rough sound

ope ra tions s ecurity (OPSEC) and p ro te ction from a tta ck . P ro te ction in clude s a ll a ctions

th at make so ld ie rs , e qu ipmen t, a nd units d iffic ult to lo ca te .

DOCTRINAL CONSIDERATIONS

1 -1 . CCD deg rade s th e e ffe ctiv enes s o f enemy re connais sanc e, s urv eilla nc e, a nd ta rg et-

acquis iti on (RSTA) capab ilit ie s. Sk ill ed observe rs and sophis ti ca ted senso rs can be

defea ted by obscu ring te llt ale s igns ( signatu re s) o f uni ts on the battl ef ie ld . P reventing

dete ction impairs enemy e ffo rts to a ss es s frie nd ly ope ra tiona l p atte rn s, func tions, a nd

capabilities.

1 -2 . CCD enhance s frie nd ly surv iv ab ility by reducing an enemy s ability to d ete ct,

id en tify , a nd engage frie nd ly e lemen ts. Surv iv ab ility encompass es a ll a ctions ta ken to

con se rv e personnel, fa cilitie s, a nd supplie s from the e ffe cts o f enemy weapons and

actions . Surv iv ab ility te chnique s in clude u sing phy sic al measu re s su ch a s fighting and

p ro te ctiv e pos itio ns ; nuc le ar, b io logic al, c hemic al (NBC) equ ipmen t; a nd a rmo r. The se

actions include in te rr ela ted tacti ca l counte rmeasures such as d ispe rs ion, movemen t

te chnique s, OPSEC , commun ic ations s ecurity (COMSEC), CCD, and smoke ope ra tions

(a fo rm o f CCD). Impro ved su rv iv ab ility from CCD is n ot re stricted to combat

ope ra tions . Benefits a re a ls o deriv ed by denying an enemy th e colle ction o f in fo rmation

about f ri endly forces dur ing peace time .

1 -3 . D ecep tio n h elp s mask th e rea l in ten t o f p rimary combat o pe ratio ns an d aid s in

a ch ieving su rp rise . Decep tion counte rmea su re s c an delay e ffe ctiv e enemy re ac tion by

d isgu is ing in fo rma tion about f riend ly in tentions, capab ili tie s, obj ec ti ves, and loca tions o f

vuln erable units a nd fa cilitie s. Conve rs ely , in te ntiona lly poo r CCD can p ro je ct

mi slead ing informat ion about f ri endly ope ra tions . Success fu l tactical decep tion depends

on s tringent OPSEC .

1 -4 . Smoke and obs cu rants a re e ffe ctiv e CCD tools and g re atly enhance th e e ffe ctiv enes s

o f o th er tra ditio na lly p as siv e CCD te chnique s. Smoke and obs cu rants c an change

b attlefie ld d yn am ic s b y b lo ck in g o r d eg rad in g th e sp ec tral b an ds u sed b y a n en emy s

ta rg et-a cquis itio n and weapons systems . Mo re re cently d eveloped obs cu rants a re now

able to deg rade nonvis ua l d ete ction systems such a s th erma l in fra re d (IR ) imaging


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sy stems, selected rad ar sy stems, a nd la se r sy stems. (S ee FM 3 -5 0 fo r more in fo rmatio n

on p lann ing smoke ope ra tions .)

RESPONSIBILITIES

1 -5 . Each sold ie r is re spon sib le fo r c amoufla ging and conce aling h imse lf a nd h is

equ ipmen t. P ra ctic ing good CCD te chnique s le ss en s a so ld ie r s p robability o f b ecoming a

targ et. Add itio nally , a th oro ug h knowled ge o f CCD and its g uid in g p rin cip le s allows a

soldier to easily recognize CCD as employed by an enemy.

1 -6 . A commander is resp on sib le fo r CCD o f h is u nit, an d n on comm issio ned o fficers

(NCOs) superv is e well-d is cip lin ed sold ie rs in exe cu ting CCD. They u se e sta blis hed

stan din g o peratin g p ro ced ure s (SOP s) an d b attle d rills to g uid e th eir e ffo rts. CCD is a

combat mu ltip lie r th at s hould be exp lo ite d to th e fu lle st e xte nt.

1-7. A n engineer is a battlefield expert on CCD . H e integrates CCD into higher unit

operations and advises commanders on all aspects of CCD employm ent as it relates to a

unit s current miss ion .

PRIORITIES

1 -8 . Eve ry sold ie r and milita ry unit h as an inhe rent m is sion o f s elf-p ro te ction, a nd th ey

sh ou ld u se all CCD means av aila ble. Howev er, CCD coun termea su re s h av e b ecome more

comp lic ate d due to advancing te chno logy . Commande rs must re cogn iz e th at a dvanced

technologies have-

.

Enhanced th e perfo rmance o f enemy re con and su rv eilla nc e equ ipmen t.

.

In cre as ed an enemy s ability to u se e le ctromagne tic (EM) s igna tu re ana ly sis fo r

de tect ing f riendly unit s.

.

Reduced th e time a vailab le to ap ply CCD bec au se u nits must p erfo rm n early all

a sp ec ts o f b attle fie ld ope ra tions a t a n in cre as ed speed.

1 -9 . When time , c amoufla ge ma te ria ls, o r o th er re sourc es a re in su ffic ie nt to p rovid e

adequate support to units , c ommande rs must p rio ritiz e CCD ope ra tions . Con sid era tions

for e stabl ishing these p rio ri tie s involve ana lyzing the mis sion, enemy, t er ra in , weather ,

troop s, time ava ila ble , a nd c iv ilia n con sid era tions (METT-TC). The fo llowing se ts fo rth a

METT -TC me thodology to help dete rm ine CCD prio ritie s:

.

Missio n. T he m issio n is alw ay s th e first an d most impo rtan t co nsid eratio n. CCD

efforts m ust enhance the m ission but not be so elaborate that they hinder a unit s

abili ty to accompli sh the miss ion.

.

Enemy. An en emy s RSTA capab ilities o ften in flu en ce th e camou flag e mate rials

a nd CCD tech niq ues n eed ed to su pp ort a u nit s m issio n. B efo re b eg in nin g a


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TRAINING

mis sion, c onduct an in te llig ence ana ly sis to id en tify th e enemy s RSTA

capabilities.

.

Terrain an d wea th er. T he b attle field te rrain g en erally d ictate s wha t CCD

te chnique s and ma te ria ls a re n ec es sa ry . D iffe re nt te rra in type s o r b ackg round

env ironmen ts (urban, moun ta in , for es t, p la in s, deser t, a rc tic ) r equi re specif ic CCD

techniques. (See Chavter 7 for more in fo rma tion .)

.

T roops. F riendly troops must be w ell trained in CCD techniques that apply to

th eir m issio n, u nit, an d e qu ipment. A ch an ge in th e en viro nmen t o r th e m issio n

o fte n requ ire s add itio na l tra in ing on e ffe ctiv e te chnique s. Leade rs must a ls o

c on sid er th e a lertn ess o f tro op s. C are less CCD e ffo rts are in effectiv e an d may

d isc lo se a unit s lo ca tion, d eg rade its s urv iv ab ility , a nd hamper its m iss ion

accomplishment. Inte lli gence ana lysis should address the rel ati ve detectabi lit y o f

frie nd ly equ ipmen t and th e ta rg et signa tu re s th at unit e lements norma lly p ro je ct.

.

T ime. T ime is o ften a critic al co nsid eratio n. E la bo rate CCD may not b e p ra ctical

in all tactical situations. T he type and amount of CCD needed are im pacted by the

tim e a unit occupies a given area, the tim e available to employ CCD

counte rmeasure s, a nd th e time nec es sa ry to remove and re emp loy camoufla ge

d urin g u nit relo catio n. Units sh ou ld co ntin ue to impro ve an d p erfect CCD

measure s a s time a llows.

.

C iv ilian c on sid eratio ns. F rom con flic t to war an d from tac tical to stra teg ic,

c iv ilian s in th e are a o f o pe ratio n (AO ) may b e activ e o r p assiv e co llec to rs o f

in fo rmation. Commande rs and th eir sta ffs shou ld manage th is colle ction

c ap ab ility to b en efit th e command a nd th e m issio n.

1 -1 0. CCD train in g must b e in clu de d in ev ery fie ld ex erc ise. S old ie rs must b e aware th at

an e nemy c an d etec t, id en tify , a nd acq uire ta rg ets b y u sin g reso urce s o utsid e th e v isu al

p ortio n o f th e EM sp ectrum.

INDIVIDUAL

1 -1 1. E ach member o f th e u nit must ac qu ire a nd main ta in critica l CCD sk ills. T he se

in clude th e ability to ana ly ze and u se te rra in e ffe ctiv ely ; to se le ct a n indiv idua l s ite

p ro pe rly ; an d to h id e, b le nd , d isg uise, d isru pt, an d d eco y k ey sig na tu res u sin g n atu ral an d

artificial materials.

CAUTION

Ensure that local env ironmen ta l conside ra tions

a re add re ss ed befo re cuttin g liv e vegeta tion o r

fol iage in tr ain ing a reas .


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UNIT

1 -12. Un it CCD tra in ing re fin es indiv idua l a nd le ader s kills, in troduce s th e e lement o f

te am coo rd in ation, a nd con tribute s to ta ctic al re alism. If CCD is to con se rv e frie nd ly

stren gth , it must b e p ractice d w ith th e h ig he st d eg ree o f d iscip lin e. T he d ep lo ymen t an d

te ardown o f c amoufla ge ; lig ht, n ois e, a nd communic ations d is cip lin e; a nd s igna l s ecurity

must b e p ra ctic ed and eva lu ate d in an in te gra te d m is sion-tra in ing env ironment. CCD

pro fic ie ncy is d eveloped th rough p ra ctic ing and in co rpora ting le ss on s le arn ed from

ex ercises an d o pera tio ns. A unit must in co rp ora te CCD (who , what, where, when , an d

how) in to its ta ctic al sta nd ing ope ra ting p ro cedu re (TACSOP). A vve nd ix B provides

ad ditio na l g uid an ce o n in teg ratin g CCD in to a u nit s field TACSOP.) Gen erally , CCD is

add itiv e and synerg is tic w ith o th er d efensiv e measure s. CCD enhance s unit s urv iv ab ility

an d in crea se s th e lik elih oo d o f m issio n su ccess. A unit th at is w ell train ed in CCD

opera tio ns more e asily reco gn izes CCD a s emplo ye d b y an en emy, a nd th is re co gn itio n

enhances a unit s lethalit y.

EVALUATION

1-13. CCD tra in ing should be re alis tic and in te gra te d w ith a unit s tra in ing eva lu ations.

Employ th e fo llow ing te chnique s to enhance tra in ing eva lu ations:

.

