United Nations Peacekeeping United Nations Peacekeeping MethodsMethods

1991 Slovenia declares its independence

1991 Croatia declares its independence Short war with Serbia

1992 Bosnia-Herzegovina declares its independence Civil war breaks out between Serbs, Croats and Muslims till 1995

1991-2 Macedonia declares its independenceNew name agreed on after Greek objections

2003 Union of Serbia and Montenegro created from Former Yugoslavia.

1999 Serbia defeated by NATO in war over Kosovo

1995 Bosnia divided into two entities with central government.

2006 Montenegro declares its independencefrom Union.

2008

Kosovo declares its independence from Serbia

Background to conflictBackground to conflict

Yugoslavia:Yugoslavia: Formed post WW1Formed post WW1 Many of the countries Many of the countries

did not share the same did not share the same language, culture or language, culture or religionreligion

After death of After death of Communist leader Tito Communist leader Tito different groups tried to different groups tried to take control and the take control and the area moved towards area moved towards civil war.civil war.

Background to conflictBackground to conflict Bosnia:Bosnia: Split between different Split between different

ethnic groups, Bosnia ethnic groups, Bosnia Muslims, Serbs and Muslims, Serbs and Croats.Croats.

Muslims and Croats Muslims and Croats voted for independence voted for independence but Bosnia Serbs were but Bosnia Serbs were against this.against this.

Wars lasted for 3 years Wars lasted for 3 years and many atrocities and many atrocities were inflicted on both were inflicted on both sides.sides.

Arms EmbargoArms Embargo

This prevents the This prevents the selling of weapons to selling of weapons to people who are at war. people who are at war. It stops soldiers getting It stops soldiers getting the military equipment the military equipment they need to continue they need to continue fighting.fighting.

This was used in the This was used in the Bosnian civil war Bosnian civil war (1992-5)(1992-5)

Trade SanctionsTrade Sanctions

These prevent a These prevent a country from buying country from buying goods from and selling goods from and selling goods to other goods to other countries. This countries. This weakens the countryweakens the country’’s s economy.economy.

Sanctions were used Sanctions were used against Iraq from 1991 against Iraq from 1991 to 2003.to 2003.

CeasefiresCeasefires

These are called to stop These are called to stop fighting between the fighting between the warring groups. They allow warring groups. They allow the people involved in a the people involved in a war to calm down and war to calm down and think about a peaceful think about a peaceful solution.solution.

Ceasefires were used in Ceasefires were used in the Bosnian civil war to the Bosnian civil war to stop fighting between stop fighting between Serbs, Croats and Serbs, Croats and Muslims.Muslims.

Peacekeeping SoldiersPeacekeeping Soldiers

These are sent to keep These are sent to keep the peace between the the peace between the sides involved in a sides involved in a war. Peacekeepers war. Peacekeepers can also help with the can also help with the distribution of distribution of humanitarian aid.humanitarian aid.

Peacekeepers were Peacekeepers were used in Bosnia to used in Bosnia to protect aid and people protect aid and people living in safe areas.living in safe areas.

Peace TalksPeace Talks

These are held to stop These are held to stop the fighting. Often the fighting. Often sides will not get what sides will not get what they want and may they want and may have to compromise to have to compromise to reach an agreement. reach an agreement.

Peace talks were held Peace talks were held to resolve the conflict to resolve the conflict in Bosnia on four in Bosnia on four different occasions different occasions between 1992 and between 1992 and 1995.1995.

Safe AreasSafe Areas

These are places These are places inside a country where inside a country where people can go to people can go to escape from a war. escape from a war. Safe areas reduce the Safe areas reduce the number of refugees number of refugees fleeing to other fleeing to other countries.countries.

The UN set up 6 safe The UN set up 6 safe areas in Bosnia.areas in Bosnia.

Military ActionMilitary Action

This may be necessary This may be necessary if other peacekeeping if other peacekeeping methods have failed. methods have failed. This would involve This would involve armed forces taking armed forces taking action to stop a war.action to stop a war.

Military action was Military action was taken against Iraq in taken against Iraq in 1991 and 2003.1991 and 2003.

UN’s Role inBosnia

Military Threats

Sanctions-Trade and diplomatic

Negotiations-Peace Plan

Oct. 1992 UN forces protected aid conveys

The UN can ask member The UN can ask member countries to stop dealing arms countries to stop dealing arms and munitions with countries and munitions with countries who are involved in conflictwho are involved in conflict

The UN can send a delegation The UN can send a delegation to investigate a conflict and to investigate a conflict and then report back to the Security then report back to the Security Council.Council.

The UN can ask member The UN can ask member states to stop trading with a states to stop trading with a countrycountry

UN officials can patrol a UN officials can patrol a ceasefire area between ceasefire area between countries which are engaged in countries which are engaged in conflict.conflict.

UN can provide food aid to UN can provide food aid to areas affected by civil war or areas affected by civil war or conflict.conflict.

UN can investigate war crimes UN can investigate war crimes and put people on trial.and put people on trial.

The UN can invade a The UN can invade a country and remove country and remove governments from power.governments from power.

The UN can use air The UN can use air strikes against a country strikes against a country to stop war.to stop war.

UN troops can aid one UN troops can aid one country in military action country in military action against another.against another.

Some member countries Some member countries votes are worth more votes are worth more than others in the than others in the General Assembly.General Assembly.