unit v: agriculture and rural land use big idea 1:...

ADVANCED PLACEMENT HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

UNIT V: AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

✓ BIG IDEA 1: Patterns and Spatial Organization

• How do a people’s culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food?

✓ BIG IDEA 2: Impacts and Interactions

• How does what people produce and consume vary in different locations?

✓ BIG IDEA 3: Spatial Patterns and Social Change

• What kind of cultural changes and technological advances have impacted the way people grow and

consume food?

TOPIC 5.1: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

✓ Learning Objective

• Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural processes

1. What types of crops are grown in different parts of the world? How does this impact diets,

etc.?

✓ Essential Knowledge

• Agricultural practices are influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions, such as the

Mediterranean and tropical climates.

• Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed

crop/livestock systems.

• Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.

• How do these practices influence how and what people eat?

TYPE OF AGRICULTURE WHERE IT IS FOUND? WHAT IS PRODUCED?

Market Gardening (Intensive)

Plantation Agriculture (Intensive)

Mixed Crop/Livestock (Intensive)

Shifting Cultivation (Extensive)

Nomadic Herding (Extensive)

Ranching

COMPLETE THE CHART ACCORDING TO EACH TYPE OF AGRICULTURE

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TOPIC 5.2: SURVEY SLAVERY METHODS


• Identify different rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements


• Specific agricultural practices shape different rural land-use patterns.

• Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear.

• Rural survey methods include metes and

bounds, township, and range, and long lot.

Identify the survey method below and write the name next

to each picture. Briefly explain the purpose of each method.

Draw a map below that shows a clustered, dispersed, and linear land settlement pattern.

TOPIC 5.3: AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS AND DIFFUSIONS


o Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals.

o Explain how plants and animals diffused globally.


o Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals arose in the Fertile Crescent and several other

regions of the world, including the Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America.

o Patterns of diffusion, such as the Columbian Exchange and the agricultural revolutions, resulted in

the global spread of various plants and animals.

Explain how the Columbian Exchange impacted

the lives of people on all sides.

Explain how the agricultural revolutions impacted the food and resources available to people.

How is that related to cultural diffusion and the impact migration has on a region?

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TOPIC 5.4: THE SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION


• Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution.


• New technology and increased food production in the second agricultural revolution led to better

diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available to work in factories.

1. New tools, methods, and demand

2. First time excess food was available to sell/trade-leading to possibility of city life away from

farming

What impact did the Enclosure Act have on the future of farming and the development and successes of cities?

Explain how the Second Agricultural Revolution led to the viability of cities. How did impact the development

level of a country? Relate to the Demographic Transition Model.

TOPIC 5.5: THE GREEN REVOLUTION


• Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the

developing world.


• The Green Revolution was characterized by the use of high-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals,

and mechanized farming.

• The Green Revolution had positive and negative consequences for both human populations and the

environment.

PROS CONS

Complete a Pro/Con chart based on the impact of

Green Revolution. Of both the human and environment. What new technologies and ideas were

created during the Green Revolution?

Explain how each new development

impacted population or a country’s

development.

What are some criticisms of the Green

Revolution?

TOPIC 5.6: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS


• Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.


• Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or

commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).

• Intensive and extensive farming practices are determined in part by land costs (bid-rent theory).

INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE

Complete the chart below about the major characteristics and important contributions of intensive

and extensive farming.

How does the location and cost of land determine how rural and agricultural land is used?

Explain why many farmers have switched to monocropping.

TOPIC 5.7: SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE


• Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices.


• Large scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms.

• Complex commodity chains link production and consumption of agricultural products.

• Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of

the land.

Why has agribusiness and commercial farming replaced the local/family farm? Explain the impact that has had

on the quality and cost of the food we eat.

Sketch out a commodity chain depicting how modern chickens make it to the grocery store. Use your sketch to

explain the concept of vertical integration.

Explain how carrying capacity is impacted by changing technologies.

TOPIC 5.8: VON THUNEN MODEL


• Describe how the Von Thunen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various

scales.


• Von Thunen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation

costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not

always conform to Von Thunen’s concentric rings.

In this space sketch Von Thunen’s Model. Also, in the space, explain the zones and why the zones are located

where they are in relation to the market.

What about Von Thunen’s model is no longer

relevant in the modern world. List at least three

different factors and explain why.

What about von Thunen’s model is still relevant in the

modern world? List at least three different factors

and explain why.

