UNIVERSIDAD ALONSO DE OJEDA ENGLISH III

PROFESSOR JENDRY BARRIOS

UNIT I

ENGLISH-SPANISH DICTIONARY USE

If you look up a word in an English-Spanish dictionary, you will find different types of information about it. Here

are some examples:

bridge [] s. c. 1 puente. 2 (fig.) puente, nexo de unión: a

bridge between the conservatives and the socialists = un nexo de

unión entre los conservadores y los socialistas. 3 ANAT. caballete

(de la nariz). 4 MAR. puente (de un barco). 5 MUS. puente (de un

violín).

first [] num. ord. 1 (~ sing. o pl.) primero. • adv. 2 primero,

primeramente, en primer lugar, por primera vez. • s. c. 3 primera

vez: it was a first for him = para él era la primera vez. 4 ({a} ~{in})

sobresaliente (en) (en enseñanza superior). • s. i. 5 primera

(marcha de un vehículo). ◊ 6 at ~, al principio, en un principio. 7 at

~ hand, de primera mano. 8 to come ~, a) llegar el primero (en

carreras); b) ser lo primero, tener prioridad (un tema, asunto,

etc.). 9 ~ aid, primeros auxilios. 10 ~ and foremost, ante todo. 11 ~

and last, desde todos los puntos de vista. 12 ~ come, ~ served,

prioridad para el primero que llegue, el primero se lo queda. 13 ~

cousin, primo carnal. 14 ~ edition, primera edición. 15 ~ floor, a)

(brit.) primer piso. b) (EE UU) planta baja.

Entry

Pronunciation

Part of Speech Number of Acceptations

Translation Change of Part of Speech

Example

Idioms

New Part of Speech

Entry

Replacement

British

English American

English

Subject / Topic

Clarifications

Register / Style

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mechanisation s. i. → mechanization.

may [] (pret. might) v. i. 1 poder, ser posible: he may come

soon = puede que venga pronto. 2 (form.) poder, tener permiso

para: may I ask you a question? = ¿puedo hacerte una pregunta? 3

(~ + suj.) (form.) ¡ojalá…! 4 DER. Deber, tener obligación de (en

documentos, estatutos). • s. i. 5 (brit.) flor de espino, flor del

marjoleto. 6 (fig.) juventud, primavera, flor de la vida.

OBS. May es un v. defectivo que sólo tiene presente y pret. y

siempre va con un infinitivo sin to.

Cross Reference

Irregular forms

Grammatical

Construction

Observations

on Usage

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PRACTICE

I. Look up the following words in your English-Spanish dictionary and complete the chart.

Bat Hail Loan Racket Withdraw

Pronunciation

Irregular Forms

Number of Acceptations

Number of Parts of Speech

Number of Subjects / Topics

Number of Idioms

Observations on Usage

II. Look up the underlined words in your English-Spanish dictionary. Write the appropriate translation

according to the context.

1. We went to the theater last night, and we saw a very good play.

2. I can’t play the guitar, but I can play the saxophone.

3. The kids don’t get much time for play in the evening.

4. My daughter used to play with the kids next door.

5. My dog likes to play dead.

6. Make sure your hands are clean before you have your dinner.

7. I’m going to clean the windows this morning.

8. You should always clean your teeth after meals.

9. These windows need a really thorough clean.

10. I clean forgot that I was supposed to be meeting Lucy last night.

11. I have so much work to do.

12. He works at the local hospital.

13. If you take the back off this clock, you can see its works.

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14. The museum has many works by Picasso as well as other modern painters.

15. Can we work things out so that there's always someone here to answer the telephone during office hours?

16. Just try to concentrate on hitting the ball.

17. Did you go to the Summer Ball last year?

18. They'd had no food or drink for two days.

19. The animals came down to the waterhole to drink.

20. Come for drinks on Saturday.

21. "Would you like a glass of wine?" "No thanks, I don't drink."

22. I haven't spoken to anyone all day.

23. Was there anyone you knew at the meeting?

24. Anyone can go - you don't have to be invited.

25. I have never seen an apple tree.

26. His youngest daughter was the apple of his eye.

27. She put her arms round me, and gave me a hug.

28. The left arm of my new jacket has a stain.

29. I armed myself with a baseball bat and went to investigate the noise.

30. They have been charged with supplying arms to the guerillas.

III. Look up the underlined words in your Spanish-English dictionary. Write the appropriate translation

according to the context.