Hav e small-u nit lead ers ev alu ate th eir u nit s CCD effo rts from an en emy s

view point. H ow a position looks from a few meters aw ay is probably of little

importance. Evalua to rs should consider the following:

. C ould an approaching enem y detect and place aim ed fire on the position?

. From w hat distance can an enem y detect the position?

. Which CCD principle w as ignored that allow ed detection?

. Which CCD technique increased the possibility of detection?

.

Use b in oc ulars o r n ig ht-v isio n o r th ermal d ev ice s, when p ossib le , to sh ow a unit

how it w ould appear to an enem y.

.

Use pho to grap hs a nd v id eo tap es, if av ailab le, o f a u nit s d ep lo ymen ts an d

positio ns a s a me thod o f s elf-e va lu ation.

.

Incorpo ra te g round- su rvei llance- rada r (GSR) teams in t ra in ing when possib le . Le t

the troops know how GSR works and have them try to defeat it.

.

Reques t aer ia l mu lt ispect ra l (visua l, IR, r adar ) imagery o f f riend ly unit pos iti ons.

T his imag ery sh ows how positio ns ap pea r to e nemy a eria l re co n. Unit lead ers

sh ou ld try to o btain c op ies o f o pp osin g fo rce s (OPFOR ) co ck pit h ead s-u p d isp lay

(HUD) o r v id eo tap es, which are ex cellen t assessmen t to ols fo r d eterm in in g a

unit s dete cta bility from an enemy s pers pe ctiv e. Anoth er v alu ab le a ss es sment tool

is th e o ve rh ead imag ery o f a u nit s a ctio ns an d p ositio ns. Ove rh ead imag ery is

o ften d iffic ult to o btain ; b ut if a u nit is p articip atin g in a larg e-sc ale ex ercise o r


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d ep lo ymen t, th e imag ery p ro bab ly e xists an d c an b e acce ssed th ro ug h th e u nit s

intel ligence channels.

.

Use OPFOR to mak e train in g more rea listic. S up po rtin g a viatio n in a n OPFOR

ro le a lso h elp s. When possib le, allow th e OPFOR to p articip ate in th e after-actio n

rev iew (AAR) fo llowin g ea ch m issio n. T he u nit sh ou ld d eterm in e what fac to rs

enabled the OPFOR to locate, identify, an d engage the unit and what the unit

c ou ld have done to reduce its d ete cta bility .

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

1 -14. Wa rfa re o fte n re su lts in p ers onne l lo sse s from fra tric id e. F ra tric id e compels

commande rs to co nsid er CCD s effec t o n u nit re co gn itio n b y frie nd ly tro op s.

1 -1 5. A rmy policy p rescrib es th at c amou flag e aid s b e b uilt in to e qu ipment a nd su pp lies

a s much a s pos sib le . Battle -d re ss unifo rms (BDUs), p ain t, L ightweight Camoufla ge

S cree n sy stem s (LCSSs), an d d eco ys h elp ac hiev e effe ctiv e camou flag e. T he se a id s are

e ffe ctiv e only if p rope rly in te gra te d in to an ove ra ll CCD p lan th at u se s n atu ra l ma te ria ls

a nd te rra in . During tra in ing exe rc is es , e nsure th at c uttin g vegeta tion o r fo lia ge doe s not

adverse ly e ffe ct th e natu ra l e nv ironment (c oo rd in ate w ith lo ca l a uthoritie s). CCD a id s

shou ld not in te rfe re w ith th e battle fie ld p erfo rmance o f s old ie rs o r equ ipmen t o r th e

in sta lla tio ns th at th ey a re d es igned to p ro te ct. (S ee

Avvendix

C for more inform ation on

CSSs.)

1 -1 6. When emplo yed co rre ctly , e xp ed ien t CCD coun te rmea su re s are o ften th e most

effe ctiv e mean s o f co nfu sin g an en emy. A lo ng w ith th e stan da rd items a nd materials

l is ted above , sold ie rs can use batt le fi eld by-produc ts , construc tion ma te ri als , and

in dig en ou s o r lo cally p ro cu ra ble item s to e nh an ce u nit CCD postu re . F or e xample, a

simple b uild in g d eco y c an b e co nstru cted w ith two-b y-fo urs an d p lywood . W ith th e

ad ditio n o f a h ea t so urce, su ch a s a small ch arc oal p it, th e d eco y b ecomes an ap pa ren tly

func tiona l build ing. Howeve r, a s w ith a ll CCD counte rmea su re s, e nsure th at e xped ient

tre atmen ts p ro ject th e d esire d sig na tu res to th e en emy and do not a ctu ally in crease th e

uni t s vulnerab ili ty to detecti on . Expedient CCD counte rmeasures a re a lso benef ic ia l

because the enemy has less tim e to study and becom e fam iliar w ith the selected

countermeasures.


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Chapter 2

Thr

eat

The e nemy emplo ys a v arie ty o f se nso rs to d ete ct a nd id en tify US so ld ie rs, eq uipmen t,

a nd suppo rting in sta lla tio ns . The se s en so rs may be v is ua l, n ea r in fra re d (N IR ), IR ,

u ltra vio le t (UV), a cous tic , o r mu ltis pe ctra l/h ypers pe ctra l. They may be employed by

d ismoun ted sold ie rs o r g round-, a ir-, o r s pa ce -moun ted p la tfo rms. Such p la tfo rms a re

o fte n c apab le o f supporting mu ltip le s en so rs . F rie nd ly troop s ra re ly know the spec ific

sen so r sy stems o r comb in atio n o f sy stem s th at an en emy emp lo ys. When possib le ,

frie nd ly troop s shou ld p ro te ct a ga in st a ll k nown th re at s urv eilla nc e sys tems.

DOCTRINE

2 -1 . Many th re at fo rces were train ed a nd eq uip pe d b y th e fo rmer Sov iet Unio n. Its lo ng -

s tand ing battl ef ie ld doc tr ine o f maskirovka is a living legacy in m any form er Soviet-

c lie nt s ta te s. Mask irovka in co rpora te s a ll e lemen ts o f CCD and ta ctic al b attle fie ld

d ec ep tio n in to a c oh esiv e an d e ffectiv e p hilo so ph y. Durin g th e Gulf Wa r, Ira q u se d

mask irovka to e ff ec tively ma in ta in it s capab ili ty o f sur face -to -sur face mis sile s (Scuds) in

th e fa ce o f p ers is te nt c oa litio n-fo rc e a tta ck s. Enemy fo rc es th at a re tra in ed in mask irovka

pos se ss a s trong fundamenta l know ledge o f CCD prin cip le s and te chnique s. F rie nd ly

fo rce s must b e v ery c arefu l to c on du ct CCD opera tio ns so th at a well-train ed e nemy w ill

not e as ily re cogn iz e th em .

2 -2 . Typ ic al th re at doc trin e s ta te s th at e ach batta lio n w ill c on tinuous ly main ta in two

observ atio n p osts when in clo se c on tact w ith its e nemy. An ad ditio nal o bserv atio n p ost is

esta blish ed when th e b atta lio n is in th e d efen se o r is p rep arin g fo r an o ffen se.

2 -3 . Patrol ling is used extens ively , bu t par ti cu la rly dur ing off ensive ope ra tions . Pat ro ls

are u sed to d ete ct th e lo catio n o f en emy in direct- an d d irect-fire wea po ns, g ap s in

formations , obstac les, and bypasses .

2 -4 . E nemy fo rce s u se raid s to c ap tu re p riso ners, d ocumen ts, w eap on s, an d eq uipmen t. A

re con-in -fo rc e (u su ally by a re in fo rc ed company o r b atta lio n) is th e most lik ely ta ctic

when o th er meth od s o f ta ctical reco n h av e fa ile d. A rec on -in -fo rce is o ften a d ecep tiv e

ta ctic d es igned to s imu la te an o ffens iv e and cau se frie nd ly fo rc es to reve al d efens iv e

positions.

ORGANIZATION

2 -5 . A ty pic al e nemy fo rc e co nd uc ts rec on a ctiv ities at a ll ec helo ns. A tro op reco n is

u su ally co nd ucted b y sp ec ially tra in ed u nits. T he fo llowin g ty pe s o f en emy units m ig ht


12/43

h av e sp ec ific in te llig en ce -c olle ctio n m issio ns:

.

T roops. A n enemy uses ordinary combat troops to perform recon. O ne company

per b atta lio n tra in s to conduct re con ope ra tions beh ind enemy lin es.

.

Motorized rifle and tank regim ents. E ach regim ent has a recon com pany and a

chemical r econ p la toon .

.

Maneuver d iv isio ns. D iv isio ns h av e a reco n b atta lio n, an en gin eer re co n p la to on ,

a chemic al re con p la toon , a nd a ta rg et-a cquis itio n batte ry .

DAT A COLLECTION

2 -6 . An en emy co lle cts in fo rmatio n a bo ut United S tates (US) fo rces fo r two b asic

re ason s-ta rg et a cquis itio n and in te llig ence p roduction. Enemy weapons sys tems o fte n

h av e sen so rs th at lo cate a nd id en tify targ ets a t lo ng ran ge s in p re cise d etail. S old iers an d

units s hould ta ke a ctions to h inde r th e enemy s ta rg et-a cquisitio n p ro ce ss . The se a ctions

in clude a ll p ra ctic al CCD ope ra tions expec te d to reduce th e id en tific ation o f s old ie rs,

unit s, and fac il it ies.

2 -7 . An en emy u ses sen so r sy stem s to lo cate an d id en tify larg e A rmy fo rmatio ns an d

headqua rte rs (HQ) and to p redic t th eir fu tu re a ctiv itie s. Enemy dete ction o f re ar-a re a

a ctiv itie s, s uch a s logistic s c en te rs and commun ic ations nodes, may a ls o reve al frie nd ly

intentions.

2 -8 . An en emy u ses tactica l re co n to p ro vid e ad ditio na l in fo rmatio n o n US fo rces

d isp ositio ns an d th e terrain in whic h th ey a re g oin g to o pera te. T he en emy s tactica l re co n

a lso a ttempts to id en tify ta rg ets fo r la te r a tta ck by long -range a rtille ry , ro ckets, a irc ra ft,

and ground forces.

SENSOR SYSTEM S

2 -9 . An enemy use s many d iffe re nt type s o f e le ctronic s urv eilla nc e equ ipmen t. S en so r

sy stems a re cla ssified ac co rd in g to th e p art o f th e EM sp ec trum in which th ey o pe rate .

FiRure

2 -1 sh ows th e EM sp ectrum and some ty pical en emy se nso rs o pera tin g w ith in

sp ecific re gio ns o f th e sp ec trum. An en emy u ses d ete ctio n sen so rs th at o pe rate in th e

a ctiv e o r p ass iv e mode :

.

Activ e. A ctiv e se nso rs emit en erg y th at refle cts from targ ets an d is recap tu red b y

th e em ittin g o r o th er n ea rby s en so r, in dic ating th e p re senc e o f a ta rg et. Examp le s

o f a ctiv e senso rs a re se archlights and rada r.

