unit one the history of theater
DESCRIPTION
Aristotle’s Elements of Drama Thought or Theme- the central idea explored by the playwright (embodies a truth about life) Plot- the story of the play (protagonist’s conflict with an opposing force) Action- central action of the play (a decision is made by protagonist)TRANSCRIPT
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Theater NotesUnit One
The History of Theater
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Aristotle’s Elements of Drama Thought or Theme- the central idea explored
by the playwright (embodies a truth about life) Plot- the story of the play (protagonist’s
conflict with an opposing force) Action- central action of the play (a decision
is made by protagonist)
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Aristotle’s Elements of Drama Diction- the language of the play (includes
style, dialect, rhythm, and actual words) Sound- everything heard by the audience
(words and sound effects) Spectacle- everything the audience sees
(scenery, blocking, costumes, dance)
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Theater NotesUnit Two
Observation
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Observation Sense memory- memory that uses all five
senses to recapture an experience
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What is Pantomime? A dramatic performance in which a story is
told or a theme is developed through expressive body or facial movement From the Greek “pantos mimos” which means “we
can act anything” Invented in Rome and based in nature
Animals often pantomime messages, and this is the first mode of communication for humans
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Pantomime Mime- a shortened term that refers to pantomime or
someone performing a pantomime You must have mental and physical strength and body
control
Cheating out- turning body partially towards audience while in dialogue to allow audience to see facial expression and hear voice
Motivation- the reason behind a character’s words and movements on stage
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The Rules of Movement When onstage, movement must always be
motivated by the intentions of your character. Know why you move.
Movement must be simplified.
Movement must be heightened from real life. Remember, every action counts.
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The Rules of Movement Movement must delineate character. It tells
the audience who your character is and develops your relationships with others.
Movement must be towards audience. Keep your body “open”-remember to cheat out.
Adjust to the movement of others. Never upstage another actor.
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How to Move Entering- be in position and ready to enter.
Keep your head up. Make sure you can’t see the house seats (if you can, then the audience can see you).
Walking- Create a walk for your character, whether it be normal, jittery, labored, tired, etc.
Standing- stay still, as every movement matters on stage. Fidgeting looks like nervousness.
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How to Move Turning- make all turns towards audience. Sitting- be comfortable but don’t slouch unless
required by your character. Rising- Know when you are supposed to stand
and remain in control of your movements. Gestures- be strong and definite with all
movement. Weak gestures look half hearted or unsure.
Exiting- Stay in character until you are entirely offstage.
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Movement Onstage- whatever is literally on the stage Offstage- anything not on the stage Blocking- major movements of an actor on
stage Stage Business- minor movements of an
actor on stage Upstaging- taking audience attention away
from another actor
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Warm Ups Articulation- Clearly pronounced words
Focus on the clear presence of all consonants and well as the pure formation of vowels
Vocalization- warming up vocal chords by making sounds that imitate the lengthened vowels heard in song
Singing without words
Routine- a series of actions that can be repeated
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Stage Fright The feeling of nervousness before or during a
performance Caused by a rush of adrenaline (fight or flight)
How to Deal? Be prepared- know your plan (your lines, your blocking) and have
you character’s thoughts and behaviors firmly in your mind; set your props
Good Posture- this will give the audience an impression of confidence
Breath! Use relaxation techniques- use that extra adrenaline in a way you
can control Change the way you react- some actors use that adrenaline to
boost their performance on stage
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Improvisation Improvisation- scenes in which actors make up dialogue and
action on the spot
Dialogue- speech between two or more characters
Ensemble- a group of actors working together as a team (rather than focusing on individuals)
Etiquette- appropriate behavior
Set- to establish definite movements and lines (*also, scenery on stage)
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The Rules of Improv Do your best to add to the scene. Don’t
make others pick up your slack. Find reality in the scene, even in the craziest
of the crazy. Take your time. Stay in character. Laughing (when not
appropriate for scene), making personal comments, or denying the reality of the scene will hurt the scene.