1. Ella estaba sentada en un banco.

2. Necesito ir al banco a cobrar un cheque.

3. Debes revisar el programa de estudios.

4. Es recomendable preparar un programa al momento de planificar las vacaciones.

5. Marcos toca el tímpano muy bien.

6. El tímpano de esa edificación fue diseñado por un arquitecto italiano.

7. El tímpano del oído es una membrana muy delicada.

8. Debemos cuidar el medio ambiente.

9. El ambiente de este bar es muy agradable.

10. Es necesario tener un buen ambiente de trabajo.

11. El capitán del barco escribe en su cuaderno de bitácora todos los días.

12. Si vas a clases, necesitarás llevar un cuaderno para tomar notas.

13. Me debes mucho dinero.

14. Como estudiante debes estudiar. Es tu deber.

15. Tienes que cumplir con tu deber.

16. Mi hermano es muy despreocupado.

17. El paquete lleva el precio detrás.

18. El elenco de la película es muy bueno.

19. No me hallo.

20. Aún no hallo los lápices.

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COGNATES AND FALSE COGNATES

I. COGNATES (TRUE FRIENDS)

Cognates are words with the same meaning that are spelled and sound similarly in two different

languages. They are useful tools for developing English vocabulary skills. Recognizing these words in a text make

things easier for the reader.

Here are some examples of true cognates:

Doctor = doctor

Piano = piano

Wagon = vagón

Silence = silencio

II. FALSE COGNATES (FALSE FRIENDS)

False cognates are words that are spelled and sound similarly in two languages, but do not have the

same meaning. For example, a native Spanish speaker may read the English word "embarrassed" and draw an

association to the Spanish word "embarazada," which translates to "pregnant" in English.

Here are some examples of false cognates:

Carpet = alfombra

Actually = de hecho

Parents = padres

Library = biblioteca

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III. COGNATE ENDINGS

-ace becomes -acio

palace preface space

palacio prefacio espacio

-al becomes -al

canal coral final metal pedal

canal coral final metal pedal

-ic/-ics becomes -ica

electronics logic music physics rhetoric

electrónica lógica música física retórica

-ine becomes -ina

discipline doctrine heroine margarine morphine

disciplina doctrina heroína margarina morfina

-ism becomes -ismo

communism socialism Marxism paganism traditionalism

comunismo socialismo marxismo paganismo tradicionalismo

-ity becomes -idad

curiosity electricity nationality university velocity

curiosidad electricidad nacionalidad universidad velocidad

-m/-ma becomes -ma

dogma drama enigma program victim

dogma drama enigma programa víctima

-ology becomes -ología

archaeology biology psychology urology zoology

arqueología biología psicología urología zoología

-sion becomes -sión

pension depression expression impression mission

pensión depresión expresión impresión misión

-tion becomes -ción

action dedication evolution instruction nation

acción dedicación evolución instrucción nación

-ure becomes -ura

agriculture cure figure literature miniature

agricultura cura figura literatura miniature

-y becomes -ía

anatomy artillery energy geography philosophy

anatomía artillería energía geografía filosofía

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IV. LIST OF COMMON ENGLISH-SPANISH COGNATES

abandon - abandonar abdicate - abdicar abolish - abolir abound - abundar abrupt - abrupto absolute - absoluto absorb - absorber abundance- abundancia abundant - abundante abuse(n) - abuso abuse(v) - abusar academy - academia accelerate - acelerar accent - acento accentuate - acentuar access - acceso accessory - accesorio accident - accidente accompany - acompañar accord (n) - acuerdo accuse - acusar acquire - adquirir acrobatic - acrobático act - acto active - activo activities - actividades actor- actor actress - actriz actuary - actuario adapt - adaptar adhere - adherir adherent - adherente adjust - ajustar adminístrate - administrar admire - admirar admit - admitir adolescence - adolescencia adopt - adoptar adore - adorar adult - adulto adventure - aventura African - africano agent - agente air - aire alarm - alarma allergic - alérgico

altar - altar ambulance - ambulancia angular - angular animal - animal announce - anunciar antioxidant - antioxidante appear - aparecer appetite - apetito area - área arrogance - arrogancia arrogant - arrogante artist - artista aspirant - aspirante assailant - asaltante assistance - asistencia associate (v) - asociar association - asociación assume - asumir athlete - atleta atmosphere - atmósfera atrocity - atrocidad attack (n) - ataque attack (v) - atacar attention - atención attentive - atento attitude - actitud audacious - audaz audience - audiencia augment - aumentar August - agosto autograph - autógrafo automobile - automóvil balance (n) - balance balance (v) - balancear band - banda bandit - bandido bank - banco banker - banquero bar - barra barber - barbero barrel - barril bat - bate battle - batalla bicycle - bicicleta biography - biografía cabin - cabina

