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UNITAR Hiroshima Public Session
Gender Issues:Th I t ti l O tl k d The International Outlook and a
Japanese Perspective
Alex MEJIAAlex MEJIAHead, UNITAR Hiroshima Office
Female Leaders
Captain Mika Terada
Mihara Steamship Co., Ltd.
Japan’s first female container
vessel captain
Promoted to captain in 5
years (average 10 years)
Over 90% of employees in the Over 90% of employees in the
industry are male
Female Leaders
Rumiko Seya
Secretary General, Japan Center
for Conflict Prevention (JCCP)
Specialist in post-conflict
reconstruction; peace reconstruction; peace
building; security sector
reform (SSR); and
Disarmament, Demobilization
and Reintegration (DDR) of
soldierssoldiers
Has worked in Rwanda,
Afghanistan, Sierra Leone,
and Côte d’Ivoire
Female Leaders
Naoko MatsuoNaoko Matsuo
First female captain First female captain
of the Oceanographic
Research Ship under
the Japanese
Maritime Self-Defense
Force
Female Leaders
K T k hiKazue Takeuchi
First female pilot in a First female pilot in a
private airline
companyp y
A former executive
officer at the
Japanese Self-
Defense Force
Fortune 50 Most Powerful Women in Business 2005
Sawako Noma
CEO, Kodansha
Yoshiko Shinohara
President, Tempstaff
Hiroko Wada
President, Toys R’Us Japan 2004
Female Leaders
Yoriko Kishimoto
Former Mayor
of the City of
Palo Alto, USA
Drew Faust
President of Harvard
University
First female to lead the
University since its
t bli h t i 1636establishment in 1636
International Women’s Day: A Brief History
8 March 1857‘Garment workers’ in New York City protest against inhumane working conditions and low wages
8 March 190815,000 women in NYC demand shorter work hours, better pay, voting rights and an end to child labor
May 1908May 1908Socialist Party of America declares last Sunday in February National Women’s DayFirst National Women’s Day observed in 1909y
August 1910The Socialist Second International proposes the observation of an international Women’s Day
19 March 1911First International Women’s Day celebrated in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland
Source: “International Women’s Day: How It Happened.” United Nations Cyberschoolbus. United Nations. 2010. <http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/pages/how_content_1.asp>.
International Women’s Day: Influential Events of the 1910s
25 March 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
(NYC)146 workers, mostly young immigrant females, lost their
lives because of the lack of safety measures
Significant impact on labour legislationg p g
Tragedy remembered during subsequent observances of IWD
World War IFebruary 1913: IWD celebrated in Russia
March 1914: European women protest the war and express
solidarity with their sisters
February 1917: Russian women strike for “bread and peace”The Czar abdicated and the provisional government granted
women the right to voteg
Source: “International Women’s Day: How It Happened.” United Nations Cyberschoolbus. United Nations. 2010. <http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/pages/how_content_1.asp>.
International Women’s Day 2010: Themes
United Nations
Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities, Progress for All
UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) AustraliaUN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Australia
Empowering Women to End Poverty by 2015
European Union (EU)
Violence against Women: We Can Stop It!
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
W Di l d b WWomen Displaced by War
International Women’s Day
Celebrated on 8 March in over 60 countriesCelebrated on 8 March in over 60 countries
Objective is to celebrate the economic,
political and social achievements – past,
present and future – of women
UN Secretary-General’s Message on the Occasion of IWD 2010
“Gender equality and women’s empowerment
are fundamental to the global mission of the g
United Nations to achieve equal rights and
dignity for all. . . But equality for women and dignity for all. . . But equality for women and
girls is also an economic and social imperative.
Until women and girls are liberated from poverty Until women and girls are liberated from poverty
and injustice, all our goals – peace, security,
sustainable development – stand in jeopardy ”sustainable development – stand in jeopardy.
Source: “Secretary General's Message for International Women's Day 2010,” International Women’s Day, Department of Public Information, United Nations, 2010. <http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2010/index.shtml>.
UN Documents on Gender Equality (1)
Charter of the United Nations (1945)
Preamble: We the peoples of the United Nations p p
determined . . . to reaffirm faith in fundamental
human rights, . . . in the equal rights of men
and women . . .
Article 1: The Purposes of the United Nations are .
. . to achieve international cooperation . . . in
promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language
or religion . . .
