United States HistoryUnited States HistoryChapter 13Chapter 13

Higher Order Thinking SkillsHigher Order Thinking Skills

HomeworkHomework

1.1. Contrast the cultures of Native Contrast the cultures of Native Americans and white settlers and Americans and white settlers and explain why white settlers moved west.explain why white settlers moved west.

What were the characteristics of the Plains What were the characteristics of the Plains Indians’ Culture?Indians’ Culture?

– A Nomadic Lifestyle, nearly completely dependent on A Nomadic Lifestyle, nearly completely dependent on the Buffalo.the Buffalo.

How did the culture of white settlers differ from How did the culture of white settlers differ from that of the Plains Indians?that of the Plains Indians?

– White settlers came as farmers, miners, and White settlers came as farmers, miners, and businessmen.businessmen.

– They believed that the Native Americans had forfeited They believed that the Native Americans had forfeited their right to the land by not “settling” on it, therefore their right to the land by not “settling” on it, therefore the land was open to white settlement.the land was open to white settlement.

Why did settlers continue to push westward?Why did settlers continue to push westward?– Discovery of Gold in the Black Hills of Colorado and the Discovery of Gold in the Black Hills of Colorado and the

discovery of Silver in Minnesota brought tens of discovery of Silver in Minnesota brought tens of thousands looking to “strike it rich”.thousands looking to “strike it rich”.

2.2. Identify restrictions imposed by the Identify restrictions imposed by the government on Native Americans and describe government on Native Americans and describe

their consequencestheir consequences How did the government attempt to deal with the How did the government attempt to deal with the

growing conflict between Native Americans and white growing conflict between Native Americans and white settlers?settlers?

– The government restricted the reservation lands by The government restricted the reservation lands by setting boundaries for each tribe. The Native setting boundaries for each tribe. The Native Americans ignored these boundaries, which led to Americans ignored these boundaries, which led to violent confrontations with white settlers.violent confrontations with white settlers.

Why did the Black Hills become a contested territory Why did the Black Hills become a contested territory between Native Americans and whites?between Native Americans and whites?

– Gold had been discovered in sacred Native lands, a Gold had been discovered in sacred Native lands, a confrontation was inevitable.confrontation was inevitable.

What were the consequences of the defeat of General What were the consequences of the defeat of General Custer’s forces?Custer’s forces?

– An escalation (increase) in the U.S. Military presence An escalation (increase) in the U.S. Military presence on the Great Plains and the violent destruction of on the Great Plains and the violent destruction of Native American resistance to the westward expansion Native American resistance to the westward expansion of the United States.of the United States.

3.3. Identify the government’s policy of Identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts assimilation as well as continuing conflicts between Native Americans and settlersbetween Native Americans and settlers

What was the Dawes Act and what goal did it seek to What was the Dawes Act and what goal did it seek to achieve?achieve?

– The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 broke up the Reservation The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 broke up the Reservation System, Abolished the Tribal System, and aimed to System, Abolished the Tribal System, and aimed to “Americanize” the Natives.“Americanize” the Natives.

Why was the destruction of the Buffalo so detrimental to Why was the destruction of the Buffalo so detrimental to the Native American way of life?the Native American way of life?

– The Plains Indian depended on it, the destruction of the The Plains Indian depended on it, the destruction of the Buffalo meant the destruction of their way of life (which the Buffalo meant the destruction of their way of life (which the government knew when they authorized hunters to wipe out government knew when they authorized hunters to wipe out the Buffalo population to near extinction).the Buffalo population to near extinction).

What were the causes and consequences of the Battle of What were the causes and consequences of the Battle of Wounded Knee?Wounded Knee?

– The resumption of banned dancing rituals led to a raid by The resumption of banned dancing rituals led to a raid by the U.S. Military. the U.S. Military.

– The ensuing conflict resulted in the deaths of many elderly, The ensuing conflict resulted in the deaths of many elderly, women, and children.women, and children.

– This confrontation ended Native American resistance on the This confrontation ended Native American resistance on the Great Plains.Great Plains.

4.4. Trace the development of the Trace the development of the cattle industrycattle industry

What influence did Spanish Ranchers What influence did Spanish Ranchers have on the American Cowboy?have on the American Cowboy?

– Mexican Vaqueros taught the American Mexican Vaqueros taught the American settlers how to round up, rope, brand, and settlers how to round up, rope, brand, and care for the animals.care for the animals.

How did the growth of railroads and How did the growth of railroads and cities impact the cattle business?cities impact the cattle business?

– It increased demand for beef by providing a It increased demand for beef by providing a means to get the cattle to meat packing means to get the cattle to meat packing plants in Minnesota and Illinois.plants in Minnesota and Illinois.

Where did the Chisholm Trail run?Where did the Chisholm Trail run?– It ran from San Antonio, Texas through It ran from San Antonio, Texas through

Oklahoma to Abilene, Kansas.Oklahoma to Abilene, Kansas.

5.5. Describe both the myth and the reality of the Describe both the myth and the reality of the American cowboy and explain the end of the American cowboy and explain the end of the open range.open range.

How did the ordinary cowboy’s life differ from How did the ordinary cowboy’s life differ from the popular conception of it?the popular conception of it?

– Some Cowboys were African American and Mexican, Some Cowboys were African American and Mexican, they were not prone to fighting “villains”, and they they were not prone to fighting “villains”, and they worked much harder than they played.worked much harder than they played.