cable - cable cafeteria - cafetería calculate - calcular calendar - calendario calm (v) - calmar camel - camello camera - cámara camouflage - camuflaje canal - canal canary - canario cancelable - cancelable candidate - candidato candor - candor canyon - cañón capacity - capacidad cape - capa capital - capital capricious - caprichoso captain - capitán capture - capturar catastrophe - catástrofe cause - causa cavalry - calvario celebrate - celebrar cement - cemento center - centro ceramic - cerámica cereal - cereal ceremony - ceremonia chimney - chimenea circle - círculo class - clase coast - costa colony - colonia color - color committee - comité common - común commotion - conmoción company - compañía complete - completo concave - cóncavo concert - concierto conflict - conflicto confusing - confuso confusion - confusión considerable - considerable

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constellation - constelación construction - construcción contact - contacto contagious - contagioso continent - continente continue - continuar contract - contrato contribution - contribución convict - convicto correct - correcto coyote - coyote crocodile - cocodrilo curable - curable curious - curioso dance (n) - danza dance (v) - danzar debate - debate debilitate - debilitar debut - debut decadence - decadencia decent - decente decide - decidir decisive - decisivo declare - declarar decline - declinar decorate - decorar decree - decreto dedicate - dedicar defect - defecto defunct - difunto derelict - derelicto dialect - dialecto direct - directo distinct - distinto district - distrito eccentricity - excentricidad echo - eco edict - edicto edifice - edificio effect - efecto effective - efectivo efficacy - eficacia elector - elector electricity - electricidad elegance - elegancia elegant - elegante element - elemento emigrant - emigrante

empire - imperio enemy - enemigo enigma - enigma envy - envidia episode - episodio error - error essence - esencia essential - esencial establish - establecer eternal - eterno eternity - eternidad evacuate - evacuar fabricate - fabricar fabulous - fabuloso facilitate - facilitar facility - facilidad factor - factor faculty - facultad false - falso falsity - falsedad fame - fama family - familia famous - famoso fascinate - fascinar fatality - fatalidad fatigue - fatiga favorable - favorable gallant - galante gallop - galope gardener - jardinero gas - gas gasoline - gasolina general (adj.) - general generosity - generosidad genteel - gentil genuine - genuino germ - germen gesture - gesto giant - gigante glacial - glacial globe - globo glorious - glorioso glory - gloria golf - golf gradual - gradual gratitude - gratitud grotesque - grotesco habitual - habitual

harmonious - armonioso hatchet - hacha hemisphere - hemisferio herb - hierba hereditary - hereditario historian - historiador history - historia honor - honor horizontal - horizontal horrendous - horrendo horrible - horrible horror - horror hospitality - hospitalidad hostile - hostil idea - idea ideal - ideal identity - identidad idiot - idiota ignorant - ignorante illuminate - iluminar image - imagen imaginary - imaginario imaginative - imaginativo imagine - imaginar immediate - inmediato immediately - inmediatamente immense - inmenso immortal - inmortal impartial - imparcial imperfect - imperfecto imperial - imperial importance - importancia impossible – imposible jar - jarra jargon - jerga judicial - judicial judiciary - judiciario just - justo justice - justicia justify - justificar kilogram – kilogramo labor (n) - labor labor (v) - laborar laboratory - laboratorio laborious - laborioso lament - lamentar latitude - latitud legal - legal

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legislator - legislador legumes - legumbres liberal - liberal liberty - libertad limit - límite line - línea liquidate - liquidar liquor - licor list - lista locality - localidad magistrate - magistrado magnitude - magnitud majesty - majestad malice - malicia malignant - maligno mandate - mandato manner - manera manual - manual manuscript - manuscrito map - mapa march (v) - marchar margin - margen marine - marino mark (n) - marca mark (v) - marcar marvel - maravilla marvelous - marvilloso matrimony - matrimonio medal - medalla mediate - mediar narrate - narrar natal - natal national - nacional nationality - nacionalidad native - nativo natural - natural naturally - naturalmente naval - naval navigable - navegable necessary - necesario necessitate - necesitar necessity - necesidad negative - negativo nerve - nervio neutral - neutro noble (adj) - noble normal - normal oasis - oasis

