Unit II

Goal- A goal or objective is a projected state of affairs that a

person or a system plans or intends to achieve—a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development.

Congruence- Congruence is the state achieved by coming together,

the state of agreement.

Goal Congruence exists when individuals and groups work toward achieving the organization’s goals – managers working in their own best interest take actions that align with the overall goals of top management

In this process, the actions people are led to take in accordance with their perceived self interest are also in the best interest of the organization.

External Factor- They are norms of desirable behavior that exist in the

society of which the organization is a part such as “Attitude” ----”Work Ethic” Eg: Employee Motivation

Internal Factor-Culture: It a common belief, shared values , norms of

behavior and assumption that are implicitly accepted and explicitly manifested in the organization

Motivation is the consequence of an interaction between the individual and the situation. People who are “motivated” exert a greater effort to perform than those who are ‘not motivated’.

Motivation is the willingness to do something. It is conditioned by this action’s ability to satisfy some need for the individual

Motivation is a process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive

Unsatisfied need

Tension

Drives

Search behaviour

Goal achievement

Need satisfaction

Reduction of tension

Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources.

It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization.

Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc.

MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives

Management by objectives (MBO), also known as management by results (MBR), is a process of defining objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them. The term "management by objectives" was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.

 Goal Orientation  Participation  Key Result AreasSystems ApproachOptimization of Resources  Simplicity and DynamismOperational  ComprehensiveMultiple Accountability

Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment.

Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems.

Clarity of goals Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to

objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person.

Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization's objectives.

Common goal for whole organization means it is a directive principle of management.