Unit Three

Unit ThreeThe Revolutionary EraALEX Standards: Describe the rise of absolutism and constitutionalism and their impact on European nations.Identify significant ideas and achievements of scientists and philosophers of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment.Describe the impact of the French Revolution on Europe, including political evolution, social evolution, and diffusion of nationalism and liberalism.Compare revolutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, including Haiti, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico.Absolutism & Divine RightAbsolute monarchs: kings or queens that held all of the power within their nations boundariesDivine right: the idea that God created the monarchy, and monarchs were Gods representation on earth to maintain order

Absolutism in EuropeAn absolute monarch answered to God, but no one else. This power shifted monarchies to be more like dictatorships, because rulers were not accountable to their subjects or advisors, and their word was law.

Growing PowerAfter the Middle Ages, feudalism gave way to national kingdoms, and centralized government.Monarchs helped maintain a peaceful climate for business, and regulated rules for society. The cost being that the ruler had absolute authority over their subjects. After the Reformation, church officials lost their power, leaving room for monarchs to assume even greater control.Crises Encourage AbsolutismEurope experienced a period of upheaval during the 17th century, due to continuous religious and territorial conflicts. These crises pushed monarchs to impose their power to bring order to their nations. In addition to law making and trade regulation, these absolute rulers controlled everything from religious worship to social gatherings. Once they had the power, the monarchs were hesitant to give it up. Their absolute rule came at the price of their subjects freedom.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes and/or textbook to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What is an absolute ruler?What is the idea of divine right?How does the concept of divine right encourage absolutism?How did 17th century crises affect absolutism?Do you think absolutism caused the revolutions in European nations and colonies? Why or why not?

Honors Activity: Rights and RulesEach of you will be given a piece of computer paper.On one side, complete the following sentence: Everyone should have the right toOn the opposite side, complete the following sentence: No one should have the right to When finished, we will stand in a circle and discuss your responses.NOTE: Everyone is entitled to their opinion and you do no have to agree. However, you will be respectful. You can contest a statement, but following logic and not emotion. The Power of SpainCharles V created the Spanish empire, having dominion over Spain, parts of Italy, Austria, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as, the Spanish colonies in the Americas.His son, Phillip II, added to his fathers empire, seizing the kingdom of Portugal, and all their strongholds in Africa and Asia.

Defending CatholicismBoth Charles V and Phillip II were devout Catholics, determined to wipe out the damage inflicted on their religion by the Reformation.Their predecessors had already fought the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, as well as, started the Inquisition, a period of religious cleansing which included interrogating and punishing any non-believers.

The Defeat of the Spanish ArmadaBelieving it was his duty to punish the now Protestant England, Phillip II launched the Spanish Armada in 1588 in an attempt to force the country back to Catholicism. Despite superior numbers and skill, the naval forces of Queen Elizabeth I defeated Phillip IIs fleet. This victory weakened Spain, and made England the strongest European power.

The Fall of SpainAlthough their military forces had been defeated by England, Spain still had a significant amount of wealth pouring in from the American colonies.This wealth, however, caused issues for Spanish citizens, as inflation and taxes increased.

Making Spains Enemies RichGuild: an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craftBusiness in Spain was controlled by guilds that had been in place since the Middle Ages. Goods from guilds were traditionally more expensive, so Spanish citizens bought goods from France, England and the Netherlands, hurting Spains economy.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What territories made up Charles Vs empire?How did Phillip II contribute to his fathers empire?What was the Inquisition?Why did Phillip II launch the Spanish Armada?How did guilds weaken Spains economy?

Honors Activity: Flow ChartThe following is a list of events that contributed to the fall of Spain:Inflation & TaxesGuildsBuying from Enemy MarketsEngland defeats the Spanish ArmadaInquisitionExpanding the EmpireFind a partner and create a flow chart using these events to put them in order and show how one lead to another. When finished, pick the one event you think had the biggest impact on Spains demise and explain why.