obedience - obediencia obedient - obediente object - objeto objective - objetivo oblige - obligar obscure - obscuro observe - observar obstruct - obstruir obtain - obtener occur - ocurrir odious - odioso offend - offender offensive - ofensivo pacific - pacífico pact - pacto palace - palacio palm - palma passive - pasivo past - pasado paste - pasta pastor - pastor paternal - paterno patience - paciencia patio - patio patriarch - patriarca pause - pausa quarter - cuarto quiet - quieto race (n) - raza radiant - radiante radiator - radiador radical - radical ranch - rancho rapidity - rapidez rare - raro ray - rayo realist - realista reality - realidad reason (v) - razonar reasonable - razonable rebel - rebelde receive - recibir recently - recientemente recite - recitar reference - referencia refine - refinar reflect - reflejar salad - ensalada

salary - salario sanctity - santidad sane - sano scene - escena second - segundo secret(n) - secreto secretly - secretamente sect - secta secular - secular security - seguridad seduce - seducir senate - senado sensual - sensual serene - sereno tact - tacto talent - talento tardy - tardo tariff - tarifa telescope - telescopio temperature - temperatura temple - templo temporary - temporal terminate - terminar terrace - terraza terrible - terrible theme - tema theology - teología thesis - tesis timidity - timidez tint - tinte tobacco - tabaco tolerance - tolerancia tone - tono tourist - turista traditional - tradicional tragedy - tragedia train - tren ulterior - ulterior ultimate - último united - unido unity - unidad universal - universal unjust - injusto unstable - instable urban - urbano urgency - urgencia urgent - urgente use (n) - uso

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use (v) - usar utility - utilidad utilize - utilizar vacant - vacante vacation - vacaciones vacillate - vacilar vague - vago

valor - valor vanity - vanidad vary - variar vast - vasto vehicle - vehículo vein - vena velocity - velocidad

verb - verbo victory - victoria violence - violencia violent - violento virgin - virgen

V. LIST OF COMMON ENGLISH-SPANISH FALSE COGNATES

an abstract - resumen (y no abstracto) to achieve - lograr (y no archivar, que se dice to file) actual - real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current) actually - en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at present) to advertise - anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn) advice - consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice) ailment - enfermedad leve, achaque (y no alimento, que se dice food) apparel - ropa, vestimenta (y no aparato, que se dice apparatus, machine) application form - formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación) to apologise - pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence) apt - propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able) argument - discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película, que se dice plot) arena - estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand) army - ejército (y no armada, que se dice navy) aspersion - calumnia (y no aspersión, que se dice sprinkling) assessment - evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy) assessor - evaluador, tasador (y no asesor, que se dice advisor o consultant) to assist - ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend) to attain - lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie) attempt - intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)

attendance - asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention) avocado - aguacate (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer) balloon - globo (y no balón, que se dice ball) bank - banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench) bark - ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice ship) beef - carne vacuna (y no bife, que se dice steak) billet - acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice ticket o note) billion - mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion) body - cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding) bomber - avión bombardero o persona que coloca bombas (y no bombero, que se dice fireman o firefighter) brave - valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce) camp - base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice field) can - lata o el verbo poder (y no cana, que se dice white hair) cap - gorra (y no capa, que se dice layer) career - carrera profesional, ocupación luego del estudio (y no carrera referida al curso universitario, que se dice degree) carpet - alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder) cartoon - dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice cardboard) casual - fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice accidental, chance) casualty - víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence) cave - cueva (y no cavar, que se dice to dig) cellular - celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice mobile telephone) chafed - rozado (y no chafado, que se dice crushed o flattened)

