UNIT 1

ECOLOGYUnit TwoWhat is Life?As we stated in Unit One, biology is the study of ____________ ___ ______________________There are ____________criteria that determine whether something is living or nonlivingDo you know any of the eight characteristics that all living organisms share?

What is Life?Characteristics of living organisms1.) Made of ___________- made of one or more cells2.) _________________________- organized structures carry out specific functions3.) ___________and Development- increase in mass and abilities4.) _______________________- pass along traits from generation to generation

What is Life?5.) Response to ______________- internal and external stimuli trigger responses6.) Requires _________________- either make your own or consume other food7.) Maintain ________________- keep internal conditions stable8.) ______________________- inherited changes that occur over time for survival

Levels of OrganizationOrganisms and Their RelationshipsEcologyScientific discipline in which the relationships among _________________organisms and their _________________

6Organisms and Their RelationshipsBiosphere is the portion of earth that _________________ ___________Several kilometers above the Earths surface Several kilometers below the oceans surface

7Organisms and Their Relationships____________FactorsLiving factors in an organisms environmentWhat examples of biotic factors can you think of?

8Organisms and Their Relationships____________FactorsNonliving factors in an organisms environmentWhat examples of abiotic factors can you think of?

9Organisms and Their RelationshipsThe ultimate source of the energy for life is the ___________Plants use the suns energy to manufacture food in a process called _________________

10Organisms and Their RelationshipsConsumers: _______________________________________A heterotroph that feeds only on __________________is an herbivoreAnimals such as giraffes eat only plants

11Organisms and Their RelationshipsConsumers: Heterotrophs ____________________Heterotrophs that eat ______________ __________________ Animals such as lions that kill and eat only other animals

12Organisms and Their RelationshipsConsumers: Heterotrophs_________________eat animals that have already __________Examples of scavengers are __________________and horseshoe crabs

13Organisms and Their RelationshipsConsumers: Heterotrophs_______________________Organisms such as bacteria and _____________________down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animalsSimpler molecules can be more easily absorbed

14Organisms and Their RelationshipsSymbiotic RelationshipsClose relationship that exists when _______or more species live ____________________What examples can you think of?

15Organisms and Their Relationships__________________-Relationship in which ___________ organisms benefit- This is a win-win scenario- Example: bees and orchid flowers

16Organisms and Their Relationships____________________-__________organism benefits and _______ is neither helped nor harmed- This is a win for one species involved- Example: barnacles and whales

17Organisms and Their Relationships____________________-_________ organism benefits at the ___________________of another organism-This is a win-lose scenario- Example: ticks and dogs

18Organisms and Their Relationships_______________________- Organisms of a _______________species that share the same geographic location at the same time- Example: All of the tigers visiting an African waterhole

19Organisms and Their RelationshipsBiological _______________- group of ______________ populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time- Example: birds, gazelles and zebras drinking at the same water source

20Organisms and Their Relationships________________________-Biological community and all of the ________________ factors that affect it- Example: a lake ecosystem - fish- water- plants- birds- rocks

21Organisms and Their Relationships____________________- large group of ecosystems- share the same ____________ and have _____________________types of communities- How many different types of biomes can you remember?

22Organisms and Their Relationships____________________ - an area where an organism lives____________________- the role or position that an organism has in its environment

23Flow of Energy in an EcosystemAutotrophs Organism that collects energy from ________________ or ____________________substances to produce foodHeterotrophsOrganism that gets its energy requirements by consuming _________________organisms

VS.24Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem______________Chain - a simple model that shows how ________flows through an ____________- Which organisms are autotrophs in the figure to the right?- Which organisms are heterotrophs in the figure to the right?

25Flow of Energy in an EcosystemFood ______________ - model representing the __________________food chains in an ecosystem- shows how ___________ flows through a group of organisms- What organism(s) are at the top of this food web?

26Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem_________________Level- Each step in a food web or food chain- The amount of available energy _______________as you head up trophic levels- What does this mean for the hawk in the figure to the right?

27Cycles of MatterThe Water Cycle

28Cycles of MatterThe Carbon Cycle

29Cycles of MatterThe Nitrogen Cycle

30Cycles of MatterThe Phosphorus Cycle

31Community Ecology________________FactorAbiotic or biotic factor that restricts the __________________, reproduction, or ____________________of organismsExamples: sunlight, climate, temperature, and water

32Community EcologyRange of __________________An _______________limit and _____________limit that define the conditions in which an organism can surviveTolerance is the ability of any organism to ___________when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors What happens to trout placed in 26C water? Why?

33Community EcologyEcological ___________________When abiotic or biotic factors cause one community to _________________anotherEstablishment in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is ___________________succession

34Community Ecology______________________Succession- Orderly , predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been _________________but the ______has remained intact

35Terrestrial BiomesEffects of Latitude and Climate- Weather is a condition of the ____________________at a specific time and place- Latitude is the distance of any point on the surface of the Earth ____________or __________from the equator- How would a biomes latitude impact its weather?

36Terrestrial Biomes___________________- average weather conditions in an area including ______________________ and __________________- Biomes are classified by their plants, temperature and precipitation- Which biome on the graph to the right receives the least amount of annual rainfall?

