unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
1/11
1
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Indoor Air Pollution
Air quali ty usually means ambient air quali ty:
however: most of the time we are indoors
-> focus on improving indoor air quality
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Athens: Al l p eople
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
Percent
other outdoors
other indoors
work outdoors
work indoors
home outdoors
home indoors
train
bus
car
motorbike
walk
Time use of the population of European cities in differentTime use of the population of European cities in different
environmentsenvironments through workdaysthrough workdays
source KTL, Kuopio
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
2/11
2
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Helsinki: All people
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
Percent
other outdoors
other indoors
work outdoors
work indoors
home outdoors
home indoors
train
bus
car
motorbike
walk
Time use of the population of European cities in differentTime use of the population of European cities in differentenvironmentsenvironments through workdaysthrough workdays
source KTL, Kuopio
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Traffic All cities Helsinki Athens Basel Grenoble Milan Prague OxfordWalk 3,27 3,14 1,87 4,78 2,57 2,60 3,21 3,17
Motorcycle 0,18 0,07 0,76 0,15 0,00 0,31 0,05 0,08
Car 3,32 3,57 4,89 1,94 4,57 3,72 2,41 3,30
Bus 1,12 1,25 1,03 1,19 0,46 1,12 2,19 0,34
Train 0,49 0,33 0,19 0,45 0,02 0,82 1,34 0,39
Public
transport 1,61 1,58 1,22 1,64 0,48 1,94 3,54 0,73
Total
transport 8,38 8,37 8,74 8,50 7,62 8,58 9,21 7,27
Schweitzer et al. 2006
% of time spent in different traffic modes% of time spent in different traffic modes
(On average two hours (8% of time) per(On average two hours (8% of time) per
workday in traffic)workday in traffic)
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
3/11
3
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
indoor airpollution in
developing
countries:
mainly caused
by open f ires or
stoves (without
chimneys);
use of dung,
wood, cropwaste, coal
picture: WHO
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Open indoor fireslead to high concentrations of
PM10: e.g. 300-3000 g/m;
plus CO, NOx, benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde, PAHs
Impacts:
acute infection of the lower resp. tract (pneumonia) in children < 5a
rel. risk ca 2.3
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
rel. risk ca. 3.2 (woman > 30a)
lung cancer (coal, maybe biomass) rel. risk ca. 1.5-1.9
asthma rel. risk ca. 1.4
cataracts rel. risk ca. 1.3
tuberculosis rel. risk ca. 1.5
source: WHO
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
4/11
4
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
DALYs attributable to indoor air pollution fromsolid fuel use per 1000 persons, by country (2002)
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Measure to reduce indoor pollution Improved cooking devices, i.e. stoves with and without
flues
Improved ventilation:
smoke hoods, eaves spaces, windows,
kitchen design
kitchen separate from house,
stove at waist height
alternative fuel-cooker
combinations:
kerosene, LPG, solar cookers,
electricity, plant oils, natural
gas, briquettes and pellets
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
5/11
5
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Measure to reduce indoor pollution indeveloping countries II
- reduced energy demand: solar water
heating, retained heat cooker (haybox),
pressure cooker
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Indoor air contaminants and their sources
NOx (gas), PM2.5 (solid fuels)Stoves and fireplaces (wood, coal),
candles, cooking, pan-frying
fungi, mould, allergenesDust mites, pets, damp buildings
radonsoil
ozoneCopy machines
VOC, e.g. glycol ethers, terpenoids)Cleaning products
Flame retardantsFurnishings, electronic equipment,clothes
ETS; CO; formaldehyde,benzene,
PAH
smoking
VOCpaints
phtalatesPVC
Aldehydes, esp. formaldehydeComposite-wood
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
6/11
6
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Decay of Radium
(alkaline earth metal contained in soil
226 222 4 T = 1600 Jahre
88Ra
86Rn +
2He
Ra = Radium, Rn = Radon (noble gas)
222 218 4 T = 3,8 Tage
86Rn
84Po +
2He
Po = Polonium (metal)
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Radon concentration in air
near surface in Germany
Source: Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz 2006
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
7/11
7
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
In Bq/m;
recommended EU target
values:
200 Bq/mnew buildings,
400 Bq/m existing
buildings;
Ca 1900 death due to lung
cancer in Germany per year
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)
1-33 (no ETS),22-55 (ETS)- Indoor sources total
4 (phosphate),6 (oil combust)-Other
30 58- Traffic/ combustion
16 36- LRT/ Secondary
2 10-Salt
9 27-Dust
8 30 / 1.8 2.3GM or median(g/m)/GSD
12 37Mean (g/m)
PM2.5Parameter