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collar - cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace) to collapse - hundirse, derrumbarse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill) college - facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school) coloured - de color (y no colorado, que se dice red) command - orden, mandato (y no comando, que se dice commando unit) commodity - mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice comfort) to complain - quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please) complexion - tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body type) to compromise - ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso, que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement) conductor - director de orquesta o cobrador (y no conductor, que se dice driver) confident - seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant) (to be) constipated - sufrir de estreñimiento (y no estar constipado, que se dice to have a cold/chill) contest - concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer) to convene - convocar, reunir (y no convenir, que se dice to agree, to be advisable) costume - traje, disfraz (y no costumbre, que se dice custom, habit) council - consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile) crane - grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull) curse - maldición (y no curso, que se dice course) date - fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data) deception - engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment) to deliver - entregar (y no deliberar, que se dice to deliberate) deprivation - privación, pérdida (y no depravación, que se dice depravity) derogatory - despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés) to design - diseñar (y no designar, que se dice to appoint o to designate) desperate - desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)

dessert - postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert) destitute - indigente (y no destituído, que se dice dismissed, removed) dinner - cena (y no dinero, que se dice money) discrete - diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet) disgust - asco, repugnancia (y no disgusto, que se dice annoyance, quarrel, trouble o to be upset) disparate - dispar (y no disparate, que se dice nonsense o foolish act) diversion - desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun) to doze - dormitar (y no doce, que se dice twelve) dramatic - drástico, espectacular economics - economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap) embarrassed - avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant) emergence - surgimiento, aparición (y no emergencia, que se dice emergency) estate - propiedad, bien inmueble, patrimonio (y no estado, que se dice state) eventual - definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual, incidental) eventually - finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se dice by chance, possibly) exit - salida (y no éxito, que se dice success) fabric - tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory) familiar - conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar (sustantivo), que se dice relative) fee - tarifa, honorarios, cuota (y no fe, que se dice faith) file - archivo, carpeta, fichero (y no fila, que se dice row) fin - aleta (y no fin, que se dice end) form - formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape) fray - riña, irritarse o deshilacharse (y no fraile, que se dice friar) fume - vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke) gang - pandilla (y no ganga, que se dice bargain) Geneva - Ginebra (y no Génova, que se dice Genoa) gentle - moderado, suave (y no gentil, que se dice gentile, kind) to grab - agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record) gracious - cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny) grocery - tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o rude word/expression)

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hardly - apenas, difícilmente (y no duramente, que se dice strongly) by heart - de memoria (y no de corazón, que se dice from one's heart) horn - cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven) hostel - albergue (y no hostal, que se dice guesthouse) idiom - modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language) to improve - mejorar (y no improvisar, que se dice to improvise) influenza - gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence) ingenuity - ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety) inhabitant - habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited) injury - herida (y no injuria, que se dice insult) installment - cuota, plazo o entrega (y no instalación, que se dice installation) to intend - tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try) intoxicated - ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning) involve - involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap) jam - mermelada (y no jamón, que se dice ham) lame - cojo, rengo (y no lamer, que se dice to lick) large - grande (y no largo, que se dice long) lecture - conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading) lentil - lenteja (y no lentilla, que se dice contact lens) letter - letra del abecedario o carta (y no letra de una canción, que se dice lyrics) library - biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop) lobe - lóbulo (y no lobo, que se dice wolf) luxury - lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust) macaroon - galleta con almendras o coco (y no macarrón, que se dice a piece of macaroni) man - hombre (y no mano, que se dice hand) mascot - persona, animal u objeto que da buena suerte (y no mascota como animal doméstico, que se dice pet) mayor - alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger) media - medios (y no media, que se dice sock) misery - tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty) mocha - café moca (y no mocha/o, desafilada/o, que se dice blunt) to molest - abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o to annoy) not at all - para nada, en lo absoluto (y no "no del todo", que se dice not quite)

notice - nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news) occurrence - aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea) office - oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job) once - una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven) oration - discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o prayer) ordinary - común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar) pan - cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread) parade - desfile (y no pared, que se dice wall) to pare - pelar o cortar las uñas (y no parar, que se dice to stop) parents - padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives) pendant - colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring) petrol - gasolina o nafta (y no petróleo, que se dice oil, petroleum) petulant - irascible, malhumorado (y no petulante, que se dice smug) pie - pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot) place - lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square) plate - plato o lámina (y no plata, el metal, que se dice silver) policy - política (y no policía, que se dice police) politic - diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice politician) preservative - conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom) to pretend - aparentar, fingir (y no pretender, que se dice to expect) prize - premio (y no precio, que se dice price) to probe - investigar (y no probar, que se dice to prove, taste o try) prospect - posibilidad, perspectiva o posible cliente (y no prospecto, que se dice leaflet o pamphlet) quince - membrillo (y no quince, que se dice fifteen) to quit - abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away) quite - bastante, totalmente (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put away) quote - cita o presupuesto (y no cuota, que se dice fee, installment o payment) to rape - violar (y no rapar, que se dice to shave o to crop) to raze - arrasar (y no raza, que se dice race) to realize - darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)