What was the Long Drive?What was the Long Drive?– The overland transport of the cattle from the ranch to The overland transport of the cattle from the ranch to

the railroad, typically lasted around three months.the railroad, typically lasted around three months. What factors helped bring an end to the open What factors helped bring an end to the open

range?range?– Shift to smaller herds by ranchers, implementation of Shift to smaller herds by ranchers, implementation of

an enclosure movement spurned by the invention of an enclosure movement spurned by the invention of barbed wire by Joseph Glidden, and the invention of barbed wire by Joseph Glidden, and the invention of the Refrigerated boxcar.the Refrigerated boxcar.

6.6. Explain the rapid settlement of the Explain the rapid settlement of the Great Plains due to homesteadingGreat Plains due to homesteading

How did the Transcontinental Railroad open up How did the Transcontinental Railroad open up the West for settlement?the West for settlement?

– It provided a cheaper, faster means for people to reach It provided a cheaper, faster means for people to reach the west. Now people with less income seeking a new the west. Now people with less income seeking a new start on life could pick up and move west.start on life could pick up and move west.

How did the Federal Government encourage How did the Federal Government encourage western settlement?western settlement?

– The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 150 acres of land The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 150 acres of land free to any citizen, or intended citizen, who would live free to any citizen, or intended citizen, who would live on the land and develop it.on the land and develop it.

What steps did the government take to preserve What steps did the government take to preserve the nation’s dwindling open land space?the nation’s dwindling open land space?

– The government created Yellowstone National Park and The government created Yellowstone National Park and forced the Railroad Companies to give up their claims to forced the Railroad Companies to give up their claims to massive pieces of land in the Great Plains.massive pieces of land in the Great Plains.

7.7. Describe how early settlers survived on the Describe how early settlers survived on the plains and transformed them into profitable plains and transformed them into profitable farm land.farm land.

What forms of shelter did the Plains settlers What forms of shelter did the Plains settlers develop?develop?

– Sod Houses and Dugouts (no trees, made log cabins Sod Houses and Dugouts (no trees, made log cabins impossible)impossible)

What technology did settlers rely on to help them What technology did settlers rely on to help them tame the prairie?tame the prairie?

– John Deere’s Steel PlowJohn Deere’s Steel Plow– Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaperCyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper– The spring-toothed harrow, grain drill, barbed wire, and The spring-toothed harrow, grain drill, barbed wire, and

the corn binder were others.the corn binder were others. What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800’s?What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800’s?

– Rising overhead costs (cost of machinery, cost of freight Rising overhead costs (cost of machinery, cost of freight rates from Railroads, etc.)rates from Railroads, etc.)

– Decreasing prices resulting from overproductionDecreasing prices resulting from overproduction– Increased debt and foreclosuresIncreased debt and foreclosures

8.8. Identify the problems farmers faced and Identify the problems farmers faced and their cooperative efforts to solve them.their cooperative efforts to solve them.

What economic problems did many farmers face What economic problems did many farmers face during the late 1800’s?during the late 1800’s?

– Banks were foreclosing on an increasing number of farm Banks were foreclosing on an increasing number of farm mortgages because the farmer was making enough profit mortgages because the farmer was making enough profit to pay his loans.to pay his loans.

– The Railroads were abusing farmers by charging The Railroads were abusing farmers by charging excessive freight rates knowing the farmer had nowhere excessive freight rates knowing the farmer had nowhere else to go.else to go.

Why did farmers favor “cheap money”?Why did farmers favor “cheap money”?– A devalued money supply would increase prices of farm A devalued money supply would increase prices of farm

goods and provide the farmer with more money to pay goods and provide the farmer with more money to pay back loans.back loans.

How did farmers try to address their problems and How did farmers try to address their problems and grievances?grievances?

– By forming political organizations such as the Grange By forming political organizations such as the Grange Movement that would pass laws at the local and state Movement that would pass laws at the local and state levels regulating the Railroads (The Granger Laws)levels regulating the Railroads (The Granger Laws)

9.9. Explain the rise and fall of the Explain the rise and fall of the Populist PartyPopulist Party

What reforms did the Populist Party promote?What reforms did the Populist Party promote?– Increasing the money supply (printing paper money and Increasing the money supply (printing paper money and

free and unlimited coining of silver)free and unlimited coining of silver)– Direct Election of United States Senators and a Secret Direct Election of United States Senators and a Secret

ballot electionballot election– A Graduated Income Tax and a Federal Loan ProgramA Graduated Income Tax and a Federal Loan Program– Eight hour workday and restrictions on immigrationEight hour workday and restrictions on immigration

What were the causes and consequences of the Panic of 1893?What were the causes and consequences of the Panic of 1893?– Railroads went bankrupt, Government’s gold supply ran Railroads went bankrupt, Government’s gold supply ran

thin purchasing silver, people began trading paper money thin purchasing silver, people began trading paper money for gold, and the stock market crashed.for gold, and the stock market crashed.

– 1/51/5thth of the workforce was unemployed of the workforce was unemployed Why did the Populist Movement collapse?Why did the Populist Movement collapse?

– Economic concerns trumped concerns about reformEconomic concerns trumped concerns about reform– However the Populist movement showed that the However the Populist movement showed that the

downtrodden could organize and have a political impact.downtrodden could organize and have a political impact.– Populism also developed several new political ideas that Populism also developed several new political ideas that

would become law during the Progressive Movement of the would become law during the Progressive Movement of the early 1900’s.early 1900’s.