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Audience Ettiquette(In class and in life) Dress appropriately. Never take pictures. Do not put your feet on the seat in front of
you. Do not talk (don’t even whisper). It is rude. Do not unwrap things (like candy or gum)
during a show. Do not ask to leave unless it is an
emergency.
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Audience Ettiquette Arrive early and turn off anything that makes
noise. DO NOT RECEIVE OR MAKE CALLS OR TEXT DURING A PERFORMANCE.
Remove your hat. Don’t leave until the house lights come on. Applaud performers during their curtain calls
and bows. Save standing ovations for truly deserving performances.
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Voice Production and Articulation Inflection- variety of vocal pitch that usually
suggests speaker’s mood or attitude Project- to increase voice or actions so they
will carry to audience Diaphragm- the muscle below the rib cage
that aids in voice projection and sustainment
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Theater NotesUnit Three
Building Character
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Character Analysis Protagonist- the main character; typically, audience
empathy is with this person Antagonist- a main character who opposes the
protagonist External Traits- characteristics that make up
physical appearance Internal Traits- characteristics that make up
personality Dual Role- the actor’s two realities on stage (actor
as actor and actor as character)
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Character Analysis Conflict- the dramatic opposition of the
protagonist with society, with peers, or with self
Objectives- goals Obstacle- anything that gets in the way of an
objective Outcome- result Stakes- the consequences that result from an
outcome
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Character Development Cue- the last words or action of one actor that
immediately precede another actor’s speech; signal for light changes, curtain, etc.
Cue Pickup- awareness of a cue Denouement- the outcome of the main
conflict in a drama Fourth Wall- the imaginary wall through which
the audience views the play
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Character Development Act- the main sections of a play Scene- a part of an act of a play Realistic Play- a play that imitates real life Nonrealistic Play- characters are exaggerated Presentational- a style of play in which the actor
speaks directly to audience Representational- a theatrical style in which the
actor is unaware that the audience is watching
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Dramatic Roles Drama- literature written to be performed Tragedy- a drama in which a protagonist
struggles against some force Melodrama- an overly dramatic play that
focuses on cliff-hanging action and intense emotion over character development and motivation
Tragic Flaw- a weakness in a character that ultimately causes protagonist’s destruction
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How to Build Dramatic Characters
The actor must convey: Strong characterization Emotional intensity Simplicity of objective motivation
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Comedic Roles Comedy- a play that ends happily with an
amusement treatment of life Low- comedy that is physical or sometimes vulgar Middlebrow- comedy based on plot and sentimental
situations (romantic or situation comedies) High- comedy such as satire or manners that makes fun of
political situations, cultural habits, and social standards Comedy of manners- makes fun of attitudes of the
wealthy (originated in 1600s)
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Comedic Roles Farce- a physical comedy that exaggerates
situations until that are hardly believable Parody- imitate in a humorous way Satire- comedy that ridicules the foolish
behavior of certain people Rule of Three- the belief that pratfalls,
accidents, and misunderstandings designed to make the audience laugh are only funny three times in a row
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How to Control the Giggles Tell yourself the situation is laughable. Let
your character be overtaken by disbelief. As the character tell yourself, through actions
and gestures, that you cannot believe the circumstances.
Turn your laughter into a character trait. Become a character who laughs uncontrollably. This should be a last resort.
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Monologue Monologue- a long speech delivered by one
person Soliloquoy- a speech in which one actor
speaks aloud, stating his or her inner thoughts
Aside- words spoken by an actor on stage so that the audience can hear them but the other actors on stage cannot
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Monologue On book- when an actor has not memorized
lines Off book- when an actor has memorized
lines, cues and blocking Run lines- to recite the lines of a play without
blocking Run through- a rehearsal during which an
entire scene, act, or play is done without stopping
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Monologue Emoting- expressing emotions Fall- the loss of character while on stage Illusion of the first time- the action on stage
seems spontaneous and fresh, as if done for the first time
Convention- an implied agreement by the audience to accept an artistic reality for an everyday reality
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Stage Etiquette- Actors Be on time to rehearsals and performances. Know your lines- the sooner the better, but
definitely by your off book date. Pick up your cues. Don’t step on another
actor’s lines or upstage them. Don’t steal attention during another actor’s
lines by over gesturing, moving, or over emoting.
