unit iii 1800-1836 part 1. review election of 1800 (the revolution of 1800) election of 1800 (the...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit III1800-1836
Part 1
Review Election of 1800 (The Revolution of
1800) Campaign centered on taxes from war
and Sedition Act Little change Tariff went up Whiskey tax abolished Naturalization back to 5 years
Amendment 12 Judiciary Act 1801 & the Midnight
Judges Marbury v Madison 1803: established
Judicial Review
The Federalists
Had solved every major problem of the Confederation period but will never win another election because they lost the public trust
NOTE: In some states electors were chosen by popular vote rather than being chosen by state legislators
Jefferson
VP was Aaron Burr (until election of 1804)
Sec. of State was Madison Sec. of the Treasury was Al Gallatin
Republicans tried unsuccessfully to impeach federal judges who had imprisoned journalists under the Sedition Act. Especially Chase
Jefferson and the Enlightenment
Was a Deist Well-rounded: inventor, scientist,
linguist, agriculturalist, architect
Was Laissez-Faire: Downsize the Government, Downsize the Army Dismantle the Navy: could not due to
the war with the Barbary Pirates (We needed the Navy in 1812)
Jefferson’s Goals
Participation of the common man in government (when he was educated and sufficiently informed)
The eventual end of slavery Women’s education: the Republican
Mother Payment of debts No entangling alliances Saw a largely agricultural U.S. with
support from industry
Education
Jefferson called for education for all but states not ready to support public schools
Few opportunities for women Most high schools and universities
affiliated with a religious domination University education available to
prosperous MEN BUT universities no longer just for
the ministry
Science curriculums
Were offered due to the influence of the Enlightenment
Benjamin Rush founded the first university medical school at University of Pennsylvania in the early 19th Century
Most lawyers still apprenticed and not university trained
1819 Dartmouth College v Woodward
Marshall ruled that a charter is a contract and that states may not interfere into a contract
Background: Dartmouth College in NH was a private school with a charter
The Republican dominated state legislature tried to turn Dartmouth into a public institution
Marshall said, “No.”Many who had held back will now be
willing to investIn industry. The Dartmouth case was
important for corporations
Cultural Changes
To this point, the U.S. followed Europe’s lead in terms of the arts
Now: some independence
The Hartford Wits: (Washington Irving, Barlow, Brown) a group of writers from Conn with a unique American style
Religion
By 1790 only 10% were attending traditional Churches
Due to the influence of the Enlightenment
Instead “rational” religions: Deism, Unitarianism
Calvinism was just about gone Salvation through the Grace of God
will be replaced with faith and free will
The Second Great Awakening
A reaction to the Enlightenment A religious revivalism to stop the flow of
rationalism in religion Preachers: Dwight (Presbyterian) Cartwright: the circuit-riding
preacher Asbury (Methodist)Salvation now available to allLarge Camp Meetings (25,000)
The Second Great Awakening
Women became more involved in the Churches
Black ministers had their own Great Awakening
Native Americans had Great Awakenings too
Neolin: Delaware Indian Prophet Handsome Lake: Seneca Tribe
Industrial Revolution
In England: Textiles biggest industry Steam Power: 1769 Watt’s Improved
Steam Engine was a big deal
In America: Slow growth due to the influence of Republicans
BUT immigrants from England brought the technology
Sam Slater brought plans to the spinning mill
American Innovations
Oliver Evans: Flour Mill, improved steam engine and first engineering text: The Young Millwright’s and Miller’s Guide
Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin 1793 Within 10 years cotton production
increased eight fold = Slavery more important than ever
NOTE
As New England continues to industrialize and as the South embraces the cotton gin and slavery two different American societies continue to grow farther and farther apart
Transportation
By 1793 America had more ships involved in international commerce than anywhere else in the world in proportion to the population.
Toll Roads beginning in 1792 Steam Ships by 1815 (Fulton’s
Clermont) Canals by 1825 (Erie Canal in NY
built by 1825) Railroads hot stuff by 1850’s (began
by 1828)
The Cumberland Roadaka National Road
From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Va.