WHO Air Quality Guideline (AQG) for annual mean concentration
of PM10 is 20 g/m, and for PM2.5 10 g/m ; source KTL, Kuopio
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
8/11
8
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
calculation of indoor concentration:mass balance
where
Cin = the concentration inside the microenvironment (g/m3)
S = the emission rate of indoor sources (g/h)
P = the penetration of the pollutant from outdoors to indoors
a = the air exchange rate (1/h)
V = volume of room (m)
k = the decay rate of the pollutant in the microenvironment (1/h)
Cout = the concentration of pollutant outdoors (g/m3)
Cin = the concentration of pollutant from indoor sources (g/m3)
))(/(*)/( kaVSCkaPaC outin
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
> 99.9- 100 000> 9020 100200Radon (Bq/m3)
> 99.9- 1000- 301 310Naphthalene
> 75- 50- 402 155Benzene
> 99200 800> 9020 8030 (**Formaldehyde
> 75100 200- 2010 5040NO2
> 99100 20001 410CO (*
> 90100 300- 3010 4010PM2.5 (PM10/2)
Indoor
source (%)
High end
(g/m)
Indoor
source (%)
Typical
(g/m)
Long term
(I)AQG (g/m)
Agent
*) mg/m3 ) refers to short term, 30 min, peak concentrations
For 4 out of these 7 indoor contaminants a large proportion of indoor air exposure
concentrations exceed the WHO guidelines
For PM2.5and NO2 indoor air levels are usually lower than outdoor air levels
For Formaldehyde and Radon the role of outdoor sources is alwaysmarginal
For 4 out of these 7 the high end indoor air exposure concentrations with high individual
risks originate only from indoor sources
European IAQ summary
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
9/11
9
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Year, A measure of the population level burden of disease (BoD), loss
of fully healthy life due to anything from epidemics of commoncold to sudden deaths from airplane accidents
The use of DALY has been promoted by WHO for thecomparison of different health risks since the 90s
DALY as the common metric for different
health impacts
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
In the presence of smoking, ETS dominates indoor airpollution
Prohibiting smoking in buildings provides the
highest public health benefits for the lowest cost ofall IAQ policies
Environmental tobacco smoke =
ETS, or second hand smoking
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
10/11
10
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Contributions of indoor air pollution sources to symptomsand disease burden in Europe, avg. DALY per individual.
ETS not included
0,2780,078
0,053
0,014
0,012
0,015 0,007
0,003
Ambient air quality
Water systems, dampness and
mould
Heating and combustion
equipment/appliances
Ventilation and air conditioning
systems
Furnishings, decoration materials
and electrical appliances
Building site (radon from soil)
Cleaning and other household
products
Building materialssource KTL, Kuopio
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Contribution of indoor air exposures to symptom and disease
burden in Europe, avg. DALY per individual. ETS not
included
0,2690,129
0,039
0,019 0,0150,004
Combustion products
Bio- aerosols
VOC
Pathogens
Radon
COsource KTL, Kuopio
-
7/25/2019 Unit_6_ indoor air pollution.pdf
11/11
11
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
Contribution of IA exposures to symptom and disease burdenin Europe, avg. DALY per individual. ETS not included
0,202
0,192
0,024
0,023
0,012 0,010
0,004 Asthma & allergy
CV-diseases
COPD
Lung cancer
SBS, sensory irritation
Infectious diseases
Acute toxication
chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
source KTL, Kuopio
Ai r Quali ty Management IER
PoliciesAMBIENT ENVIRONMENT IMPLICATIONS Apply tight building envelopes, balanced ventilation and air cleaning for all new/renovated buildings
when ambient air quality is below WHO AQG
Mandate radon safe construction for all new buildings
COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT Ban all unflued combustion heaters, equip gas stoves with exhaust hoods and fans, mandate CO detectors
regular maintenance/inspection for all combustion devices (integrate with EPBD procedure)
VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Mandate regular inspection and maintenance for all ventilation and air conditioning systems. (integrate toEPBD)
WATER SYSTEMS AND MOISTURE MANAGEMENT Develop moisture control guidelines for building design and maintenance, to prevent persistent
dampness and hidden and visible mould growth.
Keep domestic hot water [tap water] temperatures above 55 C
Provide kitchens, bath- and laundry rooms with controlled extract ventilation, bath- and laundry roomsalso with waterproofed surfaces
Avoid spaces, structures and materials which would not dry by convective airflows
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE Ban smoking in all indoor spaces under public jurisdiction
Develop information for pressure and action to encourage smoking bans in public housing and apartmentbuildings [the costs smoking induces to building renovation and maintenance]
Consider further possibilities to protect children from ETS in the home.