Unit II Nursing profession

Lecture 2

By Dr. Hala Yehia

The objectives of the lecture:

1- Define Nursing profession

2- Identify what Individual attributes required to be a nurse

3-Discuss History of nursing

Introduction:

You have chosen to be a nurse. What does the word nurse mean?

The word nurse derives from the Latin word meaning to nourish

Nursing combines scientific principles, technical skills, and personal compassion

Nursing is a practical and noble profession.

.

What is Nursing profession

Nursing as integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness and care of physically ill and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and community settings

The Nurse is a person who has completed a program of basic generalized nursing education and authorized by appropriate regulatory authority to practice nursing

Who is the Nurse?

Basic Nursing education is a formally recognized program of study providing a broad and sound foundation in the behavioral, life, and nursing science for the general practice of nursing, for leadership role, and for post-basic education for specialty or advanced nursing practice.

The nurse is prepared and authorized to:Engage in the general scope of nursing practiceCarry out health care teachingParticipate as a member health care teamSupervise and train nurses and health care auxiliariesInvolve in research.

Function of the nurse

Caring for individuals, sick or wellAssess the responses to health status.

Assist individuals in the performance of activities contributing to health or recovery.

Function of the nurse

Share with other health team the planning, implementation and evaluation to ensure the adequacy of the health system for promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for ill and disabled

The professional roles of the nurse

• Provider of health care to individuals, family, and community• A manager and leader for nurses and Auxiliary personnel in both service and education settings

The professional roles of the nurse

Teacher and trainer for student in nursing sciences both theoretically and practice

A researcher as well as assisting in research

Expert and consultant in nursing for national and international

Individual attributes required to be a nurse include

• A strong sense of responsibility

• A highest standards of integrity.

Well education,

• Ability to integrate the art and the science of working with people

History of nursing

Nursing is one of the youngest profession but one of the oldest arts.It evolved from the familial roles of nurturing and care taking.

Nursing in Ancient Time

The nurse usually was the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal treatment.

This nurturing and caring role of nurse has continued to include assisting women during childbirth, suckling healthy newborns, and ministering to the ill, aged and helpless within households and surrounding communities. Its hallmark was caring more than curing

Nursing in Christian Time

During the Middle Ages in Europe, people attributed illness to punishment for sin or caused by evil spirit. Religious groups assumed many of the roles of nursing. Nuns and priests combined their efforts to save souls with commitment to care for the sick. But their number was not enough.

Consequently, some convents engaged lay people to assist with physical care of the sick people. Nursing attendants were ignorant, uncouth, and apathetic to the need to their charge.

Nursing in Christian Time cont.

Nursing in Christian Time cont.

Infection, pressure sores and malnutrition were a testimony to their neglect

In the early Christian period, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role. Led by the belief that love and caring for ‘others were important,

women called deaconesses made the first organized visits to sick people and members of male religious orders gave nursing care

Nursing in Christian Time Nursing in Christian Time

contcont..

The Greeks began to establish The Greeks began to establish centers and Hospitals for the centers and Hospitals for the enormous number of pilgrims enormous number of pilgrims needing healthcare, and nursing needing healthcare, and nursing became a respected vocation.became a respected vocation.

The influence of The influence of HippocratesHippocrates

Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on the Greek islandthe Greek island

He is the Father of MedicineHe is the Father of Medicine He helped to lay the groundwork He helped to lay the groundwork

for nursing and medicinefor nursing and medicine He proposed the concept of He proposed the concept of

physical assessment.physical assessment.

He emphasized the importance of He emphasized the importance of caring for the whole person caring for the whole person (holistic healthcare)(holistic healthcare)

Physician repeat the Hippocrates Physician repeat the Hippocrates oath when graduating. oath when graduating.

Hippocrates healthcare education Hippocrates healthcare education and training become standard as and training become standard as scientific knowledge increasedscientific knowledge increased

The Roman MatronsThe Roman Matrons

The first recorded history of nursing The first recorded history of nursing began with biblical women who cared began with biblical women who cared for the sick and injured. for the sick and injured.

The first nursing educator is a Roman The first nursing educator is a Roman woman who converted her house into woman who converted her house into a monasterya monastery

Monastic and military Monastic and military nursing orders contnursing orders cont..

Male military conducted most Male military conducted most nursing care because they were nursing care because they were required to defend the hospital as required to defend the hospital as well as to care for the sick well as to care for the sick

The ReformationThe Reformation

In the 1500s, during the European In the 1500s, during the European religious movement, many religious movement, many monasteries closed and the work of monasteries closed and the work of woman in religious orders nearly woman in religious orders nearly ended.ended.