Cover up for an actor who loses lines.
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Theater NotesUnit 4
The Production Staff
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The Playwright Exposition- the beginning (who, where, what) Conflict- the event that starts the action of the
play Rising Action- build up of tension (obstacles) Crisis- moment when things could get better
or worse Climax- high point of play’s tension Falling Action- wrap up of loose ends Resolution- end of story (result of action)
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The Playwright Archetype- a character who represents a
certain stereotype (can symbolize universal ideas about human behavior)
Epic- a long narrative poem that tells the story of a hero and his travels
Workshop- a collaborative meeting used to analyze and develop a play
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The Director and Producer Director-a person who interprets a play,
casts, blocks, and helps actors create their characters
Dramaturg- person who assists in play’s production (script evaluation, historical research)
Rehearsals- set practice times during which director blocks scenes and then directs characterization
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The Director and Producer Director’s Duties
Getting Started- Auditioning, Setting rehearsal schedule, developing artistic vision for play
Reading and Researching Assembling the Team Assembling the Tools (Prompt or Director’s Book) Following the Schedule
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Stage Etiquette- Directors Set schedules at least one week in advance
and stick to it. Be respectful of the opinions and ideas of
other actors and staff members. Be positive. Encourage your cast to do their
best.
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The Director and Producer Producer- person who finds financial backing
for play, chooses director, and oversees the daily business
Royalties- money paid to the rights holder of a play (must be paid in order to perform play)
The Producer’s Duties Pay Royalties Publicize! Create Program
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The Director and Producer House Manager- Manages house (ticket
sales and concessions, ushers, opening and closing of house, and programs)
House- the seating within the theater; the audience
Front of House- the ticket booth, concessions, and lobby
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The Director and Producer Auditions- trying out for roles in a show Callbacks- second round of auditions Cutting- a selection of dialogue used during
an audition Cold reading- auditions for which actors did
not get to pre-read the script or cutting Understudy- an actor who learns a role as a
backup for a main actor
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The Director and Producer Casting- the selection of actors for roles Cameo- a one-scene part in a show Strike- to break down the set at a show’s
close Mark- the mark (in blocking) from which an
actor delivers lines Spike- the spot (marked with tape) where set
pieces are placed for a given scene
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Blocking Aesthetic Balance- the equal placement of actors on
stage Symmetrical Balance- equal number of actors on
stage, equidistant from center Asymmetrical Balance- use of positioning to balance
an unequal number of actors Direct Focus- when several actors look at one
specific actor Counter Focus- when actors look from one to
another
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Blocking Open Stance- full front Floor Plan- a diagram of the walls, doors,
windows, and furniture to be placed on stage Unity- a balance in the variety and kinds of
movement in a play
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Stage Combat Hair pulling- one actor grabs another’s hair; actor
being grabbed takes actor’s wrist and goes with movement
Slaps and Punches- one actor aims to hit near victim; the other performs a hidden clap and reels backward with motion
Stabbing- actor stabs a spot near victim (like armpit) Falling- stay relaxed and break fall with knees,
torso, arms, and head Dying- tense immediately and move towards wound
(intense); be short of breath
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Theater NotesUnit 5
Technical Theater
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Set Design Minimal Set- a set made of two or three fold flats
that create walls Permanent Set- a set that remains in place
throughout production Prism Set- a set made of triangles of flats on wheels Unit Set- a set made of pieces that can be
rearranged Box Set- consists of two or three walls and a ceiling Curtain Set- uses a wall or drapery at the back of
the set
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Set Design Cyclorama- a curtain that covers the back walls and