TOPIC 5.9: THE GLOBAL SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE


• Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption.


• Food and other agricultural products are part of a global supply chain.

• Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities.

• The main elements of global food distribution networks are affected by political relationships,

infrastructure, and patterns of world trade.

COMMODITY PLACE OF ORIGIN/GROWN DESTINATION

CORN/MAIZE

POTATOES

OLIVES

SOYBEAN

OATS

COFFEE

COTTON

Complete the following chart based on where these crops originate/are grown and what parts of the world use

them the most.

Explain how immigration has impacted the food industry.

TOPIC 5.10: CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES


• Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences.


• Environmental effects of agricultural land use include pollution, land cover change, desertification, soil

salinization, and conservation efforts.

• Agricultural practices-including slash and burn, terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands,

shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism-alter the landscape.

• Societal effects of agricultural practices include changing diets, role of women in agricultural

production, and economic purpose.

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE DESCRIBE THE PRACTICE WHERE IS THE PRACTICE?

Slash and Burn

Terraces

Irrigation

Deforestation

Draining Wetlands

Shifting Cultivation

Pastoral Nomadism

Explain how the impact the Green Revolution had on the environment. List as many impacts as possible. Next to

each impact, write one idea that can be a possible conservation issue.

Complete the following chart on agricultural practices.

TOPIC 5.11: CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURE


• Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-

production practices.


• Agricultural innovations such as biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, and aquaculture have

been accompanied by debates over sustainability, soil and water usage, reductions in biodiversity, and

extensive fertilizer and pesticide.

1. Explain the impact each of these has on food sources and the ability of different regions to

grow food.

• Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by movements relating to individual food

choice, such as urban farming, community-supported agriculture (CSA), organic farming, value-added

specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements, and dietary shifts.

1. Understand the impact, both positive and negative, each of these has on food av availability

in different parts of the world.

2. What dietary trends and shifts have we seen over the last decade?

• Challenges of feeding a global population include lack of food access, as in cases of food insecurity and

food deserts; problems with distribution systems; adverse weather; and land use lost to

suburbanization.

• The location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and

government policies all have economic effects on food-production practices.

Are current farming methods in the United States sustainable?

Explain your answer using specific details.

What is a food desert? Explain why they exist, what problems they create, and write at least one solution to

the problem.

TOPIC 5.12: WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE


• Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption.


• The role of females in food production, distribution, and consumption varies in many places depending

on the type of production involved.

Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization

According to the map, what countries have a high percentage of women working actively in agriculture? Explain

why they are at that level compared to countries with lower percentages around the world.

Explain how each of the following terms, describe at least one major obstacle that prevent women in

agriculture from achieving equality (education, employment, status, etc.).

1. Economic-

2. Cultural-

3. Political-

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORLD’S AGRICULTURAL REGIONS

AGRICULTURAL TYPES IN MDCs AGRICULTURAL TYPES IN LDCs

What factors must agriculturalist take into consideration in deciding which crops to grow or animals to raise?

Think of climatic, cultural, and economic factors.

Fill out the chart below by placing the agricultural types in their appropriate column.

AGRICULTURAL TYPES

What type of agriculture am I engaged in?

1. I am a peach farmer in the State of Georgia, and ship my goods to the urban areas of the NE USA. Some would

call me a truck farmer.

2. The soil is so poor where I farm that I have to find a new farm field every 3 years.

3. I tend to occupy a similar climate as a Pastoral Nomad would.

4. These very large farms are located in LDCs but grow export crops headed for MDCs.

5. Corn and soybeans are both important to me, but not for food for my family. They are feed for my animals.

6. I live in a dry region but get just enough precipitation to get my crop in before the snow, that way I can

harvest in early summer and ship it to the market.

7. The land is crowded where I farm so I have to harvest rice twice a year.

8. I grow olives and grapes, I also raise some goats.

9. The land is crowded where I farm but it’s too dry for rice so I grow corn and wheat.

10. I am constantly surrounded by my animals but rarely eat them…they’re too valuable to me. I use their milk

and wool instead.

11. I tend to cluster around urban areas; it’s too expensive to ship my product long distance. Unless it has changed

form, that is.

12. I raise cows in Spain and Portugal; we are the only areas in Europe with a tradition of this type.

13. In New England, I grow asparagus, mushrooms, and strawberries for yuppies in the urban areas.

unit v: agriculture and rural land use big idea 1:...

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