.

Passiv e. P assiv e se nso rs d o n ot em it en erg y; th ey co llec t en erg y, whic h may

in dica te th e p re sen ce o f a ta rg et. E xamples o f p assiv e se nso rs are th e h uman ey e,

n ight-v ision dev ic es (NVDs), IR imaging dev ic es, a coustic s en so rs, a nd


13/43

Radio

oW

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III

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Z

[J]

Heat

Light

,,;

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J

Q

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z z

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.

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VISUAL

photographic devices.

0.1

MHz;

1 10 100

MHz; M Hz M Hz

10

GH ,

300~,

31'

3j l

O,7~

O.4p

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Figure 2-1. EM spectrum

2-10. V isual sensors w ork in the parts of the EM spectrum that are visible to the hum an

ey e. E nemy so ld iers ey es a re th e p rin cip le sen so rs o n a b attlefie ld . T hey may b e aid ed b y

b inocula rs , t ele scop ic s ights , and image intens if ie rs . C iv ili an populati ons, enemy agents ,

re con te ams, and patro ls a re v is ua l-s en so r s ys tems from the enemy s in te llig ence

v iewpo in t. T hre e ty pes o f e nemy v isu al sen so rs are-

.

Image in tens if ie rs . Image intens if ie rs a re pas sive n ight -observa tion dev ices .

T hey amplify th e low-lev el lig ht th at is p resen t o n ev en th e d ark est n ig hts. T hese

devices are used for surveillance and as w eapon sights on sm all arm s and

veh ic le s. A irbo rne p la tforms a re a lso capab le o f supporting image in tens if ie rs .

.

Low -light television (LL TV). LLTV com bines im age intensification w ith

television technology, and it is usually m ounted on airborne platform s.

.

Aerial reco n, remote sen sin g, an d imag ery . A erial p ho to grap hy , sa tellite

imag ery , an d v id eo imag ery allow imag e an aly sts to re co rd a nd stu dy v isu al

in fo rmation. The se ana ly sts th en p roduce ta rg et nomination lis ts th at a re , in e ffe ct,

p rio rity lists o f ta rg ets in a g iv en targ et scen e. S in ce a naly sts o fte n h av e to mak e

sub je ctiv e dete rm inations o f th e id en tity and /o r importa nc e o f a g iv en ta rg et, th e

ranking of targets provides the defender w ith an opportunity to use CCD to

impact an enemy s ta rget-pr io ri tiz ati on p rocess . Video sys tems a llow tr ansmiss ion

o f v isu al imag es to th e g ro un d while th e manned airc raft, satellite, o r u nmanne d

aeria l v eh ic le (UAV) is still in flig ht.

NEAR INFRARED

2 -1 1. N IR se nso rs o pera te at a wav elen gth immed ia tely ab ov e th e v isib le lig ht

wav elen gth o f th e EM sp ectrum FiRure 2 -1 ). N IR en erg y re flec ts well from liv e

vegeta tion but re fle cts b ette r from dead vegeta tion and most man-made ma te ria ls. N IR


14/43

se nso rs, su ch as sig hts a nd p erisco pes, a llow th e h uman ey e to d ete ct targ ets b ased o n

d iffe ren ces in th eir reflectio n o f N IR energ y. N IR se nso rs are p artia lly b lo ck ed b y fo g,

m ist, a nd smok e o pe ratio ns, alth ou gh not as c omple tely as v isu al se nso rs. An en emy s

combat v eh ic le s u se a ctiv e NIR sen so rs th at emp loy s ea rchlights , sc opes, a nd s ights; but

th ese s en so rs a re rapid ly being repla ced w ith image in te ns ifie rs and th erma l gun sights .

INFRARED

2-12. IR s en so rs d ete ct th e con tra sts in h ea t e ne rgy th at ta rg ets ra dia te on th e battle fie ld

an d d isp lay th e co ntrasts as d ifferen t co lo rs o r sh ad es. B ecau se lo ng er wav ele ng th IR

radia tion is mo re sus ceptib le to a tmosphe ric absorp tion th an NIR radia tion, IR s en so rs

a re le ss a ffe cte d by typic al c oncentra tio ns o f fog o r conventiona l smoke .

2 -13. D iffe re nc es in th erma l ma ss and surfa ce p rope rtie s (re fle ctiv ity ) o f man-made and

natural ma te ria ls r esult i n t arge t- to -background con tr as ts . These con tr as t leve ls change

d ramatic ally ove r a daily cyc le . For example , ope ra ting veh ic le s and genera to rs , h ea te d

build ings and tents, a nd so ld ie rs a re u sually hotte r th an th eir b ackg round. A ls o,

e qu ipmen t expos ed to d ire ct s un light appea rs hotte r th an most n atu ra l b ackg rounds. A t

n ig ht, h owev er, eq uipment m ig ht ap pear co oler th an its b ack gro un d if it is trea ted w ith

specia l emis siv it y coa tings . In o ther words, mi lit ary equ ipmen t, par ticula rly me ta llic

eq uipmen t, g en era lly h ea ts u p a nd co ols o ff more q uick ly th an its b ack gro un d.

2 -14. Sophis tic ate d, p ass iv e IR s en so rs (s uch a s th e Forward -Looking In fra red System

[FLIRS]) c an b e mounte d o n aircraft. FLIRS se nso rs p ro vid e airc rew s an d e nemy g ro un d

fo rce s w ith real-tim e IR imag ery th at is d isp lay ed o n v id eo mon ito rs.

2 -15. Recon a irc ra ft o fte n emp loy spec ia l IR films to re co rd tempe ra tu re d iffe re nc es . Due

to film p ro ce ssin g, h owev er, th ese sy stem s are su bject to time d elay s in o btain in g th e

data . Newer versions o f th is s en so r p roduce non -film -bas ed image s.

UL TRA VIOLET

2-16. T he UV area is the part of the EM spectrum immediately below visible light. UV

se nso rs are more impo rtan t in sn ow -co vered area s, b ec au se sn ow reflects UV energ y well

and most w hite paints and m an-m ade objects do not reflect UV energy very w ell.

Pho tograph ic in te llig ence sys tems w ith s imp le UV filte rs h ighlight m ilita ry ta rg ets a s

dark a reas aga inst snow-covered backgrounds . These backgrounds requir e specia lly

d es igned c amoufla ge th at p rovid es a h igh UV re fle cta nc e.

RADAR

2-17. Radar u se s h igh-fre quency radio waves to penetra te a tmosphe ric imped imen ts s uch

as fog, m ist, and smoke. R adar w orks by transm itting a very strong burst of radio w aves

and th en re ce iv ing and p ro ce ssing th e re fle cte d waves. In g enera l, me ta l obje cts re fle ct

ra dar wav es well, while rad ar wav es are eith er weak ly reflec ted b y o r p ass th ro ug h most

o th er o bjects. T he sh ap e an d size o f a metal o bje ct d ete rm in e th e stre ng th o f th e re flec ted

signa l. A la rg e, me ta l obje ct g enera lly re fle cts mo re signa l th an a sma ll obje ct. The re fo re ,

larg e, meta l o bjec ts ca n b e d ete cte d from g re ate r d istan ce s. T he meth od b y whic h th e

re ceiv ed ra dio wav e is p ro cessed d eterm in es th e ty pe o f ra dar. R ad ar sy stems common ly


15/43

u sed aga in st g round fo rc es on th e battle fie ld in clude -

ACOUSTIC

.

Moving-target indicators (MTIs). W hen an EM w ave hits a m oving target, the

wav e is refle cte d an d ch an ges fre qu en cy . The faster th e ta rg et mov es, th e larg er

th e c han ges in fre qu en cy . The simple st an d most common b attlefield rad ar d ete cts

th is fre quency change. Thre at fo rc es u se MTIs fo r ta rg et a cquis itio n. Mo re

sophis tic ate d developmenta l ra da r s ys tems, su ch a s th e Join t Surv eilla nc e Targ et

A tta ck Radar System (JSTARS), u se a irborn e surv eilla nc e p la tfo rms th at

down link c ap tu red data to g round-s ta tio n modu le s in nea r re al time . G round-

b ased o pera to rs a re th en a ble to man ip ulate th e d ata an d g ain h eig hten ed

s ituationa l informat ion, wh ich is forwarded to command-and-con trol (C2) nodes

to enhance tac tica l decision-making.

.

Im aging radar. A n im aging radar s receiver and processor are so sensitive that an

im age of the detected target is displayed on a scope. Im aging radar, such as side-

look ing a irborn e rada r (SLAR), is g enera lly u sed on a irborn e o r sp ac e-born e

p latfo rm s. Imag in g ra dar ty pica lly d oes n ot p ro vid e th e same re so lu tio n as th e

FLIRS and is less lik ely to b e u sed fo r term in al targ et ac qu isitio n.

.

Countermortar (CM) and counterbattery (CB) radar. CM and CB radar

usually transm it two beam s of energy that sw eep above the horizon. A n artillery

or m ortar round or a rocket passing through the beam s reflects two signals that are

received and plotted to determ ine the origin of the round.

2 -18. The th re e p redominan t type s o f a cous tic al d ete ction sys tems a re -

RADIO

.

Human ea r. E very so ld ier, whe th er en gag ed in n ormal o peratio ns o r at a liste nin g

post, is a n a cous tic senso r. However, v isu al c on firmation is u su ally p re fe rre d.

.

F la sh -sound rang ing. F la sh -s ound rang ing is u sed aga in st a rtille ry . L ight tra ve ls

fa ster th an so un d, so e nemy so und-ran gin g te ams ca n d eterm in e th e d istan ce to a

gun tube by accurately m easuring the tim e betw een seeing a muzzle flash and

hearing the sound. If the sound is detected by tw o or more team s, analysts plot the

ranges u sing automated data -p ro ce ss ing compute rs . The ta rg et is lo ca te d where

the plo ts intersect .

.

Ground-b ased m icro ph on e arra y. G ro un d-b ase d m icro ph on e-array sy stem s

a llow lis tene rs to r ecord acous tic s igna tu re s and accurate ly tr iangula te the ir

positions.

2-19. T hreat forces m ake a great effort to search for, detect, and locate the sources of US

radio communic ations . They u se various d ire ction-finding te chnique s to lo ca te oppos ing

em itters. Once an em itter is d etec ted , a n en emy ca n ta ke a n umber o f actio ns, ran gin g

from s imp ly in te rc ep ting th e tra nsmis sions to jamming o r ta rg eting th e emitte r fo r

d estru ctio n. (S ee FM 34-1 fo r more in fo rmatio n o n rad io sen so rs.)


16/43

MUL TISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL

2-20. Recent advancemen ts in senso r acquis iti on and in fo rma tion -p rocess ing

te chno logie s h ave fo ste re d th e adven t o f mu ltis pe ctra l a nd hypers pe ctra l s en so rs:

.

