unit xi matter and change. obj. 1…pure substances vs. mixtures matter: anything that takes up...
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Obj. 1…Pure Obj. 1…Pure Substances vs. Substances vs.
MixturesMixturesMatter: anything that takes up space and has Matter: anything that takes up space and has
mass.mass.
Matter can be uniform throughout Matter can be uniform throughout ((homogeneoushomogeneous) or non-uniform throughout ) or non-uniform throughout ((heterogeneousheterogeneous))
Two categories of matter: Two categories of matter: Pure substances Pure substances MixturesMixtures
Pure Pure Substances:Substances:
have a definite composition have a definite composition
written as symbol or formulawritten as symbol or formula
homogenous (looks same throughout) homogenous (looks same throughout)
Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…(elements(elements or or compounds)compounds)
1 capital letter1 capital letter 2 or more capital letters2 or more capital letters
Elements:Elements: composed of one type of atomcomposed of one type of atom
copper wirecopper wire aluminum foilaluminum foil silversilver goldgold
composed of 2 or more elements that are composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded together. chemically bonded together.
they can be broken down only through they can be broken down only through chemical changeschemical changes..
CompoundCompounds:s:
waterwater
ExamplesExamples……
Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…
salt salt (NaCl)(NaCl) carbon dioxide carbon dioxide
(CO(CO22))
sand (SiOsand (SiO22))
(different properties than pure (different properties than pure elements)elements)
Same elements but two different compounds, Same elements but two different compounds, each with a definite composition.each with a definite composition.
For example…For example…Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…
MixtureMixtures:s:
composed of two or more different pure composed of two or more different pure substancessubstances
cannot be identified by chemical formulascannot be identified by chemical formulas
can be separated through can be separated through physicalphysical means means
can be homogeneous or heterogeneouscan be homogeneous or heterogeneous
Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…
heterogeneous mixtureheterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixturehomogeneous mixture
solutions, suspensions and colloidssolutions, suspensions and colloids
Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…Three types of mixtures:Three types of mixtures:
homogenoushomogenous heterogeneousheterogeneous
Three states (phases) of Three states (phases) of matter:matter:
solidssolids liquidsliquids gasesgases
** mixtures can be composed of any combo. of these!** mixtures can be composed of any combo. of these!
Obj. 1 cont…Obj. 1 cont…Pure or Mixture?!?!Pure or Mixture?!?!
1. Kool-aid1. Kool-aid
2. distilled water2. distilled water
3. tap water3. tap water
4. chocolate chip cookie4. chocolate chip cookie
5. oxygen gas5. oxygen gas
6. atmosphere6. atmosphere
7. Glucose (C7. Glucose (C66HH1212OO66))
mixturemixture
mixturemixture
mixturemixture
mixturemixture
purepure
purepure
purepure
Obj. 2…Homogenous Obj. 2…Homogenous MatterMatterThree classes of homogenous Three classes of homogenous
matter:matter: 1. elements1. elements2. compounds2. compounds3. solutions3. solutions
purepure
mixturemixture
Obj. 3-4…Classification Obj. 3-4…Classification of Matterof Matter
Element:Element: cannot be broken down – only 1 type of atomcannot be broken down – only 1 type of atom
- one cap. letter- one cap. letter Compound:Compound: chemically separated into elementschemically separated into elements
- 2 or more cap. letter- 2 or more cap. letter Mixture:Mixture: variable composition…no formula!variable composition…no formula!
Obj. 3-4 cont…Obj. 3-4 cont…Element, Compound or Element, Compound or Mixture?!?!Mixture?!?!