UN Documents on Gender Equality (2)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
l li i liti l th i i language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other
status.status.
UN Documents on Gender Equality (3)
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
(1952)( )
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979)Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1979)
An international bill of rights for women
Defines what constitutes discrimination against Defines what constitutes discrimination against
women and sets up an agenda for national action
to end such discriminationto end such discrimination
Fourth World Congress on Women, Beijing, 1995
Beijing Declaration
Asserts women’s rights as human rightsAsserts women s rights as human rights
Beijing Platform for Action
Aims at removing all the Aims at removing all the
obstacles to women’s
active participation in all
spheres of public and
private life through a full
and equal share in
economic, social, cultural
and political decision-and political decision
making.
Fourth World Congress on Women, Beijing, 1995 (2)
Ten-Year Review and Appraisal (2005)
Continuing Problems in All Regionsg g
Low representation of women in decision-making in
both public and private sectors
Inequality in employment and economic
opportunities
U l t i l d i Unequal access to social and economic resources
Fifteen-Year Review and Appraisal
New York, 1-12 March 2010
Source: “Introduction,” Beijing at Ten and Beyond. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/beijingat10/index.html>.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower
Women
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary
and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and y , p y y ,
in all levels of education no later than 2015
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and
tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliament parliament
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Goal 3:
Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
MDGs: Progress Chart for Goal 3
Source: “Millennium Development Goals: 2009 Progress Chart,” Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. <http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2009/MDG_Report_2009_Progress_Chart_En.pdf>.
UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (1)
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Support the implementation at the national level of
existing international commitments to advance gender
equality
Enhance women’s economic security and rights Enhance women’s economic security and rights
End violence against women
Reduce the prevalence of HIV and AIDS among women
and girls
Advancing gender justice in democratic governance in
stable and fragile states stable and fragile states
UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (2)
United Nations International Research and Training
Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW)
Undertakes action-oriented research from a gender
perspective that has a concrete impact on policies,
d j tprogrammes and projects
Creates synergies for knowledge management and
information exchangeinformation exchange
Strengthens the capacities of key stakeholders to
integrate gender perspectives in policies, programmes
and projects
Builds a sustainable, transparent and efficient
institution
UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (3)
UNITAR, UNIFEM and INSTRAW began a Gender Equality
Training Programme based in Atlanta in 2005
To date mo e than 3000 omen in politics and go e nment To date, more than 3000 women in politics and government
participated in the five annual sessions and developed a toolkit
The objective is to support Beijing Declaration and share best practices on how to participate in politics and increase female ppresence among decision makers.Presidents, ministers, governors, mayors and members of ylegislative bodies report on the status of women’s advance in their countries and exchange gknowledge among peers
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report
Human Development Index (HDI)
A composite index measuring average achievement in three
basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy
life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
A composite index measuring average achievement in the
three basic dimensions captured in the Human Development
Index adjusted to account for inequalities between men and j q
women.
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic
dimensions of empowerment – economic participation and
decisionmaking, political participation, and decision-making
and power over economic resources.
Source: “Statistical Terms,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility(New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 210.
World Population
World Population
6,790,062,216 (July 2009 est.) Female Percentage of World Population (1950-2025)Female Percentage of World Population (1950-2025)
50
50.1Sex Ratio
1.01 males/female
49.7
49.8
49.9
cent
age
Female Population
At Birth: 1.07
males/female
Under 15: 1.06
49 4
49.5
49.6Pe
r
males/female
15-64 Years: 1.02
l /f l49.3
49.419501953195619591962196519681971197419771980198319861989199219951998200120042007201020132016201920222025
Year
males/female
65 Years and Over:
0.78 males/female
Source: “Population,” The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2010. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html>.
Source: “World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision,” Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. <http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp>.
Gender-Related Development Index and Its Components
Source: “Gender-Related Development Index and Its Components,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 181-84.
Gender Empowerment Measure and Its Components
Source: “Gender Empowerment Measures and Its Components,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 186-90.
World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap Report
World Economic Forum
Independent, international organization
incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit
foundation
Gl b l G d G R tGlobal Gender Gap Report
A framework for capturing the magnitude
and scope of gender-based disparitiesdisparities and and scope of gender-based disparitiesdisparities and
tracking their progress
Index score between 1 (equality) and 0 ( q y)
(inequality)
World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap ReportComparisons with 2008, 2007 and 2006
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (Cologny: World Economic Forum, 2009) 8-9.