A Broken FranceAfter the death of her husband, Henry II, Catherine de Medici tried to maintain power by manipulating the kings sons, all of whom proved unfit to rule.During this time, Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) were constantly at war.

St. Bartholomews Day MassacreIn 1572, a targeted group of assassinations following the marriage of Margaret (Catherine de Medicis daughter) to Henry of Navarre led to the six-week-long slaughter of Huguenots by Catholics.

Henry of NavarreOne of the few royals to survive the massacre was the Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre, inheriting the throne of France in 1589. To help France recover from the religious wars, Henry converted to Catholicism, but also declared that the Huguenots could remain in France and worship in peace via the Edict of Nantes.

Louis XIII & Cardinal RichelieuA fanatic displeased with the policies of religious toleration assassinated Henry IV in 1610, bringing Henrys son, Louis XIII to the throne.Louis was a weak king, so he appointed an administrator, Cardinal Richelieu, to help keep order in France. To protect the king and Catholicism, Richelieu ordered nobles to take down their fortifications, and refused to let Protestant cities build walls.

Questions to Answer: In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:Who are the Huguenots?What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?What did the Edict of Nantes do?Why was Cardinal Richelieu in power?What efforts did Cardinal Richelieu make to protect the king and Catholicism?

Honors Activity: LeadershipList three qualities you would want in a ruler, and three qualities you would not want in a ruler.Honors Activity: LeadershipHypothetically, lets pretend I was gone and instead of a substitute, I chose one of you to watch over the class. Does the person I chose have any of the qualities you listed? Who would you put in their place, according to the qualities you listed?

Cardinal MazarinLouis XIV was a child when he inherited the throne, so Cardinal Mazarin was in control until Louis came of age. Despite his part in ending the Thirty Years War, the French nobles hated Mazarin, because he minimized their power by increasing taxes and centralizing government.The nobles rebelled, but their efforts failed for three reasons:They hated each other more than MazarinThe people were sick of war and didnt support themGovernment fought back using violent oppression

Louis XIVKnown as the Sun King, Louis XIV spent vast amounts of money on himself and the promotion of his reign. He built the Palace of Versailles, so he could show off his wealth and power, but also house the nobility and keep them close.

Louis XIV and the NoblesThe nobles rebellion against Mazarin caused Louis to distrust them, so when he took over in 1661, he made strides to limit their power and influence.Louis also communicated with town leaders and increased the power of intendants: government agents that collect taxes and administered justice

The Bourbon Dynasty & WarAs the descendants of Henry IV, Louis XIII and Louis XIV continued the Bourbon dynasty.When Charles II of Spain died childless, the throne was left to Philip of Anjou (Louis XIVs grandson), another Bourbon. Fearful of the growing French power, the nations of Europe came together to prevent the union of the French and Spanish thrones in a 13-year-long struggle known as the War of the Spanish Succession, which only ended in the compromise known as the Treaty of Utrecht.Death of Louis XIV (1715)Under Louis XIV, France had the strongest military, the greatest influence in art and literature, and the most power in Europe. The flip side was the crushing debt all this progress created. Between the construction of Versailles and the costly wars, the French people were left the burden of paying for Louis XIVs expensive lifestyle. Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What was one reason the nobles failed to supplant Mazarin?What are intendants?Why was Louis XIV known as the sun king?What was one way France was better because of Louis XIV?What was one way France was burdened by Louis XIVs reign?

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)After the Reformation, tensions mounted and people felt the need to choose sides. In 1608, Lutherans joined together to form the Protestant Union, and in response, Catholic princes formed the Catholic League in 1609.Ignited by a revolt in Bohemia, the Thirty Years War was a conflict over religion, territory and power among Europes ruling families.

The HapsburgsThe most prominent family in Europe were the Hapsburgs, who controlled Spain and Austria, as well as, parts of Italy and the Netherlands. Their power meant they played a significant part in the Thirty Years War.