1. silver1. silver
2. pine tree2. pine tree
3. orange juice3. orange juice
4. phosphorus4. phosphorus
5. iced tea5. iced tea
6. Acetaminophen (aspirin) C6. Acetaminophen (aspirin) C88HH99OO22NN
elementelement
elementelement
mixturemixture
mixturemixture
mixturemixture
compoundcompound
Obj. 5…Metals, Non-Obj. 5…Metals, Non-Metals and MetalloidsMetals and MetalloidsMetalsMetals……
conduct electricityconduct electricity
lose e-lose e-
malleablemalleable(can be hammered)(can be hammered)
(cations)(cations)
ductileductile(can be drawn into a wire)(can be drawn into a wire)
lustrouslustrous(shiny)(shiny)
mostly solidsmostly solids
Nickel (Ni)Nickel (Ni)
Obj. 5 cont…Obj. 5 cont…Non-Non-Metals…Metals…
don’t conduct electricitydon’t conduct electricity
gain e-gain e-(anions)(anions)
dulldull(no luster)(no luster)
usually gaseoususually gaseous
Metalloids…Metalloids… properties of both metals and non-metalsproperties of both metals and non-metals
friablefriable
can lose or gain e-can lose or gain e- some conduct electricitysome conduct electricity
Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S)
Silicon (Si)Silicon (Si)
(shatters easily)(shatters easily)
Obj. 6…Organic vs. Obj. 6…Organic vs. InorganicInorganic
OrganicOrganic compounds contain compounds contain carboncarbon (element of life)(element of life)
Ex…Ex…
glucose (Cglucose (C66HH1212OO66))
methane (CHmethane (CH44))
** Exceptions to the carbon rule…** Exceptions to the carbon rule… carbon monoxide (CO)carbon monoxide (CO)
carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22))
carbonate ion (COcarbonate ion (CO33-1-1))
** these exceptions and any compound w/out carbon are** these exceptions and any compound w/out carbon are
INORGANICINORGANIC ****
Obj. 7…Heterogeneous Obj. 7…Heterogeneous vs. Homogenousvs. Homogenous
homogenoushomogenous substances are completely uniform throughout. substances are completely uniform throughout.
elementselements
(cannot distinguish the different parts)(cannot distinguish the different parts)
compoundscompounds
solutionssolutions
heterogeneousheterogeneous substances are non-uniform throughout. substances are non-uniform throughout.
(can distinguish the different parts)(can distinguish the different parts)
colloidscolloids suspensionssuspensions
purepure
mixturemixture
mixturesmixtures
Obj. 8…Solutions, Obj. 8…Solutions, Suspensions & ColloidsSuspensions & Colloids
Solutions…Solutions… smallest particle size (< 1 nanometer 10smallest particle size (< 1 nanometer 10-9-9 meter) meter)
homogenoushomogenous particles do not settle out on standingparticles do not settle out on standing
~ particles can pass through membrane and filter paper~ particles can pass through membrane and filter paper
does not display Tyndall Effect does not display Tyndall Effect (scattering of light)(scattering of light)
Ex…Ex…
salt watersalt water(salt and water)(salt and water)
unopenedunopened soft drinksoft drink(water, syrup, CO(water, syrup, CO22 etc…) etc…)
Obj. 8 cont…Obj. 8 cont…SuspensionsSuspensions……
largest particle size (> 100 nanometers)largest particle size (> 100 nanometers)
heterogeneousheterogeneous
particles settle out on standingparticles settle out on standing
~ particles separated by membrane and filter paper~ particles separated by membrane and filter paper
does display Tyndall Effect does display Tyndall Effect (scattering of light)(scattering of light)
~ colloid is left after settling~ colloid is left after settling
Ex…Ex…
muddy watermuddy water
salad dressingsalad dressing
Obj. 8 cont…Obj. 8 cont…Colloids…Colloids…
medium particle size (1-100 nanometers)medium particle size (1-100 nanometers)
heterogeneousheterogeneous
particles do not settle out on standingparticles do not settle out on standing
~ particles separated by membrane, NOT filter paper~ particles separated by membrane, NOT filter paper
does display Tyndall Effect does display Tyndall Effect (scattering of light)(scattering of light)
Ex…Ex…
milkmilk
fogfog
Obj. 9…Tyndall Effect Obj. 9…Tyndall Effect and Brownian Motionand Brownian Motion
The The Tyndall EffectTyndall Effect can be seen in mixtures whose particles are large enough to can be seen in mixtures whose particles are large enough to scatter light.scatter light.
~ can see a beam of light through the mixture~ can see a beam of light through the mixture
~ seen in ~ seen in colloidscolloids and and suspensionssuspensions
Obj. 9 cont…Obj. 9 cont… Brownian motionBrownian motion is the constant movement of particles in a mixture due to is the constant movement of particles in a mixture due to
kinetic energy.kinetic energy.
~ why solutions and colloids don’t settle out.~ why solutions and colloids don’t settle out.
Obj. 10…Parts of a Obj. 10…Parts of a SolutionSolution
all solutions are composed of two parts…all solutions are composed of two parts…
~ ~ solutesolute……substance that gets dissolvedsubstance that gets dissolved
~ ~ solventsolvent……substance that does the dissolvingsubstance that does the dissolving
** the solvent ALWAYS occurs in the greater quantity!** the solvent ALWAYS occurs in the greater quantity!
Ex…Ex… salt water…salt water…
~ ~ solute solute = = saltsalt~ ~ solventsolvent = = waterwater