World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap ReportDetailed Rankings
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (Cologny: World Economic Forum, 2009) 10-11.
Gender Equality in the UN System
Source: Qtd. in United Nations General Assembly, “Improvement of the Status of Women in the United Nations System: Report of the Secretary General,” UN Doc. A/63/364 (18 Sept. 2008) 10.
Female Heads of State and Government
Currently, there are 25 female leaders:
3 QueensDenmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom
10 PresidentsA ti Chil C t Ri Fi l d I di I l d Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Finland, India, Ireland,
Liberia, Lithuania, Philippines, Switzerland
6 Prime ministers6 Prime ministersBangladesh, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands
Antilles, Åland Islands
6 Governor-Generals, etc.Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Canada, San
Marino St Lucia SwitzerlandMarino, St. Lucia, Switzerland
Source: Martin K.I Christensen, Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership, 2010. <http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/index.html>.
Women in National Parliaments (1)
Source: “Women in National Parliaments,” Inter-Parliamentary Union, 31 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm>.
Women in National Parliaments (2)
Source: “Politics,” Who Answers to Women: Gender and Accountability, Progress of the World’s Women 2008/2009 (New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2008) 23.
Women in Business
Fortune 500
Fortune magazine’s rank of US companies by total
revenue per fiscal year
Female Fortune 500 and Fortune 1000 CEOs
Year Fortune 500
Fortune 1000
2009 15 28
2008 12 24
2007 12 252007 12 25
2006 10 20
2005 9 192005 9 19
Source: “Fortune 500,” Fortune. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune>.
Women in Academia: Degrees Conferred by Sex (US)
DegreeNumber Percentage Conferred
to Females
1996-97 2006-07 1996-97 2006-07
Associate’s 571,226 728,114 60.5 62.2
Bachelor’s 1,172,879 1,524,092 55.6 57.4
Master’s 419,401 604,607 56.9 60.6
First 78 730 90 064 42 50 0Professional 78,730 90,064 42. 50.0
Doctoral 45,876 60,616 40.8 50.1
Source: “Fast Facts,” National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. <http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72>.
Women in Academia: Tenure Status (US)
Source: Martha S. West and John W. Curtis, “AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Indicators 2006,” (Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors, 2006) 22.
Websites Consulted
American Association of University Professors. <http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/>.
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html>.
E P li t “I t ti l W ’ D ” European Parliament. “International Women’s Day.” <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?language=EN&id=75&refreshCache=yes>.
Fortune Magazine. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/>.
Harvard University Office of the President. <http://president.harvard.edu/>.
IBM. <http://www-07.ibm.com/employment/cn/zh/gdc/events.html>.
International Committee of the Red Cross. “Women and War.” htt // i /W b/E / it 0 f/ht l ll/ ?O D t<http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/women?OpenDocument>.
International Women’s Day 2010. <http://www.internationalwomensday.com/default.asp>.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. <http://www.ipu.org/english/home.htm>.y p // p g/ g /
Japan Center for Conflict Prevention. <http://www.jccp.gr.jp/english/>.
Kobe Shinbun. “First Japanese Container Vessel Captain.” <http://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/shakai/0002297877.shtml>.
National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education. <http://nces.ed.gov/>.
Websites Consulted
United Nations Cyberschoolbus. “International Women’s Day.” <http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/index.asp>.
United Nations Department of Public Information. “International Women’s Day: Equal Rights Equal Opportunities Progress for All ” Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities, Progress for All. <http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2010/index.shtml>.
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). <http://www.unifem.org/>.
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Australian National Committee. <http://www.unifem.org.au/>.
United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Reports.” <http://hdr undp org/en/statistics/><http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/>.
United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. “Fourth World Conference on Women.” <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/fwcwn.html>.
United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW). <http://www.un-instraw.org/en>.
United Nations Population Division. <http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm>.
United Nations Statistics Division “Millennium Development Goals Indicators ” United Nations Statistics Division. Millennium Development Goals Indicators. <http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx>.
World Economic Forum. <http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm>.
UNITAR Hiroshima Public SessionUNITAR Hiroshima Public Session
G d IGender Issues:The International Outlook and a
Japanese Perspective
Alex MEJIAAlex MEJIAHead, UNITAR Hiroshima Office