37Terrestrial Biomes_________________Precipitation: 15-25cm/yrTemperature:-34 to 12 degrees CelsiusLocation: South of the polar ice caps in the Northern hemisphereAbiotic factors: soggy summers; permafrost; cold and dark

38Terrestrial Biomes________________ForestPrecipitation:30-84 cm/yrTemperature: -54 to 21 degrees CelsiusLocation: Northern part of North America, Europe and AsiaAbiotic Factors: short summers, long winters, cold and dry

39Terrestrial Biomes________________ForestPrecipitation: 75-150 cm/yrTemperature: -30 to 30 degrees CLocation: South of the boreal forest in eastern North America, eastern Asia, Australia and EuropeAbiotic factors: summers hot winters cold

40Terrestrial BiomesTemperate ____________Precipitation: 38-100 cm/yrTemperature range: 10 to 40 degrees C Location: Western coast of North and South America, South Africa and AustraliaAbiotic factors: Summers are very hot and dry; winters cool and wet

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Terrestrial BiomesTemperate ____________Precipitation: 50-89 cm/yrTemperature: -40 to 38 degrees CLocation: North America, South America, Asia, Africa and AustraliaAbiotic Factors: summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall

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Terrestrial Biomes_________________Precipitation: 2-26 cm/yrTemperature: high 20 to 49 and low -18 to 10 degrees CLocation: Every continent except EuropeAbiotic Factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall

43Terrestrial BiomesTropical ______________Precipitation: 50-130 cm/yrTemperature: 20 to 30 degrees CLocation: Africa, South America, and AustraliaAbiotic factors: summers are hot and rainy; winters cool and dry

44Terrestrial Biomes_________Seasonal ForestPrecipitation: >200cm/yrTemperature: 20 to 25 degrees CLocation: Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and Central AmericaAbiotic Factors: rainfall Is seasonal

45Terrestrial BiomesTropical ________ForestPrecipitation: 200-1000 cm/yrTemperature: 24 to 27 degrees CLocation: Central and South America, southern Asia, western Africa, and northeast AustraliaAbiotic Factors: humid, hot and wet

46Terrestrial BiomesMountain biomes change with ______________elevation

47Aquatic EcosystemsThe _________zone is shallow enough that sunlight is able to penetrateThe _________zone is an area where sunlight is unable to penetrate

In what zonewould you expect to findmore plant life?Why?

48Aquatic EcosystemsOpen ocean surface has lots of _______________________________Primary producers in open ocean systemsPhotosynthetic plankton accounts for ____% of all photosynthesis on Earth.Pollution destroying plankton eventually will affect atmosphere

49Human Population_____________________- study of human population size, density, distribution, movement and birth and death rates

50Human Population______________Capacity - maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support indefinitely- Scientists are concerned about the human population reaching or exceeding the carrying capacity.

51Threats to Biodiversity_______________________- variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area________________Diversity- number of species and relative abundance of each in a biological community- According to the figure, where is bird species diversity the greatest?

52Threats to BiodiversityFive Factors That Threaten Global Biodiversity:1.) _______________Activities2.) Overexploitation of Species3.) Habitat ____________4.) Pollution5.) __________________Species

53Threats to Biodiversity_______________________- Overexploitation of species that have economic ___________is a factor increasing the rate of extinction- What species are harvested for their economic value?

54Threats to Biodiversity____________________LossNative species of destroyed or disturbed habitats must _______________or will ________Destruction such as clearing of tropical rain forests, has a direct impact on global diversityHabitat ______________________- separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land

55Threats to Biodiversity_____________________Biological magnification:- Increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels _____________________ in a food chain or web- What happens to the concentration of DDT as trophic levels increase?

56Threats to Biodiversity_________________Acid Precipitation:- ___________and _____________ compounds react with water and other substances in the air - this forms sulfuric acid and nitric acid- Where do these sulfur and nitrogen compounds come from?

57Threats to Biodiversity_____________________Species-___________________species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat- Since they often lack predators, they become invasive- Can you think of any other introduced species?

Conserving BiodiversityNatural ________________The consumption rate of natural resources is not ____________distributedWhich country uses the greatest amount of relative resource use?What impact would an industrialized India have on world resource use?

Conserving Biodiversity_______________Resources- resources replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed_______________Resources-resources found on Earth in limited amounts or that that are replaced by natural processes over extremely long periods of time

Conserving Biodiversity__________________Use - using resources at a rate in which they can be ____________or recycled- preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere- Which example of sustainable use is pictured to the right?

Conserving BiodiversityBiodiversity ___________________To be a hot spot:- at least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic or native to that particular region- the region must have lost at least 70% of its original habitatHot spots originally covered ________% of Earths surface- only about a __________of that habitat remainsConservation Efforts:- habitat corridors, bioremediation, habitat restoration and biological augmentation

Conserving BiodiversityHabitat ________________improve the survival of biodiversity create corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragmentsallow animals to pass freely between various habitat fragments

Conserving Biodiversity_________________EcosystemsThe ________________the affected area, the _________ it takes for the biological community to recoverWhat natural disaster labeled to the right has the longest recovery time?What human-caused disaster labeled to the right has the longest recovery time?

Conserving Biodiversity_______________________- use of living organisms to detoxify a polluted area - examples: prokaryotes, fungi or plants - Why are certain types of trees, such as the gingko, planted in urban areas?

Conserving BiodiversityBiological _____________________- ______________natural predators to a degraded ecosystem- what is the drawback of augmenting an ecosystem with too many natural predators?