Multis pe ctra l. Mu ltisp ec tra l s en so rs typic ally sc an a few b road -b and channels

w ithin the EM spectrum . A n example of a multispectral sensor m ight be one

whic h c oin cid en tally sc an s th e v isu al a nd th ermal IR portio ns o f th e EM

spectrum . S uch sensors allow an enemy to assess a cross section of EM

wavelengths and acquire a target in one w avelength even though it m ight be

e ff ec tively conceal ed in ano ther .

.

Hype rs pe ctra l. Hype rs pe ctra l s en so rs colle ct d ata a cro ss a con tinuous portion o f

th e EM sp ec trum. These sen so rs sc an many c han nels acro ss a relativ ely n arrow

bandw id th and p rovid e deta ile d in fo rmation about ta rg et sp atia l a nd spe ctra l

p atte rn s. Ab so rp tion and emiss ion bands o f g iv en sub sta nc es o fte n occur w ith in

very narrow bandw id th s. They a llow h igh-re so lu tion, hypers pe ctra l s en so rs to

d istin gu ish th e p ro perties o f th e su bsta nces to a fin er d eg re e th an an o rd in ary

b roadband senso r.

CCD VERSUS THREAT SENSORS

2 -2 1. T arg et acq uisitio n can b e a ccomp lish ed b y a v arie ty o f sen so rs th at o perate

throug hout the EM spectrum . T his poses a challenge in CCD planning and

emplo ymen t-d eterm in in g whic h en emy se nso r(s) th at CCD ope ratio ns sh ou ld b e

des igned to defe at. Un fo rtuna te ly , no single answer is corre ct fo r a ll s itu ations . Unit

c ommande rs w ithou t sp ec ific guid ance from h ighe r e chelons a ss es s th eir ta ctic al s itu ation

an d p lan CCD operatio ns acc ord in gly . If in tellig en ce d ata in dicate th at a n en emy w ill u se

v isu al s en so rs fo r re con and ta rg et a cquisitio n, th en v is ua l c ounte rmeasure s must b e

employed. For IR o r rada r s en so rs , c ounte rmeasure s th at a re e ffe ctiv e in thos e spe ctra

must b e emp loyed. If a mu ltis pe ctra l o r hypers pe ctra l th re at is a ntic ip ate d, CCD

opera tio ns are co nd uc ted to p ro te ct a u nit in its most v uln era ble EM bandw id th s. V ery

few ava ila ble c amoufla ge ma te ria ls o r te chnique s p rovid e comp le te b ro adband

protection.


17/43

Chapter 3

Fundamentals

To remain a v iab le fo rc e o n th e b attlefie ld , u nits must u nd erstan d CCD fund amen tals

b ec au se th ey a re e ss en tia l to s urv iv ab ility . To design and p la ce e ffe ctiv e CCD, sold ie rs

must constantly consider an enemy s point of view . (What w ill it see? What

ch arac teristics w ill its se nso rs d ete ct? ) P lacin g a low p rio rity o n CCD bec au se o f time

con stra in ts , m in imal re sourc es , o r in conven ienc e cou ld re su lt in m is sion fa ilu re and

unnec es sa ry lo ss o f life . Append ix D con ta in s mo re in fo rmation on indiv idua l CCD.)

SECTION I - PRINCIPLES

AVO ID ING DETECTION

3-1. T he prim ary goal of CCD is to avoid enemy detection; how ever, this is not alw ays

feasible. In som e cases, CCD may succeed by merely preventing an enemy from

identi fy ing a t arge t. S imp ly avo id ing iden tif icati on i s o ft en suf fi cient to increase

su rv iv ab ility . The fo llow ing s even ru le s a re c ritic al when con sid ering how to avo id

detection or identif ication:

.

Id en tify th e e nemy s d ete ctio n c ap ab ilitie s.

.

Avo id dete ction by th e enemy s routin e surv eilla nc e.

.

Take counte rmeasure s aga in st th e enemy s s en so rs.

.

Employ rea lis ti c, CCD counte rmeasures .

.

Min im iz e movement.

.

Use decoys p rope rly.

.

Avoid predic table operat ional pa tterns .

IDENTIFYING THE THREAT

3 -2 . Obta in a s much in fo rmation a s poss ib le about an enemy s surv eilla nc e c apab ility .

Inte lli gence p repa ra ti on o f the bat tle fie ld ( IPB) should -

.

Include the sensors that an enemy may use in a particular AO.


18/43

.

In clu de in fo rmatio n o n th e en emy s ta ctical emplo ymen t o f th e sen so rs, if

possible.

.

Assess th e impact o f th e en emy s su rv eilla nce p oten tial o n th e targ et u nd er

con sid era tion. This a sse ssmen t v arie s w ith th e re la tiv e pos itio ns o f th e s en so r and

th e ta rg et on th e battle fie ld , th e ro le o f th e ta rg et, a nd th e phy sic al c ha ra cte ristic s

o f th e sen so r an d th e targ et.

AVOIDING DETECTION BY ROUTINE SURVEILLANCE

3 -3 . Sophistic ate d s en so rs o fte n have narrow fie ld s o f v iew. Furth ermo re , senso rs c an be

very expensive and are unlikely to be deployed in such numbers as to enable coverage of

th e en tire b attle field at all tim es. S op histica ted sen so rs are most lik ely to b e d ep lo yed in

th ose areas where an en emy su sp ects th at frien dly targ ets a re d ep lo ye d. The en emy may

su spec t th at a n a re a con ta in s ta rg ets b ec au se o f d ete ction by le ss s ophis tic ate d, w id er-

c overage s en so rs o r b ec au se o f ta ctic al a na ly sis. The re fo re , a n importa nt a sp ec t o f

remain ing undete cte d is to avo id dete ction by routin e enemy surv eilla nc e.

3 -4 . Many se nso rs o pera te as well at n ig ht as th ey d o d urin g th e d ay . Therefo re , d ark ness

doe s not p rovid e e ffe ctiv e p ro te ction from surv eilla nc e. P as siv e s en so rs a re v ery d iffic ult

to d etect, so a ssume th at th ey a re b ein g u sed at n ig ht. Do not allow antid etec tio n effo rts

to la pse d urin g th e h ou rs o f d ark ness. F or ex ample , c on ceal sp oil while ex cav atin g a

fig htin g p ositio n, ev en at n ig ht. C ertain ty pe s o f smok e w ill also d efeat NVDs.

TAKING COUNTERMEASURES

3 -5 . In some ca se s, it m ig ht b e ap pro priate to tak e a ctio n ag ain st id en tifie d en emy

senso rs . The ability to d ep loy counte rmea su re s d epends on a number o f fa cto rs-th e

effe ctiv e ran ge o f frien dly weap on s, th e d istan ce to e nemy sen so rs, a nd th e relativ e c ost

in re so urc es v ersu s th e b en efits o f p re ven tin g th e en emy s u se o f th e sen so r. An ad ditio nal

fac to r to c on sid er is th at th e co un termeasu re itself may p ro vid e a n en emy w ith a n

indicat ion of f riendly intentions.

EMPLOYING REALISTIC CCD

3 -6 . T he more c lo sely a targ et resembles its b ack gro un d, th e more d ifficu lt it is fo r an

en emy to d istin gu ish b etween th e two. Adh erin g to th is fu nd amen tal CCD p rin cip le

re qu ire s awa rene ss o f th e su rroundings, p rope r CCD sk ills , a nd th e ability to id en tify

ta rg et EM s igna tu re s th at e nemy sen so rs w ill d ete ct.

V ISUAL SENSORS

3 -7 . The most p le ntifu l, re lia ble , a nd time ly enemy sen so rs a re v is ua l. The re fo re , CCD


19/43

te chnique s e ffe ctiv e in th e v isu al portio n o f th e EM spectrum a re extreme ly importa nt.

S ometh in g th at can no t b e seen is o fte n d ifficu lt to d etect, id en tify , an d targ et. BDUs,

s tandard camouf lage screening pain t patte rns (SCSPPs), LCSS, and bat tle fie ld obscu rant s

a re e ffe ctiv e CCD te chnique s aga in st v isu al s en so rs . Full-c overage CCD help s avo id

visual detection by the enemy. When tim e is short, apply CCD first to protect the target

from the most likely direction of attack and then treat the rem ainder of the target as tim e

allows.

NE R INFR RED SENSORS

3 -8 . N IR sig hts are e ffe ctiv e at sh orter ran ges (ty pically 9 00 mete rs) th an en emy main

g un s. Wh ile red filters h elp p re se rv e n ig ht v isio n, th ey c an no t p rev en t N IR from

dete cting light from long d ista nc es. The re fo re , c are fu l lig ht d is cip lin e is an importa nt

c ounte rmeasure to NIR sen so rs and v is ua l senso rs (su ch a s image in te ns ifie rs ). BDUs,

LCSS, b attle field o bsc uran ts, an d SCSPP s are d esig ned to h elp d efe at N IR se nso rs.

IN FRARED SENSORS

3 -9 . Natu ra l ma te ria ls a nd te rra in s hie ld hea t s ou rc es from IR se nso rs a nd b rea k u p th e

shape of cold and w arm m ilitary targets view ed on IR senso rs . Do not ra is e v eh ic le hoods

to b re ak w in dsh ield g lare b ecau se th is ex po ses a h ot sp ot fo r

IR

dete ction. Even if th e

IR

sy stem is c apab le o f lo ca ting a ta rg et, th e ta rg et s actu al id en tity c an s till b e d is gu is ed .

Avo id b uild in g u nn ece ssary fires. U se v eh icle h eate rs o nly whe n n ece ssary . BDU dyes,

LCSSs, IR -defe ating obscurants , a nd chemic al-re sista nt p ain ts h elp b re ak up IR

signa tu re s; but th ey w ill not d efe at

IR

sensors.

U LTRA V IOLET SENSORS

3 -1 0. UV sen so rs a re a sig nifican t th rea t in sn ow -c ov ered areas. W in ter p ain t p attern s, th e

a rc tic LCSS , and te rra in mask ing a re c ritic al mean s fo r d efend ing aga in st th es e s en so rs .

Any k in d o f smok e w ill d efe at UV sen so rs. F ield -e xp ed ie nt c ou ntermeasu res, su ch as

co nstru ctin g sn ow walls, a lso p ro vid e a mea ns o f d efeatin g UV se nso rs.

R D R

3 -1 1. An en emy u ses MT I, imag in g, CM , an d CB rad ars. M issio n d ictate s th e a pp ro priate

d efense , wh ile te chnique s depend on th e equ ipmen t ava ila ble .

Mov ing-Ta rget Ind icato r

3 -1 2. MT I ra dar is a th rea t to g ro un d fo rces n ear a b attle are a. R ad ar-refle ctin g metal o n

uniform s has been reduced, and K evlar helm ets and body armor are now radar-

tra nsp arent. P la stic c an te en s a re s ta ndard is su e, a nd buttons and o th er nonmeta l fa ste ne rs

have replaced m etal snaps on most field uniform s. A soldier w earing only the BDU

cannot be detected until he is very close to MTI radar.