Victories and DefeatsThe first twelve years were littered with Hapsburg triumphs, crushing troops hired by Protestant princes and ending uprisings spurred by the Czechs. The Hapsburg ruler Ferdinand II paid his troops by allowing them to plunder and rob every town they conquered. In 1630, Germany drove the Hapsburg armies out, turning the tide of the war. Shortly after, France joined forces with Germany and Sweden against the Hapsburgs.

Peace of WestphaliaEnding the war in 1648, the Peace of Westphalia included the following amendments:Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and AustriaFrance was awarded territories in GermanyGerman princes were independent of the Holy Roman EmpireEnded religious wars in EuropeIntroduced a new method of negotiations in which all parties meet to decide on terms of peaceModern StatesThe end of the Thirty Years War brought the end to the Catholic empire, and launched an age where the nations of Europe were independent but equal. The rise of the modern state system is the most important result of the Thirty Years War.

Honors Activity: Comparing MapsCompare this map of Europe after the Thirty Years War to the map of Europe today. List at least five differences between the maps, and five similarities. Then, list what reasons there might be for the map changing over the last 350+ years.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What event started the Thirty Years War?What areas did the Hapsburgs control?How did Ferdinand II pay his troops?What country turned the tide of the war?What were two amendments included in the Peace of Westphalia?What was the most important result of the Thirty Years War?

Central European StatesThe countries of central Europe developed differently than those of the west primarily because the nobility maintained all the power, limiting the power of the king and the lower class serfs. Without centralized government and room for expansion, the Ottoman and Holy Roman empires began to decline.

Vacuum of PowerWith the major empires of central and eastern Europe in decline, a power vacuum was left behind, which prominent European families were anxious to fill.Although severely weakened by the Thirty Years War, the Hapsburgs were still in power and hoped to gain back all they had lost. By 1711, Charles VI controlled the lands of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia.

Maria TheresaThough difficult, Charles VI convinced the leaders of Europe to recognize his daughter, Maria Theresa, as the heir to the Hapsburg lands.Despite the peace this agreement should have promised, Maria Theresa fought wars her entire reign.

Fredrick the GreatInheriting the throne from his strict and militant father, Fredrick the Great changed his fathers policies, making policies of religious toleration and legal reform to Prussia.

Seven Years War (1756-1763)Threatened by the growing strength of Prussia, Maria Theresa formed alliances with France and Russia, while Fredrick allied with Britain. The war involved all of Europe, the battles expanded into North America and India, but territories remained unchanged by wars end.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What was one reason the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires started to decline?What areas has Charles VI gained by 1711?How did Maria Theresa inherit the Hapsburg lands?What policies did Fredrick the Great introduce in Prussia?What countries were involved in the Seven years War?

Ivan the TerribleInheriting the throne at the age of 3, young Ivan was forever fighting with the boyars (landowning nobility in Russia) for power.At 16, he had himself crowned czar. His first 13 years of rule were deemed the good period, as Ivan was a just ruler, who won great victories, expanded the borders and developed a code of laws.

Rule by TerrorWhen his wife Anastasia died, Ivan entered the bad period, turning against the boyars and having his police force hunt down and murder anyone he considered to be a traitor. Ivan died in 1584, three years after killing his eldest son in a brawl.

Time of TroublesIvans weaker son proved unfit to rule, and after he died, Russia experienced a period of turmoil known as the Time of Troubles, where boyars struggled for power and imposters tried to claim the throne.In 1613, representatives met to chose the next czar, and they chose Michael Romanov.

Peter the GreatIn 1696, Peter I became the sole ruler of Russia.Peter resolved that Russia would compete with the other European countries in both military and commercial terms, through westernization, or using western Europe as a model for change.

Reforms in RussiaPeter westernized Russia by:Introducing potatoes Starting a newspaperRaised womens statusOrdered nobility to embrace western fashionOpened schools for navigation, arts and sciencesEstablishing St. Petersburg as the capital and a seaport city

Activity: Absolute RulerOn your sheet, record your answers to the following ideas to determine what kind of ruler you would be. Step One - TitleFirst, pick a name or title for yourself. You do not need to use your real name, but include it somewhere so I know you did the assignment.