the sides of the stage Flat- basic unit of stage scenery Drop- a curtain the width of the stage painted to
represent scenery Scrim- a gauze like curtain used as a drop (lighting) Teaser- a heavy curtain that adjusts proscenium
height Deck- the stage floor Apron- the area of the stage in front of act curtain
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ColorsRed= Passionate, Angry, Agressive
Pink= Childlike, Romantic, Feminine
Violet= Royal, Mystic
Blue= Tranquil, Spiritual, Sad
Green= Natural, Youthful, Jealous
Yellow= Happy, Childlike,
Cowardly, Ill
Orange= Lively, Cheerful
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Lighting Functions of Lighting
Visibility Emphasis and mood Logical representation (of sunlight, headlights)
Blackout- a light cue in which entire stage is blackened
Light Designer- the person who designs lighting based on multiple readings of script
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Sound Sound Technician- person who runs the
sound during a show Public Domain- a work that belongs to the
public and is free for use Purposes of Sound
Amplify actors’ voices Supply underscoring and dramatic music To provide realism through sound effects
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Sound Amplifier- device that provides power supply for
speakers Body Mic- microphone worn on actor’s body Crash Box- a heavy box filled with broken objects
and used for sound effects Equalizer- a device that blends various frequencies Sound Board- device that controls incoming sounds
and allows for mixing and manipulation
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Costumes Costume Designer- person who creates the
costume plot and then collects or builds the costumes
Elements of Style Fabric Color- must be in harmony or contrast with set and
identify relationships Decoration- trim on the pieces as well as accessories
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Costumes Build- to make a costume Pull- to find a costume in costume closet Rent/Borrow- to rent or borrow from another
company Costume Plot- list of every character and costume
for each scene Costume Parade- trying on costumes to determine
comfort, movement, and lighting Modified Authenticity- when a costume looks period
but isn’t from the actual time period
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Makeup Cake- pressed makeup Acetone- used to remove spirit gum Crème- foundation with an oil base Crepe Hair- fake hair made of wool Putty Wax- wax used to reshape areas of the face Spirit Gum- an adhesive used to attach things to
face Stippling- adding texture with short application
strokes Collodion- liquid used to make scars
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Makeup Straight Makeup- enhances natural features
and coloring Clean your face Apply foundation Add shadows- the cheek hollows, the jaw line, crease
above eye, the sides of nose Add highlights- directly under eyebrow, cheekbone,
ridge of nose, chin Accent eyes and brows Apply blush and lip color
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Makeup Character Makeup- makeup that drastically
changes an actor’s appearance Eyes and brows- eyebrows should hint at character’s
emotion or role in show Crepe Hair Nose and Mouth- Putty wax and spirit gum Beards and Mustaches Scars Missing teeth- black tooth enamel or wax Stage blood
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Makeup Aged Makeup- makeup to make an actor look older
Shadow eye sockets, indentations below cheekbones, hollows at temples, sides of nose, corners of mouth, jaw and chin, depressions on neck
Highlight over each eyebrow, in each cheek, at chin point, along lower jaw line, at throat
Use brown liner to create wrinkles at forehead, between eyebrows and outer eye corners, smile lines
Highlight below all wrinkles Blend! Thin out lips with stippling and darker reddish color Whiten hair and eyebrows
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Props Properties Master/Mistress- the person who
creates the props plot and then organizes all props
Props Plot- a list of props needed for each scene
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Types of Props Decorative- details on stage, such as
paintings, newpapers, and curtains Set dressing- anything that adds to the visual
representation on stage; another word for decorative props
Hand- items used directly by the actors during shows, like letters and telephones
Set- items used to create the set, such as furniture, carpeting, and light fixtures
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Stage Etiquette- Technical Staff Keep tools in their proper place when not in
use. When you use things, put them back. Maintain respect for the needs of others on
the stage (i.e. actors). Be careful when using tools. Be careful for
your own safety and the safety of those around you.