3 -13. Sold ie rs s till c arry me ta l obje cts (ammunition, magaz in es, weapons ) to a ccomp lis h

th eir m issio n, a nd most rad ar c an d etec t th ese item s. There fo re , mov emen t d isc ip lin e is

v ery importa nt. Moving by covered route s (te rra in mask ing) p revents ra da r d ete ction.


20/43

S low , delib era te movements a cro ss a re as exposed to rada r coverage help s avo id dete ction

by MTI radar.

3 -14. Veh ic le s a re la rg e rada r-re fle cting ta rg ets, a nd a skille d MTI ope ra to r c an even

identify the type of vehicle. Moving vehicles can be detected by MTI radar from 20

k ilomete rs , but tr avell ing by covered rou te s helps p ro tect aga inst surve il lance.

Imaging

3 -15. Imaging rada r is not a th re at to indiv idua l s old ie rs . Conce aling veh ic le s b eh ind

e arth , ma sonry walls , o r d en se fo lia ge e ffe ctiv ely sc re en s th em from imaging rada r. L ight

fo lia ge may p rovid e comp le te v is ua l c once alment; however, it is s ometime s to ta lly

tra nsp arent to imaging rada r. When p rope rly d ep loyed, th e LCSS e ffe ctiv ely s ca tte rs th e

b eam o f imag in g rad ar. (S ee Avvendix C for more in fo rma tion.)

Counte rmorta r a nd Counte rb attery

3 -1 6. R ad ar is su bject to o ve rlo ad . It is v ery e ffe ctiv e an d ac cu rate when tra ck in g sin gle

ro un ds; h owev er, it can no t accu ra tely p ro cess d ata o n multip le ro un ds (fo ur o r more) th at

are fire d simultan eo usly . Chaff is also effectiv e ag ain st CM and CB rad ar if it is p la ced

nea r th e rada r.

ACOUSTIC SENSORS

3 -17. No is e d is cip lin e defe ats d ete ction by th e human ear. Pyro te chnic s o r loud speake rs

can screen noise, cover inhe rently noisy act iv it ie s, and confuse sound inte rp re ta tion.

3 -1 8. It is p ossib le to co nfu se an en emy by scree nin g flash es o r so un ds. E xp lo siv es o r

p yro tech nics, fired a few hundred meters from a b attery s positio n w ith in a se co nd o f

f ir ing a rtil le ry , will e ff ec tively confuse sound-r anging teams. Coordinating f ir e with

adja cent b atte rie s (w ith in two se cond s) c an a ls o con fu se enemy sound -rang ing te ams.

RAD IO SENSORS

3 -1 9. The b est w ay to p rev en t an en emy from lo catin g rad io tran sm itters is to m in im iz e

t ransmis sions , p ro tect t ransmis sions f rom enemy inte rcep tion , and pract ice good

rad io te lephone-operator (RATELO) procedures. P repl anning message tr af fic ,

tra nsm ittin g a s quickly a s pos sib le , a nd u sing a lte rn ate communic ation mean s wheneve r

p ossib le e nsu re th at tra nsm issio ns are m in im ize d. T o p rev en t th e en emy from

in te rc ep ting radio commun ic ations , c hange th e radio fre quencie s and u se low-power

tra nsm is sions , te rra in mask ing, o r d ire ctiona l o r s ho rt-ra nge antennas . (FM 24-33

p rovid es an in -d ep th review o f reducing th e th re at to frie nd ly communic ations.)

M INIM IZING MOVEM ENT

3 -2 0. Movemen t attracts th e en emy s a tte ntio n an d p ro du ces a n umbe r o f sig natu re s

(tra ck s, nois e, hot spots, dus t). In ope ra tions th at inhe rently invo lv e movemen t (s uch a s

o ffe ns iv e ope ra tions ), p la n, d is cip lin e, a nd manage movemen t s o th at signa tu re s a re


21/43

re du ced as much as p ossib le . (S ee Chavter 4 fo r in fo rma tion on d is cip lin ed movement

techniques.)

USING DECOYS

3-21. U se decoys to confuse an enemy. T he goal is to divert enemy resources into

re po rtin g o r e ng ag in g false targ ets. An en emy who h as m ista ken ly id en tified d ec oy s as

re al targ ets is less in clin ed to se arch h ard er fo r th e actu al, w ell-h id den targ ets. T he k ey s

to convincing an enemy that it has found the real target are-

.

D ecoy fidelity (realism ), which refers to how closely the m ultispectral decoy

sig na tu re re pre se nts th e ta rg et sig na tu re .

.

Deploym ent location, w hich refers to w hether or not a decoy is deployed so that

th e e nemy w ill rec og nize it as ty pical fo r th at targ et ty pe . F or e xample, a d eco y

tank is not properly located if it is placed in th e m iddle of a lake.

3 -2 2. A h ig h-fid elity d ec oy in a p la usib le lo catio n o ften fo ols an e nemy in to b eliev in g

th at it h as a cquire d th e re al ta rg et. Dep loying low-fid elity d ecoy s, however, c arrie s an

asso cia ted risk . If an en emy observ es a d eco y a nd immed iate ly reco gn iz es it as su ch , it

w ill search h ard er fo r th e re al targ et sin ce d eco ys are g en era lly d ep lo ye d in th e same

v ic in ity a s th e re al ta rg ets . P la usib le , h igh-fid elity d ecoy s spe cific ally d es igned to d raw

en emy fire away from real targ ets sh ou ld b e d ep lo yed to clo se ly re presen t th e

mu ltisp ec tra l signa tu re s o f th e re al ta rg ets. P rope rly d ep loyed decoy s have been p roven in

o pera tio na l emp lo ymen t an d e xp erimen ta l fie ld te sts to b e among th e most effec tiv e o f all

CCD techniques.

AVOIDING OPERATIONAL PATTERNS

3 -2 3. An en emy c an o ften d ete ct an d id en tify d iffere nt ty pes o f u nits o r o pe ratio ns b y

ana ly zing th e s igna tu re p atte rn s th at a ccompany th eir a ctiv itie s. For example , a n

o ffens iv e ope ra tion is u su ally p re ceded by th e fo rward movement o f eng in ee r obs ta cle -

re duction a ss ets; p etro le um , o ils, a nd lubric an ts (POL); and ammunition. Such

movements a re v ery d iffic ult to conce al; th ere fo re , a n a lte rn ativ e is to modify th e patte rn

o f resu pp ly . An en emy w ill reco gn ize rep etitiv e u se o f th e same CCD tec hn iq ues.

APPLYING RECOGNITION FACTORS

3-24. To camouf lage e ff ec tively, con tinua lly consider the threa t s v iewpo in t. P revent

p atte rn s in antid ete ction counte rmeasure s by app ly ing th e fo llow ing re cogn itio n fa cto rs to

ta ctic al s itu ations. The se fa cto rs d es crib e a ta rg et s con tra st w ith its b ackg round. If

pos sib le , c olle ct mu ltis pe ctra l imagery to dete rm ine which frie nd ly ta rg et s igna tu re s a re

det ec table to enemy senso rs .


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REFLECT NCE

3 -2 5. R eflectan ce is th e amount o f en erg y retu rn ed from a targ et s su rface a s compared to

th e en erg y strik in g th e su rface . R eflec tan ce is g en erally d esc rib ed in term s o f th e p art o f

th e EM sp ectrum in which th e re flec tio n o cc urs:

SHAPE

.

Visual reflectance

is ch aracteriz ed b y th e c olo r o f a targ et. C olo r co ntrast ca n b e

importa nt, p artic ula rly a t c lo se ranges and in homogeneou s backg round

e nv iro nmen ts su ch a s sn ow o r d esert terra in . T he lo ng er th e ran ge, th e le ss

im portant color becom es. A t very long ranges, all colors tend to m erge into a

u nifo rm to ne. A lso , th e h uman e ye c an no t d isc rim in ate co lo r in p oo r lig ht.

.

Temperature reflectance is th e th ermal en erg y refle cte d b y a targ et (ex ce pt when

the therm al energy of a target is self-generated, as in the case of a hot engine).

IR

imag ing senso rs measure and detec t d if fe rences in tempera tu re -r ef lectance l evel s

(known as thermal con tr as t) .

.

Radar-signal reflectance

is th e p art o f th e in comin g rad io wav es th at is re flec ted

b y a targ et. R ad ar se nso rs d etect d ifferen ces in a targ et s reflected rad ar retu rn an d

th at o f th e b ack gro un d. S in ce metal is an e fficien t ra dio -wav e refle cto r a nd metals

a re still an in teg ral p art o f m ilita ry eq uipmen t, rad ar retu rn is a n impo rtan t

reflectance factor.

3 -26. Natu ra l b ackg round is ra ndom , and most m ilita ry equ ipmen t h as regu la r fe atu re s

w ith h ard , an gu lar lin es. E ven a n erec ted c amou flag e n et tak es o n a sh ap e w ith straig ht-

lin e ed ges o r smoo th cu rv es b etween su pp ort p oin ts. An en emy ca n ea sily se e silh ou ette d

targ ets, a nd its se nso rs c an d etect targ ets ag ain st a ny b ac kg ro un d unless th eir sh ap e is

d is gu is ed o r d is rupted. S iz e, which is imp lic itly re la te d to shape , c an a ls o d is tin gu is h a

t arge t f rom i ts background.

SHADOW

3 -27. S had ow ca n b e d iv id ed in to two ty pes:

MOVEMENT

.

A cast shadow is a silh ou ette o f a n o bject p ro je cted ag ain st its b ack gro un d. It is

th e more fam ilia r ty pe a nd can b e h ig hly c on sp icu ou s.

In

deser t env ironmen ts , a

sh ad ow c ast b y a targ et can b e more co nsp icu ou s th an th e targ et itse lf.

.

A

contained shadow

is the dark pool that form s in a perm anently shaded area.

E xamples are th e sh ad ows und er th e tra ck g uard s o f an armore d fig htin g v eh icle

(AFV ), in sid e a slit tre nch , in sid e an o pen cu po la , o r u nd er a v eh icle. Con tain ed

sh ad ows sh ow up much d ark er th an th eir su rro un din gs an d are e asily d etected b y

an enemy.

3 -28. Movemen t a lway s a ttra cts a tte ntion aga in st a s ta tio na ry backg round. S low , regu la r


23/43

movement is u su ally le ss obv ious th an fa st, e rra tic movemen t.

NOISE

3 -29. No is e and acous tic s igna tu re s p roduced by milita ry a ctiv itie s and equ ipmen t a re

re cogn iz ab le to th e enemy .