Proposed by Gallatin Approved by Republican Congress
and Jefferson Cost (federal $) $ 20 million so not
built until later…1811-1818 NOTE: No provision in the
Constitution for use of federal funds for internal improvements
NOTE Under Jefferson, the Republican
Congress was willing to vote to federally funded roads because farmers (Western Republicans) needed this help
Federalists in New England wanted federally funded roads as well to get to raw materials (cotton and wool) faster and to get their finished goods to market faster.
Southerners (Republicans) did not need roads as they had E & W navigable rivers. Also, they were afraid that the tariff might go higher to fund improvements.
Foreign Affairs under Jefferson
War with Tripoli (the Barbary Pirates!) 1801 Pirates cut down American flagpole
at U.S. Consulate in Tripoli and threw camel dung at it signaling they wanted to raise the cost of the tribute
Pirates captured The Philadelphia and crew (307)
Pirates wanted $3 million in ransom Admiral Preble with The Constitution
bombed the snot out of Derna, Tripoli’s major port
As bombing continued, ransom demand decreased
War with the Barbary Pirates
Stephen Decatur great American naval hero.
Captured two pirate ships and set The Philadelphia afire so that it couldn’t be used against us
1805 peace settlement. U.S. paid $60,000 in ransom
Madison will finish off the pirates in his term
The Barbary War
The war with the Barbary pirates was important because:
It saved the navy from being abolished.
We will need a navy for the War of 1812
Also: it revealed the power of the President in an undeclared war
The Louisiana Purchase The Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800: Spain
secretly gave the Louisiana Territory to France (Napoleon)
Spain believed the land only valuable as a buffer between the U.S. and Mexico
Jefferson worried about having a new aggressive neighbor…what about the Right of Deposit?
NOTE: Jefferson’s CHIEF concern was western trade
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson sent two diplomats: Livingston and Monroe to France to make Napoleon an offer:
$10 million for New Orleans and Florida
Florida was Spanish but we figured Napoleon could bully Spain into letting us have it.
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon was short on $ He was having trouble re-enslaving
population in Haiti
Napoleon’s counter offer: $15 million for entire Louisiana Territory! Also, inhabitants to become U.S. Citizens
Monroe and Livingston not authorized for more BUT
Louisiana Purchase
It was a sweet deal! Too good to pass up…
The Treaty was brought to Jefferson
Issues: Only congress has the power to naturalize citizens…not the President
Also…there is nothing in the Constitution that says a President may acquire land this way (or any other way)
Jefferson’s Quandary
Jefferson still considered himself to be a strict constructionist (the federal government can only do what is spelled out in black and white in the Constitution)
Jefferson would have liked for congress to amend the Constitution so that it WOULD be in black and white BUT there was no time! Napoleon might change his mind! He was not a patient man! What to do?
Jefferson signed the treaty
Although it did go against his principles
Hamilton urged him to do it for the good of the country
Other Federalists not so happy. (later)
The treaty DID increase the security of the U.S.
It was certainly strategically located. Boundaries were unclear
1804 Election
Republicans: Jefferson (162)Federalists: Pinckney (14)
Jefferson dropped Burr from the ticket.
New VP was Clinton
Exploratory Expeditions1804-1806
Louis and Clark were supposed to:
Find the source of the Mississippi River Find a route across the Rockies to the
Pacific Observe the customs of the Indians
Explorations Zebulon Pike was supposed to find the
source of the Mississippi Claimed that the area between the
Mississippi and the Rockies was unfit for human habitation
Same opinion of Stephen Long, an explorer in the 1820’s
Jefferson: A perfect spot for the Indians! All kinds of Indian removals will be
sanctioned beginning at this point.
Internal Dissension The New England Federalists were a
minority in Congress Were not happy with the Louisiana
Purchase (although Hamilton supported it)
They knew that as states entered from the West, they would be Republican states
And that Federalist power would continue to diminish over time
Claimed the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional based on strict construction!