1800s, “1800s, “The dark ages of nursing”The dark ages of nursing” the few women who cared for the the few women who cared for the sick were prisoners or prostitutes. sick were prisoners or prostitutes. Nursing was considered menial of all Nursing was considered menial of all tasks.tasks.

By the late 1800s, many school By the late 1800s, many school for trained nurses existed for trained nurses existed throughout Europe. The status of throughout Europe. The status of nursing began to improve and nursing began to improve and many women including religious many women including religious once again became involved in once again became involved in nursing care.nursing care.

Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

Was born in 1820 to wealthy English Was born in 1820 to wealthy English parents. parents.

She entered the deaconess school of She entered the deaconess school of nursing and her family were strongly nursing and her family were strongly apposed to her becoming a nurse and apposed to her becoming a nurse and then graduated in 1853then graduated in 1853

Florence Nightingale contFlorence Nightingale cont..

She was working as a manager She was working as a manager for nursing home in London.for nursing home in London.

During the Crimean war, 1854, During the Crimean war, 1854, Nightingale entered the Nightingale entered the battlefield with 38 other nurses battlefield with 38 other nurses and cared for sick and injured and cared for sick and injured

Florence Nightingale contFlorence Nightingale cont..

She insisted on establishing She insisted on establishing sanitary conditions and providing sanitary conditions and providing quality nursing care day and night quality nursing care day and night carrying oil lamps which reduced carrying oil lamps which reduced the mortality rate. the mortality rate.

Nightingale definition of Nightingale definition of nursing.nursing.

In 1859 Nightingale said that In 1859 Nightingale said that nature alone cures, medicine and nature alone cures, medicine and surgery assist nature to remove surgery assist nature to remove the obstruction. Nursing put the the obstruction. Nursing put the patient in the best condition for patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.nature to act upon him.

Florence Nightingale schoolFlorence Nightingale school

She opened the first nursing school She opened the first nursing school out side hospitals in 1860.out side hospitals in 1860.

The nursing course was one year in The nursing course was one year in length and included both length and included both classroom and clinical experiences classroom and clinical experiences in London.in London.

The school emphasized learning The school emphasized learning rather than service.rather than service.

Some principles of this school are Some principles of this school are still taught today.still taught today.

Nightingale principles of Nightingale principles of nursingnursing

Cleanliness is vital to recoveryCleanliness is vital to recovery The sick person has individual The sick person has individual

needsneeds Nursing is an art and scienceNursing is an art and science Nurses should spend their time Nurses should spend their time

caring for others not cleaningcaring for others not cleaning Prevention is better than curePrevention is better than cure The nurse must work as a member The nurse must work as a member

of a teamof a team

Nightingale principles of Nightingale principles of nursing contnursing cont..

Self-discipline and self-evaluation Self-discipline and self-evaluation are importantare important

The nurse should be healthy in The nurse should be healthy in mind and bodymind and body

Teaching is part of nursingTeaching is part of nursing Nursing is a specialtyNursing is a specialty A nurse should continue learning A nurse should continue learning

throughout her career throughout her career

Nursing in the United StatesNursing in the United States

Nursing started as familial role.Nursing started as familial role. Throughout the 19Throughout the 19thth and 20 and 20thth

centuries, historical and nursing centuries, historical and nursing developments interacted to build the developments interacted to build the foundation of modern nursing foundation of modern nursing practicepractice

The establishment and growth of a The establishment and growth of a system of nursing education is the system of nursing education is the most important development that has most important development that has shaped today’s nursingshaped today’s nursing

Nursing in Islamic Nursing in Islamic TimeTime Nursing found since (El-Rasol Nursing found since (El-Rasol

period); women caring soldiers in period); women caring soldiers in war by permission from El Rasol war by permission from El Rasol and give care for wound also used and give care for wound also used method of administration in method of administration in regulation and coordination the regulation and coordination the work. work.

Unit II Nursing profession

Lecture 3

Objectives of the lecture 1- Identify the existing system of

nursing education 2- Determine the levels of nurses 3-Enumerate the scope of practice 4- List factors influencing the practice

and competence of the nurse 5- Identify the code of ethics of nursing

The existing system of nursing The existing system of nursing educationeducation

High nursing education : High nursing education : * university nursing education * university nursing education program. The admission requirements program. The admission requirements are secondary school certificate and are secondary school certificate and the duration of the study is 4 years the duration of the study is 4 years plus one year as internship. plus one year as internship. The graduate award after completion The graduate award after completion of this program a Bachelor degree in of this program a Bachelor degree in nursing sciences and be a specialist in nursing sciences and be a specialist in nursingnursing

The existing system of The existing system of nursing education cont.nursing education cont.