TEXTURE

3-30. A rough surface appears darker than a smooth surface, even if both surfaces are the

same co lo r. F or ex ample , v eh icle tra ck s c han ge th e tex tu re o f th e g ro un d by le av in g

c le arly v is ib le tra ck ma rk s. This is p artic ula rly tru e in und is tu rb ed o r homogeneou s

en viro nmen ts, su ch as a d esert o r v irg in sn ow , where v eh icle track s are h ig hly d etec tab le.

In ex treme c ases, th e tex tu re o f g lass o r o th er v ery smoo th su rfa ces c au ses a sh in e th at

ac ts as a b eac on . Und er n ormal co nd itio ns, v ery smoo th su rface s sta nd o ut from th e

b ack gro un d. The refo re, elim in atin g sh in e must b e a h ig h p rio rity in CCD.

PATTERNS

3 -3 1. Rows o f v eh icles a nd sta ck s o f war materie l cre ate e qu ipment p attern s th at are

e asie r to d ete ct th an random patte rn s o f d is pe rs ed equ ipmen t. Equ ipmen t p atte rn s s hould

b e man ag ed to u se th e su rro un din gs fo r v eh ic le an d eq uipmen t d isp ersal. E qu ipmen t

dispersal should not be im plem ented in such a w ay that it reduces a unit s ability to

accomplish its mis sion.

3 -32. Equ ipmen t p ain t p atte rn s o fte n d iffe r c on sid erably from backg round patte rn s. The

c ritic al re la tio nship s th at d ete rm ine th e con tra st b etween a p ie ce o f equ ipmen t and its

b ack gro un d are th e d istan ce b etween th e o bserv er an d th e eq uipmen t a nd th e d istan ce

b etween th e eq uipmen t an d its b ack gro un d. S in ce th ese d istan ces u su ally v ary , it is

d ifficu lt to p ain t eq uipment w ith a p attern th at alw ay s allows it to b len d w ith its

b ackg round. As such , no s ingle p atte rn is p re sc rib ed fo r a ll s itu ations . F ie ld obs erv ations

p rovid e th e bes t ma tch between equ ipmen t and backg round.

3 -3 3. T he o vera ll terrain p atte rn an d th e sig natu res p ro du ce d b y m ilitary activ ity o n th e

te rra in a re importa nt re cogn itio n fa cto rs. If a unit s p re senc e is to remain unnotic ed , it

must match th e s igna tu re s p roduced by s ta tiona ry equ ipmen t, tru ck s, a nd o th er a ctiv itie s

w ith th e terra in p attern . C arefu l atten tio n must a lso b e g iv en to v eh ic le track s an d th eir

a ffe ct on th e lo ca l te rra in during unit in gre ss , o ccupation, a nd egre ss.

SITE SELECTION

3 -34. S ite se le ction is extremely importa nt b ec au se th e lo ca tion o f p ers onne l and

eq uipmen t can elim in ate o r re du ce re co gn itio n fac to rs. If a ta nk is p ositio ne d so th at it

fa ce s p robable enemy sen so r lo ca tions, th e th erma l s igna tu re from its hot eng in e

compartmen t is m in im iz ed . If a v eh icle is p ositio ned u nd er fo lia ge, th e ex hau st w ill

d isp erse an d co ol as it rises, re du cin g its th ermal sig na tu re a nd b len din g it more clo sely

w ith th e backg round. P la cing equ ipmen t in d efila de (dug -in ) pos itio ns p revents d ete ction


24/43

by g round-moun ted rada r. The fo llow ing fa cto rs govern site se le ction:

MISSION

3 -3 5. The m issio n is th e most impo rta nt fa cto r in site selectio n. A p articu lar site may b e

excellent from a CCD standpoint, but the site is useful only if the m ission is

accomplished. If a site is so obvious that the enemy w ill acquire and engage a target

b efo re m is sion a ccomp lishmen t, th e s ite was poo rly s ele cte d to beg in w ith . Surv iv ab ility

is usually a part of most m issions, so commanders must first evaluate the worthiness of a

site w ith resp ect to m issio n ac comp lishmen t a nd th en c on sid er CCD .

DISPERSION

3 -3 6. D isp ersio n req uiremen ts d ic tate th e size o f a site. A site h as lim ited u se fu ln ess if it

w ill n ot p erm it e nough d isp ers al fo r su rv iv ab ility and e ffe ctiv e ope ra tions .

TERRA IN PATTERNS

3 -37. Eve ry type o f te rra in , e ven a fla t d es ert, h as a d is ce rn ib le p atte rn . Terra in fe atu re s

ca n b lu r o r co nc eal th e sig na tu res o f m ilitary activ ity . By u sin g terrain fea tu res, CCD

e ffe ctiv enes s c an be enhanced w ithou t re ly ing on add itio na l ma te ria ls . The p rima ry fa cto r

to co nsid er is whe th er u sin g th e site w ill d istu rb th e terrain p attern e no ug h to a ttra ct an

enemy s attention. T he goal is not to disturb the terrain pattern at all. A ny change in an

existin g te rra in p atte rn w ill in dic ate th e p re senc e o f a ctiv ity . Terra in patte rn s h ave

d is ti nc ti ve cha ract er is ti cs tha t a re neces sa ry to p re se rve. The f ive general t er ra in patt erns

are-

.

Agricultu r a l. Ag ric ultu ra l te rra in h as a che ckerboa rd patte rn when v iewed from

a ircraft. T his is a re su lt o f th e d iffere nt ty pes o f c ro ps a nd v eg etatio n fo un d on

most f arms.

.

Urb an . U rb an terrain is ch aracteriz ed b y u nifo rm rows o f h ou sin g w ith

in te rwoven s tre ets and in te rsp ersed tre es and shrubs.

.

Wooded. W oodlands are characterized by natural, irregular features, unlike the

g eometric patterns of ag ricu ltu ral an d u rban terrains.

.

Barren . B arren te rrain p resen ts an u ne ven , irreg ular work o f n atu re w ith ou t th e

defin ed patte rn s o f agric ultu ra l a nd u rb an a re as . Des ert e nv ironmen ts a re

examples o f bar ren te rr ain .

.

Arc tic . A rctic te rrain is c haracteriz ed b y sn ow and ice co ve rag e.

CCD

DISCIPLINE

3 -3 8. CCD d isc ip lin e is av oid in g a n activ ity th at ch an ges th e ap peara nce o f an are a o r

re ve als th e p re senc e o f m ilita ry equ ipmen t. CCD d isc ip lin e is a con tinuous nec es sity th at

ap plies to e very so ld ier. If th e p re sc rib ed v isu al an d au dio ro utin es o f CCD d iscip lin e are


25/43

not o bserv ed , th e en tire CCD effo rt may fail. V eh icle track s, sp oil, an d d eb ris are th e

most common sig ns o f m ilitary a ctiv ity . T he ir p re se nce can n eg ate a ll effo rts o f p ro per

p lacemen t and concealmen t.

3 -3 9. CCD d isc ip lin e d en ie s an en emy th e in dic atio ns o f a u nit s lo catio n o r ac tiv itie s b y

m in im izin g d istu rb an ces to a targ et are a. T o h elp main tain u nit v iab ility , a u nit must

in teg rate all av aila ble CCD mean s in to a co hesiv e p lan . CCD d iscip lin e in vo lv es

regu la ting light, h ea t, n oise , spoil, tra sh , a nd movemen t. Suc ce ss fu l CCD d is cip lin e

d ep en ds larg ely o n th e actio ns o f in div id ual so ld iers. S ome o f th ese actio ns may not b e

ea sy o n a so ld ier, b ut h is failu re to o bserv e CCD d iscip lin e co uld d efea t an en tire u nit s

CCD e ffo rts a nd poss ib ly impac t th e unit s su rv iv ab ility and mis sion suc ce ss .

3 -4 0. TACSOPs p rescrib in g CCD p ro ced ures aid in e nfo rcin g CCD d isc ip lin e, an d th ey

should-

.

Lis t speci fic r espons ib ili ti es for enforcing est ab li shed CCD counte rmeasures and

discipline.

D etail p ro ced ures fo r in div id ua l a nd u nit co nd uct in a ssembly a reas (AAs) o r

o th er situ atio ns th at may a pp ly to th e sp ecific u nit.

3 -4 1. Units sh ou ld h av e freq uen t CCD battle d rills. CCD d iscip lin e is a c on tin uo us

requ iremen t th at c alls fo r s trong le aders hip , which p roduce s a d is cip lin ed CCD

consc iousness th roughout the ent ir e unit.

A vvendix B

con ta in s add it iona l guidance for

in co rp oratin g CCD in to a u nit TACSOP.

.

LIGHT AND HEAT

3 -4 2. L ig ht an d h eat d isc ip lin e, th ou gh impo rtan t at all tim es, is cru cial a t n ig ht. A s lo ng

a s v isu al obse rv ation remain s a p rima ry re con method , conce aling light signa tu re s

remain s an impo rtan t CCD countermeasu re. L ig hts th at are n ot b lack ed o ut a t n ig ht can

be observed at great distances. For example, the hum an eye can detect camp fires from 8

k ilomete rs and veh ic le lig hts from 20 k ilomete rs . Thre at s urv eilla nc e c an a ls o dete ct h ea t

from engin es, sto ve s, an d h eaters from g re at d istan ces. When mov in g a t n ig ht, v eh ic les in

th e fo rward combat a rea sh ou ld u se g ro un d guid es a nd b lack ou t lig hts. When u sin g h eat

sourc es is unavo id ab le , u se te rra in mask ing, e xhau st b afflin g, a nd o th er te chnique s to

m in im iz e th erma l s igna tu re s o f fire s and stove s.

NOISE

3 -43. Indiv idua ls shou ld avo id o r m in im iz e a ctions th at p roduce nois e. For examp le ,

muffle g en erato rs b y u sin g sh ie ld s o r terrain mask in g o r p la ce th em in d efilad e p ositio ns.

Communic ations pers onne l s hould ope ra te th eir e qu ipmen t a t th e lowes t pos sib le le ve l

th at allows th em to b e h eard an d u nd ersto od . Dep en din g o n th e terra in a nd atmosp he ric

co nd itio ns, n oise ca n tra vel g reat d istan ces a nd rev eal a u nit s p ositio n to an e nemy.

SPOIL

3-44. T he prompt and complete policing of debris and spoil is an essential CCD


26/43

CCD Sensor Systems

Techniq

I

Optical

I

Thermal

I

Radar

es

Hiding

Earth cover Earth cover Chaff

Earth embankments Earth embankments Earth c over

Vegetation Vegetation Earth

LCSS LCSS embankments

Screens Screens Vegetation

Smoke Smoke

Nets

RAM

LCSS

Blending

Paint Thermal paint Vegetation

Foam Foam LCSS

Lights

Air RAM

Vegetation conditioning/heating

Reshaping

LCSS Vegetation

Textu red ma ts

co nsid eratio n. P ro per sp oil d iscip lin e removes a k ey sig natu re o f a u nit s cu rre nt o r p ast

p re sence I II an a rea.