Step Two - Good TraitsFrom the following list, pick two traits that you would want as a leader:KindCharismatic (everyone likes you)Empathetic (understanding/compassionate)IntelligentEloquent (well-spoken)WealthyLuckyStep Three Bad TraitsPick one bad trait for yourself, knowing that it can not be the opposite of the good traits youve already chosen:GreedyNarcissistic (self-centered)UnluckyUnintelligentEvilLoner (nobody likes you)

Step Four Feared or Loved?As a ruler, would you rather be feared or loved? Why?Step Five Power or Security?In your kingdom, would you rather have complete power or complete security? Why?Step Six Land or People?Would you rather have a lot of land in your kingdom, or a lot of people? Why?

Step Seven Solo Rule or Help?Would you rather make all the decisions or have a panel of advisors to help you?Step Eight Dynasty or Legacy?Would you rather have your name carried on through the generations by your descendants or by your works during your reign? Why?Step Nine Isolation or Allies?Would you rather have a group of allies to help you in times of trouble, knowing that you must do the same for them, or be left alone by the outside world? Why?Step Ten - ResultsBased on your responses, determine whether or not you would be an absolute ruler. Do you consider the thoughts and opinions of others? Do you want to hold all the power? Do you care what other people think? Do you think you would be successful? Why or why not? Explain using your choices from steps two through nine. Share!Step Eleven - CrestOn the back of your sheet, draw a crest that represents the attributes youve chosen and will be the image of your rule.Symbolism is key!

James I and Charles IAfter the death of Queen Elizabeth I, her successor, James I, had to deal with the debt she left behind, as well as, a rough relationship with Parliament.Charles I took the throne when his father James I died in 1625. Still in debt, Charles I struggled to get Parliament to give him more money to fund his wars with Spain and France.

Petition of RightParliament refused to give Charles I money unless he signed the Petition of Right, which included the following guidelines:No imprisonment without due causeNo taxes could be levied without Parliaments consentNo housing soldiers in private homesNo martial law imposed during peacetime

English Civil War (1642-1649)Charles signed the Petition of Right, but refused to accept it, turning both Parliament and the people against him. The few who supported Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers. The Puritans, who Charles offended by his oppressive Anglican-based laws, supported Parliament were called Roundheads.

Oliver CromwellWhen neither side gained ground, the Puritans found a new general, Oliver Cromwell, who developed the New Model Army to defeat the Cavaliers.In 1647, the captured the king and held him prisoner, until deciding to execute him in 1649.Cromwell dissolved the monarchy and established a republican form of government in England.As a Puritan, Cromwell made laws that promoted morality and abolished those that promoted sinful behavior.

RestorationCromwells government collapsed after his death. Sick of military rule, a new Parliament was selected, and they voted Charles son to rule.Parliament also passed the law of habeas corpus (charges for a prisoner would be written and specified by a judge before punishment is dealt).

Glorious RevolutionWhen Charles II dies, the throne is left to his brother James II, a Catholic. Fearful of a line of Catholic kings, Protestants encourage his daughter and her husband, Mary and William of Orange, to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. They succeed.

Constitutional MonarchyAlthough William and Mary are crowned, but they share power with Parliament - a form of government known as a constitutional monarchy. A Bill of Rights was drafted in 1689:No suspending Parliaments lawsNo levying taxes without permission No interfering with freedom of speechNo penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievancesQuestions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:Why did Charles I struggle to get Parliament to give him money for his wars?What clauses were included in the Petition of Right?What were the supporters of Charles I called? What were the supporters of Parliament called?What kind of government did Oliver Cromwell establish? What kind of laws did Cromwell make and why?What is habeas corpus?Why did William and Mary overthrow James II?What is a constitutional monarchy?What clauses were included in the Bill of Rights?

ALEX Standards#6 Identify significant ideas and achievements of scientists and philosophers of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment.

Birth of Modern SciencePrior to the 1600s, few scholars published anything that challenged the ideas of Ancient philosophers or the church. During the Scientific Revolution, new theories arose, and people began exploring the world around them. The scientific method was developed and practiced in the realms of math, chemistry, anatomy, physics, and astronomy.