The post graduate education for master The post graduate education for master degree and for doctorate degree is degree and for doctorate degree is present in many countries and universities.present in many countries and universities.

The technical nursing education:The technical nursing education:A three year diploma in nursingA three year diploma in nursing . These . These

schools allow to have a specialty diploma schools allow to have a specialty diploma in certain countries. The period of study is in certain countries. The period of study is 11 months after the finishing the general 11 months after the finishing the general diploma.diploma.

Example of these diploma: midwifery, school Example of these diploma: midwifery, school health visitors health visitors

The existing system of The existing system of nursing educationnursing education

Assistant nursing education: Assistant nursing education:

These schools prepare assistant These schools prepare assistant nurse in deferent specialty as first nurse in deferent specialty as first aid assistant nurse.aid assistant nurse.

However WHO is trying to permit However WHO is trying to permit practicing nursing only by specialist practicing nursing only by specialist and close or technical schools and close or technical schools

levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses

1- Nurse generalist:1- Nurse generalist:

Has basic nursing generalized Has basic nursing generalized education and authorized by the education and authorized by the appropriate regulatory authority appropriate regulatory authority to Practice nursing in his or her to Practice nursing in his or her country country

(Bs Nurse)(Bs Nurse)

levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses

22--Nurse specialistNurse specialist::Prepared beyond the level of a nurse Prepared beyond the level of a nurse

generalist and authorized to practice generalist and authorized to practice as a specialist with advanced as a specialist with advanced expertise in a branch of the nursing. expertise in a branch of the nursing. The program of study is built upon the The program of study is built upon the general education for the nurse. general education for the nurse. Specialty practice includes clinical, Specialty practice includes clinical, teaching, administration, research teaching, administration, research and consultant roles. and consultant roles.

levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses

3-Nursing Auxiliary:3-Nursing Auxiliary: Those who assist in the practice Those who assist in the practice

of nursing under the standards of nursing under the standards and the direct or indirect and the direct or indirect supervision of nurses are referred supervision of nurses are referred to a general sense as auxiliaries to a general sense as auxiliaries or assistantsor assistants

The scope of practiceThe scope of practice

The scope of practice is defined The scope of practice is defined as the roles, competencies as the roles, competencies (knowledge, skills and attitudes) (knowledge, skills and attitudes) and the professional and the professional accountability of the nurse.accountability of the nurse.

Nursling's authority comes from Nursling's authority comes from evidence-based knowledge evidence-based knowledge related to its sphere of practice.related to its sphere of practice.

The scope of practice The scope of practice contcont..

Nursing is also allied to other Nursing is also allied to other health professions through its health professions through its collaborating, referring, and collaborating, referring, and coordinating activities, and thus coordinating activities, and thus has developed a distinct as well has developed a distinct as well as a shared body of knowledge as a shared body of knowledge and practice and practice

Factors influencing The Factors influencing The practice and competence of practice and competence of the nursethe nurse

Education, experience, expertise and Education, experience, expertise and interests as well as the context of interests as well as the context of practice are among these factors. practice are among these factors.

Therefore, definitions of roles and Therefore, definitions of roles and scope of practice need to reflect what scope of practice need to reflect what is actual nursing..is actual nursing..

Nurses require appropriate initial Nurses require appropriate initial and ongoing education and and ongoing education and training as well as lifelong training as well as lifelong learning to practice competently learning to practice competently within their scope of practice.within their scope of practice.

The code of ethics of The code of ethics of nursing professionnursing profession

The code of ethics is an essential The code of ethics is an essential characteristics of a profession. It characteristics of a profession. It provide means for exercise of provide means for exercise of professional self regulation.professional self regulation.

It is expected that the nursing It is expected that the nursing syndicate with the government syndicate with the government authorities will be aware of the authorities will be aware of the fact that to develop the nursing fact that to develop the nursing profession law. They should define profession law. They should define the different roles and functions as the different roles and functions as well as the responsibilities of the well as the responsibilities of the nurse and decide the code of nurse and decide the code of ethics of nursing ethics of nursing