Questions from this Presentation1. Principles of growth and Development-Explain2. Factor that influence growth and development.3. Classification of Play-Explain4. Physical Growth and Developmental milestones during infancy.5. 4. Physical Growth and Developmental milestones during toddlers, pre-schooler, School-age child and adolescent age.

Growth and Development

Definitions of Growth and DevelopmentGrowthIncrease in physical size of a whole or any of its parts, or an increase in number and size of cells: Growth can be measured DevelopmentA continuous, orderly series of conditions that leads to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behavior

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Principles of G&DOccurs in an orderly sequenceDevelopment is DirectionalIndividualized each child is uniqueDevelopment is interrelatedDevelopment becomes increasingly differentiated.Development becomes increasingly integrated and complex

Patterns of Growth and DevelopmentCephalocaudal Pattern (head to toe)Proximodistal Pattern (from center outward)

Periods of greatest growthA rapid pace from birth to 2 yearsA slower pace from 2 years to pubertyA rapid pace from puberty to approximately 15 yearsA sharp decline from 16 years to approximately 24 years when full adult size is reached

Factors that Influence Growth and DevelopmentGeneticsEnvironmentCultureNutritionHealth statusFamilyParental attitudesChild-rearing philosophies

Genetic influences on growth and developmentpattern, rate, rhythm and extent:governed by genes interplaying with environmentintrauterine life extremely important in growth and healthy development of the child

Environmental influencesfamily compositionfamily position in societyfamily socioeconomic statusknowledge of the familyavailability of healthy diets housingdiseases present in family and child

Cultural influencesMust be considered when assessing growth and developmentCustoms vs. work demands from different cultures

Nutritional influencesBegins during the prenatal periodLBW/preterm can result from poor prenatal nutritionSocio-economics may impact growth

Classification of PlayFunctional or Practice playInvolves repetitive muscle movementsInfant plays with objects making use of their properties to produce pleasurable effectsSymbolic playChild incorporates some object, uses a theme, and then play the role that each player will haveGamesIncludes rules and usually played by more than one personMainly used by school-age child and helps to learn boundaries, teamwork, taking turns, and competition

Social Aspects of PlaySolitary playParallel PlayAssociative playCooperative PlayOnlooker Play

Solitary PlayIndependent play

Child plays alone with toys that are very different from those chosen by other children in the area.

Begins in infancy and goes through toddler age

Two children are displaying typical parallel play since they enjoy playing near other children, but are NOT engaging in social interactions with each other. Which cognitive and motor skills are these children developing? Parallel PlayUsually Toddler

Associative PlayGroup play without group goalsEven though playing with same toys, there is lack of formal organization

Mostly seen in toddler - preschooler

Preschoolers have well-developed language, motor, and social skills, and they can work cooperatively together on an art project, as this group is doing. Cooperative Play

Onlooker PlayChild observes others playing.

Although the child may ask questions of the players, the child does not attempt to join the play

Functions of PlayPhysical DevelopmentCognitive Development Emotional DevelopmentSocial DevelopmentMoral Development

INFANT MOTOR MILESTONESBIRTH TO 12 MONTHS

Physical Growth and Development Milestones During Infancy

Birth to 1 month

Infancy 2-4 months

Infancy 4-6 months

Infancy - 6-8 months

Infancy - 10-12 months

Summary of key points - InfantNursing InterventionsEncourage parents to hold and stay with infant. Provide opportunities for sucking. Provide infant with toys that give comfort or stimulate interest

Developmental milestonesRolls over; Sits up; Stands. Able to say one to two words. Uses pincer grasp well.

1-3 monthsReflex smile that becomes more voluntary and reciprocal

3-4 monthsBabbling, crying more differentiated

4-6 monthsSquealing, playing with sound, identifying parents voice

6-8 monthsSingle-consonant babbling, increasing interest in sound

8-9 monthsStringing of vowels and consonants, use of some words

9-12 monthsVocabulary of two to three words, use of gestures

Milestones in Infant Communication

TODDLER1-3 years

Developmental milestones for Toddler

Summary of Key points - toddlerNursing InterventionsMaintain toilet-training procedures. Encourage appropriate independent behavior. Give short explanations. Provide rewards for appropriate behaviors.Developmental milestonesWalks up and down stairs; Kicks a ball. Undresses self. Scribbles on paper. Has a vocabulary of 1000 words and uses short sentences.

Pre-schooler4-5 years of age

Milestones for the Preschooler

Summary of Key points - preschoolerNursing InterventionsEncourage parents to be involved in care of child. Provide safe versions of medical equipment for playtime. Give clear explanations about procedures and illnesses.

MilestonesUses scissors. Rides bicycle with training wheels. Throws a ball. Writes a few letters. All parts of speech well-developed.

School-age Child6-12 years old

Developmental Milestones School-age

Summary of Key points School-ageNursing InterventionsProvide for privacy and modesty. Explain treatments and procedures clearly. Encourage continuation of school work.MilestonesPossesses reading ability. Rides a two-wheeled bike. Jumps rope. Plays organized sports. Mature use of language.

Adolescent age12-21 years

AdolescentPsychosocial developmentIndependence IdentityPeersLanguage use Exploration and rebellionNeed for privacySexualityCognitive developmentFormal operationsAbstract thinking

Summary of Key points AdolescentNursing InterventionsProvide privacy. Interview and examine adolescent without parents present, if possible. Encourage adolescent participation in treatment and decision making. Encourage visitation of peers.

MilestonesFine motor skills well-developed. Gross motor skills improve due to growth spurts. Able to apply abstract thought and analysis.

**Play enhances the childs growth and development and contributes to these areas:Physical development: they do as they see.story about learning fine and gross motor activitiy. They repeat certain movements and these in turn aid in the development of body control. For instances, jumping, grashing, walkingCognitive Development: they increase their problem-solving abilities through games and puzzles. Reading to the very young child increases their desire to see pictures, and eventually they can repeat a sequence in a familiar story.examples?Emotionsal development: learning that mom will be back; play can provuide a way of escape for an emotionally frightening situation; also increases the childs self-awareness by role playing. Social development: learning to play with others, sharing, joy of interacting with others and behaviors that involve others. Peers eventually replace the importance of parents as the child matures.Moral development: they begin to learn which behaviors are acceptable and which are notthe extremely moralistic children are those school-aged, esp. as they approach middle school. They momic what they have learned at home; what is done at home, or taught, is the morally right thing to do. They learn that taking turns is rewarded and cheating is not. This is when they have on their report cards good citizenship or respects others. Some schools recognize principal pride awards, or ___traits, whereby the child is recognized for integrity, attentiveness, respect for others, etc. And is attached to the record of grades.**