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recipe - receta de cocina (y no recibo, que se dice receipt) to reckon - calcular, considerar o creer (y no reconocer, que se dice to recognize) recollection - recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o collection) to record - grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember) red - rojo (y no red, que se dice net) regular - de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good) relatives - parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective)) reluctantly - de mala gana (y no relucientemente o brillantemente, que se dice brilliantly) to remove - quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir) rendition - interpretación (y no rendición, que se dice surrender) resort - centro turístico o recurso (y no resorte, que se dice spring) response - respuesta (y no responso, que se dice prayer for the dead) to rest - descansar (y no restar, que se dice to subtract) to resume - reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to summarize o to sum up) rope - cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes) rude - maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough) salad - ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty) salted - salado (y no salteado, que se dice skipped) salvage - rescate, salvamento (y no salvaje, que se dice wild, savage) sane - cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy) scallop - vieira (y no escalope, que se dice escalope) sensible - sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive) sensitive - sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses) several - varios/varias (y no severo/a, que se dice severe, strict, harsh) signature - firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject) sin - pecado (y no sin, que se dice without) soap - jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup) socket - enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle sock) son - hijo (y no son, conjugación del verbo ser, que se dice are)

spade - pala (y no espada, que se dice sword) stationery - artículos de papelería (y no estacionario, que se dice stationary) to stay - quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be) to stir - revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch) stranger - desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice foreigner) to stretch - estirar, extender, ensanchar (y no estrechar, que se dice to take in, to narrow) suburb - barrio rico periférico de la ciudad (y no suburbio de casas pobres, que se dice slum) success - éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event) to support - apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with) sympathetic - comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable) sympathy - compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se dice friendliness, affection) target - objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card) tax - impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi) tea - té (y no tía, que se dice aunt) terrific - fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying) to traduce - calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate) trait - rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment) to translate - traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move) tramp - vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap) ultimate - final (y no último, que se dice last) ultimately - en última instancia, a la larga (y no últimamente, que se dice lately, recently) umpire - árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire) vacuum - vacío (y no vacuna, que se dice vaccine) zealous - entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

14

PRACTICE

I. Identify the true cognates in each sentence. There is more than one in some sentences.

1. The doctor told me that she is ok. ____________________________________________

2. This is an important hospital. ____________________________________________

3. The Imperial Hotel is good. ____________________________________________

4. The travel was perfect. ____________________________________________

5. My mother is very popular. ____________________________________________

6. Music is the best invention of the world. ____________________________________________

7. Jupiter is the biggest planet of the Universe. ____________________________________________

8. Miss Universe is so beautiful. ____________________________________________

9. I don’t like Chinese restaurants. ____________________________________________

10. Venezuela is a great nation. ____________________________________________

II. Choose the correct cognate to complete each statement.

1. Did you know that Chrissie got ______________________ (embarrassed / pregnant) on holiday in Ibiza?

2. The ______________________ (signature / subject) I hate the most is math.

3. Keep ______________________ (removing / stirring) the soup the whole time.

4. I couldn't agree more. That's a very______________________ (sensible / sensitive) idea.

5. The film The Quiet American was a box-office ______________________ (exit / success).

6. How many ______________________ (idioms / languages) can you speak?

7. ______________________ (Actually / Nowadays), I'm living with my parents again.

8. The poor live in the ______________________ (slums / suburbs).

9. The police came to my ______________________ (assistance / attendance).

10. I have ______________________ (a cold / constipation). Pass me a tissue, please.

11. I was only living with my parents ______________________ (eventually / temporarily).

12. The governments have ______________________ (inverted / invested) a lot of money in the new scheme.

13. Do not ______________________ (invert / invest) this package.

14. The Englishman wearing navy blue socks with sandals is a bit of a ______________________ (stereotype /

topic) in Spain.

15. He never stops moving some part of his body. He finds it impossible to ______________________ (keep

quiet / keep still).

16. We didn't enjoy the wedding ______________________ (absolutely / at all).

17. English is very ______________________ (important / interesting) for my job.

18. All my immediate family live in England but I have a lot of ______________________ (parents / relatives) in

Canada.