Essex Junto
New England Federalists formed Essex Junto in 1804
They schemed to form a confederacy of New England states and leave the union
They knew that they would need New York if they were going to make it
A gubernatorial election in NY was at hand
The Essex Junto
They planned to recruit Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY (but he was a republican!)
Proposal: if Burr would agree to become a Federalist and run for governor of NY and win, then he would be President of the new confederation
Burr was power hungry and agreed to the plan
Earlier
The Essex Junto had offered the same proposal to Hamilton
Hamilton turned them down
But now…Hamilton knew about the conspiracy.
Hamilton exposed the plan and blasted Burr whenever he could
Burr lost the election and the Essex Junto fell apart
Aaron Burr His father was the second President of
Princeton (then, College of New Jersey) Burr’s mother was the daughter of
Jonathan Edwards Burr was an officer in the American Rev.
and served with distinction under Benedict Arnold
Burr saved his regiment at the Battle of Long Island
Burr served at Valley Forge with distinction
As President of the Senate: “His fair and judicious manner was recognized even by his bitterest enemies…he helped to foster tradition in regard to that position…generous to a fault..devoted to family”
Hamilton hated Burr Hamilton continued to insult Burr in
public and in the press even after the failed New York election.
In the end, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
So Hamilton got to choose the weapons
Although Hamilton had a fine set of his own dueling pistols, he chose to use a set owned by his brother-in-law, Church
Why did Hamilton hate Burr so much?
Burr was an attorney. One of his clients was the Manhattan
Co. which had been given a contract by New York State to provide clean drinking water.
The Charter included a provision allowing the company to establish a financial institution…a bank (later the Chase Manhattan Bank)
This bank would be competition for Hamilton’s BUS!
The Duel Dueling was illegal but Burr had little
choice. He was baited and insulted publically
Hamilton had mentioned Burr’s “despicable character” in an editorial in the Albany Register
Hamilton brought down the gun and it fired high into the trees
Burr shot Hamilton in the liver Hamilton, before he died, said, “I never
meant to fire.” Burr took off (he was still VP)
Burr was vilified by the history books, Jefferson,
everyone BUT in the 1970’s the Smithsonian asked
Burr’s great-great granddaughter for permission to examine the pistols which were in the vault of the Chase Manhattan bank
The Smithsonian discovered that the pistols had been modified with a hair trigger mechanism
Hamilton knew it, Burr and most others did not
That’s why Hamilton chose these pistols!
The Duel Normally, pistols had a 10-12 pound pull
(a lot for an index finger) These pistols were modified with a hair
trigger Hamilton must have been nervous and
the gun went off too soon
Church had killed a man in England earlier with the pistols
Hamilton’s son had used these pistols earlier but died in his duel much like his father did!
Burr’s conspiracy in the West
Burr was indicted for murder but ran away West
He conspired with others: A Spanish minister, an English minister, the Governor of Louisiana Territory, Wilkinson, and others to: Conquer Mexico Have Western States and Louisiana
territory succeed from the union Form another country with Burr as
king!
Jefferson’s Reaction
Jefferson offered blanket pardons to anyone who would turn states evidence against Burr
Used federal Marshalls and federal funds to find witnesses against Burr (found 140)
Burr’s whereabouts …the worst kept secret of the day
Wilkinson was a turncoat. Sent frequent missives to Jefferson regarding Burr’s actions and movements
Burr was brought to trial for treason
Marshall was the judge Marshall loved to bait Jefferson Marshall openly sided with Burr Disallowed many witnesses To be guilty of treason…one must have
two witnesses to the same act Marshall disallowed supporting
witnesses so Burr was acquitted
The End of Burr
Burr went to France and tried to convince Napoleon to conquer Canada and let Burr rule it
Napoleon was not interested
Burr returned home, changed his name, practiced law in New York and died.