TR CK

3 -45. Veh ic le tra ck s a re c le arly v isib le from the a ir, p artic ula rly in se le cte d te rra in .

T he refo re, trac k an d mov emen t d iscip lin e is essen tial. U se e xistin g ro ad s an d track s a s

much a s p ossib le . When u sin g n ew p ath s, e nsu re th at th ey fit in to th e ex istin g terra in s

p atte rn . M in im ize, p lan , an d co ord in ate a ll mov emen t; an d tak e fu ll ad va ntag e o f co ve r

an d d ead sp ac e.

SECTION II - TECHN IQUES AND MATER IALS

TECHNIQUES

3-46 .CCD is an essen ti al par t o f tactical operat ions. I t mus tbe integrated in to METT

-

TC

an aly ses an d th e IPB p ro cess at all e ch elo ns. CCD is a p rimary co nsid eratio n when

planning OPSEC . T he skillful use of CCD techniqu es is necessary if a unit is to conceal

itself an d su rv iv e. A g en eral k nowled ge o f CCD meth od s a nd te ch niq ue s also allows

frie nd ly tro op s to rec og nize CCD better when th e e nemy u se s it.

Tab le 3 -1

lis ts t he f ive

genera l te chnique s o f employing CCD-h id ing, b le nd ing, d is gu is ing, d is rupting, a nd

decoying.

T ab le 3 -1 . CCD tech niq ues


27/43

Textured mats LCSS

Textu red ma ts

Water

Insulation

Disguisi Reshaping Reshaping Corner

ng

Paint Paint reflectors

LCSS

Disrupti

Camouflage sails Flares Chaff

ng

FOS

Smoke

Corner

Pyrotechnics reflectors

Smudge pots

Balloons

St robe l ights

Tracer s imulators

Smoke

Decoyin Decoy target (pneumatic or rigid Decoy target Decoy target

g

structures) Flares Corner

Lights

Air reflectors

Smoke

conditioning/heating

Signal

Smoke generators

HIDING

3 -4 7. H id in g is scree nin g a targ et from an en emy s sen so rs. T he targ et is u nd ete cte d

because a barrier hides it from a sensor s view . E very effort should be m ade to hide all

ope ra tions ; th is in clude s u sing conditio ns o f lim ite d v is ib ility fo r movement and te rra in

mask ing. Examp le s o f h id ing in clude -

.

Bury ing mines.

.

Placing veh ic le s benea th tr ee canop ie s.

.

P lacin g eq uipm en t in d efilad e p ositio ns.

.

Covering veh ic le s and equ ipmen t w ith nets .

.

Hid ing ro ad s and obsta cle s w ith lin ea r sc re en s.

.

U sing battle fie ld obs cu rants, su ch a s smoke .

BLENDING

3-48. B lending is trying to alter a target s appearance so that it becom es a part of the

backg round. Genera lly , it is a rra ng ing o r app ly ing c amoufla ge ma te ria l on, ove r, a nd /o r

a round a ta rg et to reduce its c on tra st w ith th e backg round. Cha ra cte ris tic s to con sid er

when b len din g in clu de th e te rrain p attern s in th e v icin ity an d th e targ et s size , sh ap e,


28/43

texture, co lo r, EM sig na ture, an d ba ckg ro un d.

DISGUISING

3-49. D isguising is applying m aterials on a target to m islead the enemy as to its true

id en tity . D is gu is ing changes a ta rg et s appea ranc e so th at it re semb le s s ometh ing o f le ss er

o r g re ate r sig nifican ce. F or ex ample , a m issile lau nch er m ig ht b e d isg uised to resemble a

ca rg o tru ck o r a larg e b uild in g m ig ht b e d isg uised to resemble two small b uild in gs.

DISRUPTING

3-50. Dis rupting is a lte ring o r e limina ting regular patte rns and ta rget cha racte ris tic s.

D is rupting techniques include patt ern pain ting, dep loying camouflage nets ove r selected

p ortio ns o f a targ et, a nd u sin g sh ap e d isru pters (su ch a s camou flag e sa ils) to elim in ate

regular targe t pa tterns .

DECOYING

3 -5 1. Deco yin g is d ep lo yin g a false o r simula ted targ et(s) w ith in a targ et s sce ne o r in a

p ositio n where th e en emy m ig ht co nc lu de th at it h as fo un d th e co rrect targ et(s). D ec oy s

genera lly d raw fire away from re al ta rg ets . Depending on th eir fid elity and dep loymen t,

decoys wil l g reatly enhance survivab ilit y.

TESTS

ND

EVALUATIONS

3 -52. Un til re cently , th e e ffe ctiv eness o f CCD te chnique s had not b een s cie ntific ally

quantified. A s such, CCD was not w idely accepted in the US m ilitary as an effective

mean s o f in cre as ing surv iv ab ility . However, th e J oin t Camoufla ge , Conce alment, a nd

Dece ptio n (JCCD) Jo in t T est a nd Evalu atio n (JT E ) comp leted in 1 99 5 mea su re d th e

e ffe ctiv enes s o f CCD aga in st manned aeria l a tta ck s. It p rovid ed milita ry s erv ic es th e

b asis fo r g uid an ce o n CCD-re lated issu es. JCCD fie ld te sts were co nd uc ted in multip le

targ et en viro nmen ts u sin g a b ro ad cro ss se ctio n o f US attack a ircra ft fly in g ag ain st

d if fe rent c la sses o f mi lit ary t arge ts . I n con trolled a ttack sor ti es , ta rgets were a ttacked

befo re and a fte r employing CCD te chnique s.

3 -53. The p re senc e o f CCD gre atly reduced corre ct ta rg et a tta ck s, p artic ula rly when

decoys w ere employed as part of the CCD plan. O th er JCCD findings included the

following:

.

CCD signi fican tly increased a ir cr ew a im-po in t e rror .

.

CCD incre as ed th e ta rg et s p robability o f su rv iv al.

.

Each C CD technique (hiding, blending, disguising, disrupting, and decoying) was

effective to som e degree in increasing the probability of survival.

.

CCD was e ffe ctiv e in a ll te ste d env ironmen ts (d es ert, tempe ra te , a nd suba rc tic ).


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NATURAL COND ITIONS

3 -5 4. P ro perly u sin g terrain an d weath er is a first p rio rity when emp lo yin g CCD . Cov er

p ro vid ed b y th e terra in a nd b y c on ditio ns o f lim ited v isib ility is o ften en ou gh to c on cea l

u nits. T he effec tiv e u se o f n atu ra l co nd itio ns m in im izes th e reso urce s an d th e time

d ev oted to CCD . The te rrain s co nce almen t p ro perties are d eterm in ed b y th e n umbe r an d

qua lity o f n atu ra l s cre en s, te rra in p atte rn s, a nd th e type and siz e o f ta rg ets.

FORESTS

3 -55. Fore sts g enera lly p rovid e th e bes t type o f n atu ra l s cre en aga in st optic al re con,

esp ec ially if th e crown s o f th e tre es are w id e en ou gh to p re ven t a eria l o bse rv atio n o f th e

g round. Fore sts w ith underg row th a ls o h inde r g round obs erv ation. Dec iduous (le afing)

fo rests are n ot a s effe ctiv e d urin g th e mon th s whe n tree s are b are, while co nife ro us

(eve rg re en ) fo re sts p re se rv e th eir c once almen t p rope rtie s a ll y ea r. When pos sib le , unit

m ovem ents should be m ade along roads and gaps that are covered by tree crowns. S hade

shou ld be u sed to conce al v eh ic le s, e qu ipmen t, a nd personnel from aeria l obs erv ation.

OPEN TERRA IN

3 -56. L im ite d v is ib ility is a n e sp ec ia lly importa nt c once almen t tool when conducting

o pera tio ns in o pen terra in . T he th re at, h owev er, w ill co nd uct rec on w ith a comb in atio n o f

n ight- su rveil lance dev ices , r adar , IR senso rs , and te rr ain il lumination . When c ross ing

open te rra in during lim ite d v is ib ility , s upplement conce alment w ith smoke .

D EAD SPACE

3 -5 7. Units sh ou ld n ot lo ca te o r mov e alo ng th e to po grap hic c rests o f h ills o r o th er

lo catio ns where th ey a re silh ou ette d ag ain st th e sk y. They sh ou ld u se rev erse slo pes o f

h ills , ra vin es, embankmen ts , a nd o th er te rra in fe atu re s a s sc re en s to avo id dete ction by

g round-moun ted s en so rs. IPB conce alment and te rra in ove rla ys s hould id en tify a re as o f

d ead spa ce . If ove rla ys a re not ava ila ble , u se th e lin e-o f-sight (LOS) method to id en tify

areas of dead space. (S ee FM 21-26 for more details.)

WEATHER

3-58. Conditio ns o f lim ite d v is ib ility (fog, ra in , s nowfa ll) h amper re con by optic al

se nso rs. D en se fo g is impe rv io us to v isib le se nso rs an d some th ermal sen so rs, mak in g

many th re at n ight-s urv eilla nc e dev ic es unu sable . Den se fog and c loud s a re impenetra ble

to th ermal s en so rs (IR ). Rain , s now, and o th er type s o f p re cip ita tio n h inde r optic al,

th ermal, a nd rada r s en so rs.

SMOKE

3-59. Smoke is an effective CCD tool w hen used by itself or w ith other CCD techniques.

It can change the dynam ics of a battle by blocking or degrading the spectral bands that an

enemy s ta rg et-a cquis itio n and weapons sy stems u se , in cluding optic al a nd th ermal

b an ds. (S ee FM 3 -5 0, fo r more in fo rmatio n o n p lan nin g smok e o pe ratio ns.)


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DAT A SOURCES

3 -6 0. Commanders must b e ab le to ev alu ate n atu ral co nd itio ns in th eir area to effec tiv ely

d ire ct unit c once almen t. They must know the te rra in and wea th er conditio ns befo re

m is sion exe cu tion. In add itio n to IPB te rra in ove rla ys , wea th er re po rts , a nd topograph ic

maps, c ommande rs shou ld u se a eria l pho tograph s, re con, a nd in fo rmation gath ered from

local inhabi tant s to det ermine the te rr ain s natu ra l concealment p rope rt ie s.

MATERIALS

3 -6 1. U sin g n atu ral co nd itio ns a nd materials is th e first CCD p rio rity , b ut u sin g man -

made ma te ria ls c an g re atly enhance CCD e ffo rts. Availa ble ma te ria ls in clude patte rn -

p ain te d equ ipmen t, c amoufla ge nets (LCSS ), ra da r-a bsorb ing pain t (RAP), ra da r-

absorbing ma te ria l (RAM) , f als e ope ra ting sur faces (FOSs) , vegeta tion, exped ient paint,

decoys, and batt le fi eld by-produc ts ( cons truc tion ma te ria ls , d ir t) .