19. My ______________________ (journey / working day) is from 8 am to 5 pm but it only takes me twenty

minutes to get to the office.

20. The Red Cross are ______________________ (controlling / monitoring) the situation in the north very

closely.

15

21. Why don’t you keep your notes in this ______________________ (folder / carpet)?

22. I used to work in that ______________________ (fabric / factory) a few years ago.

23. She ______________________ (demanded / sued) the company for $1,000,000.

24. He feels very ______________________ (eager / anxious) for his next holidays.

25. She says she’s 30, but her ______________________ (actual / real) age is 33.

26. It wasn’t a job. I just worked there ______________________ (eventually / temporarily).

27. I ______________________ (advise / warn) you: next time I’ll punish you.

28. He has a very big family with a lot of ______________________ (relatives / parents).

29. I have good ______________________ (news /notices) for you: you have passed your exam.

30. He’s a very ______________________ (quiet / still) boy. He doesn’t talk much.

31. After six hard years, I’ve finished my ______________________ (studies / career) in engineering.

32. I don’t know much about testaments. You’d better see a ______________________ (avocado / lawyer).

33. The soup is ______________________ (ardent / burning). Don’t eat it yet.

34. He’s 25 and he’s still in ______________________ (college / school).

35. Unfortunately, the terrorists made another ______________________ (attack / attempt).

36. Jim is happy because he has very good ______________________ (notes / marks) this term.

37. Tom gave her a beautiful ______________________ (necklace / collar) as an engagement present.

III. Read the following passage. Complete the chart.

A Day in the life of an Industrial Engineer

Industrial engineers analyze and evaluate methods of production and point out ways to improve them. They decide how a company should allocate its limited tangible resources (equipment and labor) within the framework of existing physical constraints (physical plant). Each company that hires an industrial engineer, either as a consultant or as an internal manager, has its own specific limitations. An industrial engineer must quickly become an expert not only in the manufacturing and production processes of the industry, but also in the specific culture, problems, and challenges that the company faces. This may mean face-to-face meetings with executives, extensive stays on manufacturing floors, and review of historical production data. Industrial engineers receive information from others about what goes on in the day-to-day work environment, but they must also make their own observations of these activities. Many employees are uncomfortable being “watched” by industrial engineers, and industrial engineers often walk a thin line between being an analyst and being a detective. An industrial engineer’s most difficult task is communicating his observations and suggestions to company executives, many of whom are emotionally invested in their traditional way of doing business. Industrial engineers must be tactful in what they say and in how they say it. In addition to tact, being a successful industrial engineer requires charm and the willingness to stand by one’s recommendations even in the face of unresponsive management. The large majority of industrial engineers—around 70 percent—works at manufacturing companies, and many have specific areas of specialization, such as assembly, raw-product processing, or administrative (paperwork) practices. Most industrial engineers have good working conditions, intellectually challenging work, and a high level of satisfaction. Hours can be long, but this tends to be outweighed by the satisfaction derived from the education that each different project brings.

Source: http://www.princetonreview.com/careers.aspx?cid=79

16

Cognates found in the text

Meaning in Spanish False cognates found in the text

Meaning in Spanish

17

COMPOUND NOUNS

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually [noun +

noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important to understand and

recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and

other nouns. There are three forms for compound nouns:

open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)

hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)

closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)

Compound nouns can be formed using the following combinations of words:

noun + noun bus stop Is this the bus stop for the number 12 bus?

fire-fly In the tropics you can see fire-flies at night.

football Shall we play football today?

adjective + noun full moon I always feel crazy at full moon.

blackboard Clean the blackboard please.

software I can't install this software on my PC.

verb(-ing) + noun breakfast We always eat breakfast at 8am.

washing machine Put the clothes in the red washing machine.

swimming pool What a beautiful swimming pool!

noun + verb(-ing) sunrise I like to get up at sunrise.

haircut You need a haircut.

train-spotting His hobby is train-spotting.

verb + preposition check-out Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon.

preposition + verb output Last year British manufacturing output fell by 14%.

noun + prepositional phrase

mother-in-law My mother-in-law lives with us.

preposition + noun underworld Do you think the police accept money from the underworld?

noun + preposition hanger-on Wherever there is royalty, there are always hangers-on.

noun + adjective trunkful We need 10 trunkfuls of bricks.

adjective + verb dry-cleaning He owns a dry-cleaning business.