Center of the UniverseAccording to both the Ancient Greeks and the Bible, the Earth was the center of the universe (geocentric theory), but Nicolaus Copernicus challenged this claim, arguing that the planets and stars revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory).Fearful of how the public would react, Copernicus only published his findings right before he died. His assistants, Brahe and Kepler, monitored his theory and proved it through mathematics.

The Church Fights BackWhen a theory went against biblical ideas or teachings, the Church quickly acted against those scientists.After publishing findings that supported Copernicus, Galileo Galilei was put under house arrest until his death.

Isaac NewtonNewton brought together all of the ideas of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler to create the laws of motion, published in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.He described the universe as giant clock, set in motion by God.

Honors Activity: Heliocentric vs. GeocentricDraw and describe the difference between heliocentric and geocentric theories. Include and label the sun and all the planets. PS: Include Pluto.

Questions to AnswerIn complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:Prior to the 1600s, what two things were never challenged?What is geocentric theory?What is heliocentric theory?Why did Copernicus wait to publish his findings?What caused Galileo to be put under house arrest?What did Newton publish in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?

EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.This movement threatened both religion, government, and power, bringing great change to western civilization.

Thomas HobbesConvinced by the English Civil War that people are naturally selfish and wicked, Thomas Hobbes theorized that people established a social contract, in which people exchange their rights and freedoms for law and order.

John LockeJohn Locke believed people were good and born with three natural rights life, liberty, and property. It was the governments job to protect these rights, and if they didnt, the citizens had a right to overthrow it.This concept fueled every revolution of this era, and encouraged the spread of democracy.

VoltaireUsing the pen name Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet published over 70 works criticizing the government, the aristocracy and the Church.Through satire (use of irony, sarcasm and wit to attack folly, vice or stupidity), Voltaire fought for justice, tolerance, and reason.

MontesquieuDrawing from the constitutional monarchy in Britain, the Baron de Montesquieu argued for the separation of powers, including a system of checks and balances which ensure no one person has complete control.

BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria believed that laws existed to promote social order, not avenge crimes. His ideas are the foundation of the modern justice system.

WollstonecraftIn her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft advocated for equal rights and privileges for women, particularly education.

Honors Activity: Bill of RightsConsider the philosophers we just discussed. What sections of our Bill of Rights, Constitution or Declaration of Independence were inspired by their ideas?Ex. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment=BeccariaQuestions to AnswerIn complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What was the Enlightenment?What is the social contract?What are Lockes three natural rights?What is satire?Whose ideas inspired the modern justice system? What did Wollstonecraft fight for?

Honors Activity: Revolution ComparisonIn groups of two or three, you will read the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the documents defining the American and French Revolutions. On a separate sheet of paper, each of you will record similarities and differences found in these two documents. At least 20 total.Then, suggest any amendments you would add or articles you would remove to bring these documents into the 21st century. What would make you revolt today and why? How would you fix it?Activity: Revolution ComparisonIn complete sentences, read the texts and answer the following questions:What three things are the sole cause of public calamities and the corruption of governments?What may be founded only upon the general good?Where does the principle of all society reside?What four rights are the natural and imprescriptible rights of man?What is liberty, according to the text?What is the only thing laws can do?Are all citizens equal in the eyes of the law? How must a citizen react to being summoned or arrested?What kind of punishments shall the law provide for?In what words does this document declare freedom of religion?Why are public military forces established? What right does society have to require of all public agents?What does the text say about a society in which observance of the laws in not assured?What kind of right is property?Read the Declaration of Independence. Find five ways the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen is similar to it.