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Theater NotesUnit 6
Theatre Beyond the Stage
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Musical Theatre Musical- dramatic production accompanied
by song and dance Musical Comedy- a comedic drama set to
song and dance (popular in 1920s) Choreographer- designer of show’s dance
numbers Music Director- director of actors, singers,
and dancers in music
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Musical Theatre Chorus- a group of signer who provide
backup vocals for principal performers Principals- actors in major roles Production Numbers- elaborate song and
dance sequences in which most of cast performs
Straight Plays- nonmusical plays
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How to Choose a Musical? Money- consider royalties, costumes, props,
and sets. How much will you need to spend? How much will you need to earn to break even?
Space- how much room will be available for dance numbers? How much will be available for storage (of costumes, props, and set pieces)?
Cast- do you have singers and dancers able to do what is required for that show?
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Other Theatre Forms Multimedia- using more than one medium on
stage at one time Nonlinear- not chronological Performance Art- unstructured dramatic
events in which movement, music, improvisation, and games are presented
Reader’s Theater- seated actors read aloud from a script
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Stage to Film Screenplay- a text that has been written for
performance as a film; includes dialogue, audio information, and camera shots
Adaptation- a text modified from its original version to another version
Storyboard- a series of sketches that depict the chronological sequence of a film
Takes- shots recorded to film
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Differences between Stage and Film Acting- While theatre requires big, broad
gestures, the film actor can utilize more refined and nuanced expressions
Makeup- While stage makeup can take off or add years, age cannot be easily hidden on film (film makeup must pass the close up test).
Voice and sound- There is not the need for projection to the back of the theater on film.
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Differences betweenStage and Film Takes- When filming, an actor can have
numerous takes to perfect a scene; on stage, an actor only has one chance to get a scene “right”.
Continuity- As scenes may be filmed over a number of days, all aspects of the scene, from makeup to costumes to orientation (if an actor held a cup in right hand during one shot, it must remain in that hand) must match.
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Differences betweenStage and Film Sequence- While a play is performed from
beginning to end, a film may be filmed out of sequence, dependent upon what makes sense (financially best to film all location shots at once; if an actor must have short hair at beginning of film and long at end, filming end prior to change is best).
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Film vs. StageFilm allows for a more focused and
subtle performance. The intimacy factor- film actors can
speak softly and make small gestures to create subtle nuances in emotion
Because the audience’s vision is focused by the camera’s lens, the director has more control over the way the film in viewed.
In film there is more opportunity to use the visual communication modes.
Film can jump through space and time.
Stage allows for a more interactive atmosphere.
Audiences are active participants, as their reactions affect the actors on stage, and vice versa.
Theatre is multidimensional, as audience members are forced to look around the stage.
Theatre utilizes multimedia in set design, lighting, sound, and costuming.
Every performance is unique, as every actor is performing live. Each performance will be different, allowing for multiple views with multiple interpretations.
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Movies Development- the creation of a script and the
plan by which the film will be produced Producer usually hires/approves of director,
hires/approves of screenwriters or script, and secures financial resources needed to make film
Working packet- what the producer uses to bring in investors
Working script- a script in progress Preliminary budget List of artists most likely to work on film
Investors pay production costs and advertising; they hope to earn that back plus a percentage of film’s earnings
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Movies Preproduction- the phase of filmmaking that must be
completed before the film is shot Casting (producer, director, and casting director) Finalization of filming schedule and budget (production
manager) Creation of shooting script- a version of the script in which
each shot is tracked by a number and type
It is important to note that not all preproduction schedules allow for a rehearsal period. Because film actors are provided numerous takes, the need for rehearsal is not as crucial as when preparing a stage production
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Movies Production- the phase of filmmaking during which
the film is shot Soundstage- the location in a studio where the
production of a film is shot Backlot- the outdoor lot where sets are created Postproduction- the phase of filmmaking during
which the editor does his or her work Rough cut- the “first draft” of a film Final cut- the finished film