A vve nd ix E

l is ts man-

mad e CCD mate rials th at are a vailab le th ro ug h th e su pp ly sy stem .)

PATTERN PAINT

3 -6 2. P attern -p ain ted v eh icle s b len d well w ith th e b ack gro un d an d c an h id e from optical

senso rs b ette r th an thos e pain te d a solid , s ubdued colo r. P atte rn -p ain te d equ ipmen t

enhance s antid ete ction by reducing shape , s hadow , and colo r s igna tu re s. Imp roved pain ts

also h elp a vo id d etectio n b y red ucin g a ta rg et s reflec tan ce le vels in th e v isib le an d IR

portions of the EM spectrum . T he result is a vehicle or an item of equipm ent that blends

b ette r w ith its b ack gro un d when v iewed by th reat se nso rs. Wh ile a p atte rn ed p ain t

sc heme is most effectiv e in static p ositio ns, it also ten ds to d isru pt a im poin ts o n a

moving ta rg et. (S ee

A vvendix E

fo r a list o f ava ila ble p ain ts .)

CAMOUFLAGE NETS

3-63. T he LCSS is the standard A rmy camouflage net currently available, and it can be

o rd ered th rough norma l unit s upply channels (s ee

A vvendix E .

T he LC SS reduces a

veh ic le s v isu al a nd rada r s igna tu re s. S ta in le ss ste el fib ers in th e LCSS ma te ria l a bsorb

some o f th e ra dar sig na l an d refle ct most o f th e remain in g sig nal in all d irectio ns. T he

re su lt is a sma ll p erc en tage o f s igna l re tu rn to th e rada r fo r d ete ction. The rada r-s ca tte ring

capabilities of the LCSS are effective only if there is at least 2 feet of space betw een the

LCSS and th e camou flag ed e qu ipment an d if th e LCSS comple tely co ve rs th e eq uipmen t.

Do not p lace a rad ar-sc atterin g n et o ver a ra dar an ten na b eca use it in te rferes w ith

tra nsm is sion. The LCSS is a ls o ava ila ble in a rada r-tra nsp arent mode l.

3 -6 4. T he th ree d iffe ren t LCSS co lo r p attern s are d esert, woodlan d, an d a rctic. E ac h sid e

o f eac h LCSS h as a slig htly d iffere nt p attern to allow fo r seaso nal v ariatio ns. T he LCSS

use s modu la r con stru ction th at a llows th e coverage o f v arious siz es o f equ ipmen t.

Appendix

C d is cu sse s th e requ ire d componen ts and th e in stru ctions fo r a ssembling

LCSS s tru ctu re s fo r d iffe re nt s iz es o f equ ipmen t.)


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VEGET ATION

3-65. Use b ranche s and v in es to tempora rily conce al v eh ic le s, e qu ipmen t, a nd pers onne l.

A tta ch vegeta tion to equ ipmen t w ith c amoufla ge fo lia ge b ra ckets , sp ring c lip s, o r

ex pe dien t mean s (su ch as p lastic tie-w rap s). U se o th er fo liag e to comp lete th e

c amoufla ge o r to s upplemen t n atu ra l-g rowing vegeta tion. A lso u se cut fo lia ge to augmen t

other artificial CCD materials, such as branches placed on an LCSS to break up its

o utlin e. B e c arefu l when p lac in g g re en v eg etatio n sin ce th e u nd ersid e o f le av es p re se nts a

lig hte r to ne in p ho to grap hs. R ep lac e cu t fo liag e o fte n b eca use it w ilts an d ch an ges c olo r

ra pid ly . During tra in ing exe rc is es , e nsure th at c uttin g vegeta tion and fo lia ge doe s not

adver se ly e ff ec t the natu ra l env ironmen t ( coordinate with loca l author it ie s) .

Living Vegetat ion

3 -6 6. L iv in g v eg eta tio n c an b e o btain ed in most e nv iro nmen ts, an d its c olo r a nd te xtu re

mak e it a g oo d b le nd in g ag en t. Howev er, fo liag e req uires ca refu l main ten an ce to k eep th e

material fre sh a nd in g oo d co nd itio n. If b ran ch es are n ot p lace d in th eir p ro per g rowin g

pos itio ns , th ey may reve al frie nd ly positio ns to enemy obse rv ers . Cuttin g la rg e amounts

o f b ran ch es c an a lso rev eal frien dly p ositio ns, so cu t a ll v eg etatio n away from targ et

areas.

3 -67. L iv ing vegeta tion p re sents a chlo rophyll re spon se a t c erta in NIR waveleng th s. As

cut v egeta tion w ilts , it lo se s colo r and its N IR -b lend ing p rope rtie s, wh ich a re re la te d to

th e chlo rophyll re spon se . Rep la ce cut v egeta tion regu la rly b ec au se ove r time it b ecomes

a dete ction cue ra th er th an an e ffe ctiv e conce almen t te chnique .

Dead Vege ta ti on

3 -68. Use dead vegeta tion (d rie d g ra ss , h ay , straw, b ranche s) fo r te xtu ring. It p rovid es

good b lend ing qua litie s if th e s urrounding backg round vegeta tion is a ls o dead. Dead

vegeta tion is u su ally re ad ily ava ila ble and requ ire s little main te nanc e; however, it is

flammab le . Due to th e absenc e o f chlo rophyll re spon se , d ead vegeta tion o ffe rs little CCD

aga in st N IR sen so rs and hypersp ec tra l se nso rs ope ra ting in th e IR regions .

Foliage Selec tion

3 -69. When s ele cting fo lia ge fo r CCD, con sid er th e fo llow ing:

.

Con ife rous vegeta tion is p re fe rre d to dec iduous vegeta tion s in ce it main ta in s a

valid chlo rophyll re spon se longer a fte r b eing cut.

.

Foliag e cu t d urin g p erio ds o f h ig h h um id ity (at n ig ht, d urin g a rain sto rm , o r when

there is fog or heavy dew ) w ill w ilt m ore slow ly.

.

Foliag e w ith leav es th at feel to ug h to th e fin ge rs an d b ran ch es w ith la rg e le av es

a re p re fe rre d bec au se th ey s ta y fre sh er longer.

.

Bra nch es th at g row in d irect su nlig ht are to ug he r an d w ill stay fresh er lo ng er.

.

Bra nch es th at a re fre e o f d isease an d in sec ts w ill n ot w ilt as rap id ly .


32/43

Pain t Mate ri als

Mixing

Color Finish

E arth , G I so ap ,

M ix soot w ith paraffin, add to solution of 8

I

Dark gray

Flat,

wa te r, soo t, gal w ater and 2 bars soap, and stir in earth. lusterless

paraffin

Oil, c lay, wa te r,

M ix 2 gal water with 1 g al oil and to gal Depends

G lo ssy on

gasoline , earth

clay , ad d e arth , a nd th in w ith g aso lin e o r

on ear th

metal,

water. colors otherwise dull

O il, clay , G I

M ix 1 b ars soap with 3 gal water, add 1 g al Depends

G lo ssy on

soap, water,

oil, stir in 1 gal clay, and add earth for color.

on ear th

metal,

earth colors otherwise dull

NO TE: U se canned m ilk or pow dered eggs to increase the binding properties of field-

exped ient pain ts .

CH LOROPHYLL RESPONSE

3 -70. S tandard -is su e c amoufla ge mate ria ls (LCSS ) a re d es igned to exh ib it a n a rtific ia l

chlorophy ll r esponse a t selected NIR wave leng ths. Nons tandard ma te ria ls ( shee ts , t arps )

are n ot lik ely to e xh ib it a ch lo ro ph yll re sp on se an d w ill n ot b len d well w ith stan da rd

CCD ma te ria l o r n atu ra l v egeta tion. Use non sta ndard ma te ria ls only a s CCD tre atments

aga in st v is ua l th re at s en so rs, not aga in st N IR o r hypers pe ctra l th re at s en so rs.

EX PED IENT PA INT

CAUTION

Exped ient p ain t c on ta in ing mo to r o il shou ld

b e u sed w ith ex treme cau tio n.

3 -7 1. U se ea rth , sa nd , an d g rav el to ch an ge o r a dd co lo r, p ro vid e a c oarse tex tu re,

simulate c lea red sp ots o r b last mark s, an d create sh ap es a nd sh ad ows. Mud mak es an

excelle nt fie ld exped ient fo r toning down b right, s hiny obje cts (g la ss , b ayonets, watche s).

Add clay (in mud fo rm ) o f v ario us co lo rs to cran kc ase o il to p ro du ce a fie ld -ex ped ien t

paint.

Table

3 -2 p ro vid es in stru ctio ns o n h ow to m ix so il-b ased e xp ed ie nt p ain ts. U se

surfa ce soils to m im ic natu ra l su rfa ce colo r and re fle ctiv ity .

T ab le 3 -2 . E xp ed ien t p ain ts

RADAR -ABSORB ING MATERIAL

3 -7 2. RAM was d esig ned fo r p lac emen t o n v alu ab le m ilita ry eq uipmen t. It a bso rb s rad ar

sig nals th at are tran sm itte d in se lec ted th rea t w av e b an ds a nd red uc es th e p erce iv ed rad ar

cro ss sectio n (RCS ) o f th e trea ted e qu ipment. RAM is ex pe nsiv e relativ e to o th er CCD

equipmen t a nd is n ot y et w id ely av ailab le. RAP o ffers th e same RCS red uc tio n b en efits


33/43

as RAM , and it is also expensive.

BATTLEF IELD BY-PRODUCTS

3 -73. Battle fie ld by-p roducts (c on stru ction mate ria ls , d irt) c an be u sed to fo rmu la te

ex pe dien t CCD coun te rmea su re s. F or ex ample , u se p lywood a nd two-b y-fo urs to erec t

e xped ient ta rg et d ecoy s o r u se d irt to con stru ct c once almen t b erms.

DECOYS

3-74. D ecoys are among the most effective of all CCD tools. T he proper use of decoys

p rovid es a lte rn ate ta rg ets aga in st which an enemy will e xpend ammunition, pos sib ly

reve aling its positio n in th e p ro ce ss. Decoy s a ls o enhance frie nd ly su rv iv ab ility and

d ec eiv e an en emy abou t th e n umber a nd lo catio n o f frie nd ly weap on s, tro op s, an d

equipment.

Employment Rationa le

3 -7 5. Deco ys a re u sed to attrac t a n en emy s a tte ntio n fo r a v ariety o f ta ctical p urp oses.

T heir m ain use is to draw enemy fire aw ay from high-value targets (HVT s). D ecoys are

generall y expendable, and they -

.

Can b e elab orate o r simple . T heir d esig n d ep en ds o n sev era l facto rs, su ch a s th e

ta rg et to b e decoyed , a unit s ta ctic al s itu ation, a va ila ble re sourc es , a nd th e time

a vailab le to a u nit fo r CCD emplo ymen

unites states army fm 20-3-30 august 1999 - part01

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