The Old RegimeThe people of France were divided into three social classes, or estates. The Clergy The Nobility 2% of population, owning 20% of the land and paying no taxesThe Commoners 97% of the population

The Third EstateWithin the Third Estate were three smaller groups, divided by profession and wealth.Bourgeoisie well-educated, lower nobles who believed in the ideas of the EnlightenmentUrban workers tradesmen and apprentices who were paid low wages and frequently out of work Peasantry 80% of population, lost half of their wages to noble dues, church fees and taxes

Reasons for RevolutionEnlightenment Ideas new ideas about government and society spread across France, encouraging the disgruntled people of the Third Estate to rise upEconomic Troubles the extravagant spending of the kings and queens of France sank the country into crushing debtWeak Leader Louis XVI was indecisive and slow to respond, leaving problems alone that needed immediate actions

Revolution BeginsAfter attempting to wield power over the upper classes, the Third Estate proclaimed themselves the National Assembly and decided they would be the ones to pass laws and reforms for the people of France. Seeing that the Third Estate was trying to end absolute rule, King Louis XVI locked them out of their meeting rooms. Instead, the group met at a nearby tennis court, refusing to leave until they drafted a new constitution. This pledge was called the Tennis Court Oath.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, use your notes to answer the following questions, to be turned in at the end of class:What are the three estates?Who were the bourgeoisie?What were the three causes of the revolution?What did the National Assembly decide?What is the Tennis Court Oath?

Storming the BastilleAfter the Tennis Court Oath, Louis XVI ordered guards to surround Versailles.Rumors spread, and people began to gather weapons to defend themselves. On July 14, a mob searching for gunpowder stormed the Bastille, freeing the prisoners and savagely killing the guards.

Great FearRebellion spread and nobles started hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants.Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their family left Versailles, but their escape plan failed. Nobles feared for their lives. France was now under mob rule.

Liberty and Justice, but not for AllThe National Assembly disbanded the Old Regime and drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, securing the freedoms of speech and religion.Olympe de Gouges rephrased this document to include rights for women, but was rejected and executed.

WarAlarmed by the situation in France, Austria and Prussia fought to restore absolute rule. They threatened to destroy Paris if any harm befell the royal family.In response, the revolutionaries imprisoned the royal family and massacred nobles.Jacobins, a group of radical political activists, promised death to anyone who supported the king. Their beliefs spread, and Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and beheaded.

Reign of TerrorNot everyone was satisfied with the new government. Peasants were horrified by the kings execution and priests did not want to accept government control. A Jacobin leader who had once been a lawyer for the Third Estate, Maximilien Robespierre, slowly gained power and used it to wipe out Frances past. Believing that religion was dangerous, Robespierre and other radicals agreed to remove Sundays from the calendar and close all churches in France.Robespierre was made the leader for the Committee of Public Safety, and governed France like a dictator. Hoping to keep the people of France true to the virtues of the Revolution, he began executing all those he deemed a threat to the new order, in what is known as the Reign of Terror. In one year, over 40,000 people were slaughtered by guillotine, most of whom were peasants for whom the revolution had started.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, read the notes and answer the following questions:Why did a mob storm the Bastille?What was the Great Fear?What freedoms did the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen secure?Who was Olympe de Gouges?How did the National Assembly take over the Church?What are migrs and sans-culottes?Why was the National Convention formed?Who were Jacobins and what did they promise?What is a guillotine?What countries fought against France?Who was Maximilien Robespierre? What was the Reign of Terror?

Napoleon

Birth/DeathBorn: August 15, 1769 in CorsicaParents: Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer, and his wife, Letizia RamolinoDied: May 5, 1821 in St. Helena from stomach ulcers (maybe cancer)

Military ExperienceSent to a military academy at the age of 10Graduated at age 16Became an artillery lieutenantRose through the ranks of the French ArmyPut in control of the Army of Italy, where he helped expand the French Empire

Part in the French RevolutionJoined the military forces on the side of the revolutionBecame a trusted military advisor to the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre

First Consul and EmperorUnder the new constitution, there was a position for first consul (basically a dictator) which Napoleon filled. Although he was elected consul for life, he declared himself emperor in 1804. Napoleon expanded his empire to include parts of Holland, Italy, Naples, Sweden, Spain and Westphalia.

Napoleonic CodeForbade privileges based on birthAllowed freedom of religion Stated that government jobs must be given to the most qualified

Personal LifeIn 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais.In 1809, after Napoleon had no offspring of his own with Josephine, he had their marriage annulled.In 1810, he wed Marie Louise, the daughter of the emperor of Austria. She gave birth to their son, Napoleon II in 1811. In addition to his son with Marie Louise, Napoleon had several illegitimate children.

Times in ExileAfter a string of crushing defeats, Napoleon was forced to abdicate his throne in 1814. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was sent to the island of Elba, but he escaped and reclaimed his throne less than a year later.Upon Napoleons return to France, a coalition of alliesthe Austrians, British, Prussians- began to prepare for war. Napoleons forces were obliterated at the Battle of Waterloo, and again he had to abdicate his throne. The British exiled him to the island of St. Helena where he died. Congress of ViennaAfter the havoc caused by Napoleon, the leaders of Europe wanted to establish security and stability throughout the continent.A series of meetings, known as the Congress of Vienna, were set up to create these policies.

Containing FranceThe Congress took the following steps to make the weak countries surrounding France stronger:The former Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic were united to form the Kingdom of the NetherlandsA group of 39 German states were joined together to form the German Confederation, dominated by AustriaSwitzerland was recognized as an independent nation

LegitimacyThe rulers agreed that the ruler who had lost their thrones to Napoleon should be reinstated, believing that the return of the monarchs would end any political turmoil.

Latin American SocietyDivided into classes:Peninsulares: Spanish-born colonists, could hold high officeCreoles: children of peninsulares, could hold military positions but not governmentMulattos: those with mixed European and African ancestrySlavesNative Americans

Haitian RevolutionBrutally treated by their masters, the enslaved Africans of the French colony of St. Domingue outnumbered the colonists 10 to 1.Touissant LOverture rose as a leader when the slaves revolted in 1791After LOuvertures capture by French troops, his second in command, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared the colony an independent country in 1804, naming it Haiti

Other Latin American RevoltsFollowing the success of Haitian independence, other revolts spread into South America.Simon Bolivar, a wealthy creole, gathered troops and won independence for Venezuela in 1821.Joining with Bolivar, Jose de San Martin lead troops through South America, gaining independence Columbia, Panama and Ecuador by 1824.

Mexican IndependenceMiguel Hildago, a poor but well-educated priest inspired by the Enlightenment, called the peasants of the village to his church and issued a cry for rebellion.Although Hildagos followers failed their first rebellion, they rallied again under Jose Maria Morelos, who fights for independence for four years before he is also defeated.Ironically, the man who defeats Morelos, Austin de Iterbide, declares Mexico an independent country in 1821.

Questions to Answer:In complete sentences, read the notes and answer the following questions:What were the five classes in Latin American society?Who were the two leaders that helped establish independence for Haiti?Who gained independence for Venezuela?What three countries gained independence through Bloivar and San Martin?What three men helped Mexico become an independent nation?

Revolutionary IdeasDespite the peace established at the Congress of Vienna, the people of Europe were not happy with absolute rule, and new ideas took hold.

Clash of PhilosophiesConservative: argued for protecting the monarchies of Europe, usually because they were wealthy nobles who benefited from their ruleLiberal: wanted elected officials and the right to vote to extend to landowners and educated individuals, typically the middle classRadical: wanted democracy to spread to everyone

Rise of NationalismWith the clashing of political ideologies came a new movement which encouraged people to have loyalty to the nation, as well as, the common culture and history that defines it. This is known as nationalism.

Challenging ConservativesGreece and Belgium gained their independence by challenging the conservative powers of Europe and forming more democratic, independent nations.

Radicals and ReformsAfter the fall of the new French king Louis-Phillipe, the nephew of the great emperor, Louis-Napoleon was elected president in 1848, but took the title of emperor four years later. His policies helped rebuild France. When his father lost the Crimean War, Alexander II hoped to revolutionize Russia by installing policies to bring Russia into the future.