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PRONUNCIATION

Compound nouns tend to have more stress on the first word. In the phrase "pink ball", both words are

equally stressed (as you know, adjectives and nouns are always stressed). In the compound noun "golf ball", the

first word is stressed more (even though both words are nouns, and nouns are always stressed). Since "golf ball"

is a compound noun we consider it as a single noun and so it has a single main stress - on the first word. Stress is

important in compound nouns. For example, it helps us know if somebody said "a GREEN HOUSE" (a house

which is painted green) or "a GREENhouse" (a building made of glass for growing plants inside).

PLURAL FORMS OF COMPOUND NOUNS

In general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the "base word" (the most

"significant" word). Look at these examples:

singular plural

a tennis shoe three tennis shoes

one assistant headmaster five assistant headmasters

the sergeant major some sergeants major

a mother-in-law two mothers-in-law

an assistant secretary of state three assistant secretaries of state

my toothbrush our toothbrushes

a woman-doctor four women-doctors

a doctor of philosophy two doctors of philosophy

a passerby, a passer-by two passersby, two passers-by

Note that there is some variation with words like spoonful or trunkful. The old style was to say spoonsful

or trunksful for the plural. Today it is more usual to say spoonfuls or trunkfuls. Both the old style (spoonsful) and

the new style (spoonfuls) are normally acceptable, but you should be consistent in your choice. Here are some

examples:

old style plural (very formal)

new style plural

teaspoonful 3 teaspoonsful of sugar 3 teaspoonfuls of sugar

trunkful 5 trunksful of sand 5 trunkfuls of sand

bucketful 2 bucketsful of water 2 bucketfuls of water

cupful 4 cupsful of rice 4 cupfuls of rice

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Some compound nouns have no obvious base word and you may need to consult a dictionary to find the

plural:

higher-ups

also-rans

go-betweens

has-beens

good-for-nothings

grown-ups

Note that with compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an adjective and therefore

does not usually take an -s. A tree that has apples has many apples, but we say an apple tree, not apples tree;

matchbox not matchesbox; toothbrush not teethbrush.

With compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the second noun takes an -s for plural. The first noun acts

like an adjective and as you know, adjectives in English are invariable. Look at these examples:

long plural form becomes › plural compound noun [noun + noun]

100 trees with apples 100 apple trees

1,000 cables for telephones 1,000 telephone cables

20 boxes for tools 20 tool boxes

10 stops for buses 10 bus stops

4,000 wheels for cars 4,000 car wheels

20

LIST OF COMMON COMPOUND NOUNS

afterbirth aftermath aircraft airfield airmail airplane armchair armpit background backlash backlog backside bandwagon bankbook banknote barman baseball bathroom bedroom bedspread bedtime billboard blackbird blackboard blacklist bluebird breakdown brother-in-law bulldog bullfight catfish chairman cheapskate checkup childhood chopstick clockwork clotheshorse clothesline copycat copyright cornerstone countdown

countryside courthouse courtyard cowboy crackdown crossroad cutback daybreak daytime deadline deadlock dishwasher doorbell downfall downpour drawback dressmaker drive-in driveway drugstore drumstick dry cleaning eardrum earphone earring earthworm earwig egghead eyelid eyewitness farmhouse fatherhood father-in-law feedback feedback fingernail fingerprint firearm firefly firewood fishbowl floodlight footnote

footprint foretaste freeway fruitcake gatecrasher ghostwriter godfather goldfish granddaughter grandfather grandmother grandson grasshopper great-granddaughter great-grandfather great-grandmother great-grandson greenhouse greenhouse guidebook guideline gunfire gunpowder haircut hairdresser handbag handshake handwriting hanger-on headlight headquarters heartbeat high school highlight highway hold-up homework honeymoon horsepower housework Iceland jellyfish jigsaw

keyboard kneecap ladybug leftovers letterhead lighthouse lipstick loophole lovebird mailbox makeup manhunt mastermind middleman mother-in-law motorcycle neighborhood network newsletter newspaper nightclub nightmare notebook onlooker outlook output over throw overcoat overseas overtime painkiller pancake paperback passer-by passport password penknife pickpocket pigtail pocketknife quicksand racehorse rainbow

21

rainfall rattlesnake right-hander roadrunner runway saltwater saucepan sawdust screenplay screwdriver seafood seashell seaweed shellfish shoplifter

shorthand shotgun sickbed sideburns sidekick sidewalk silkworm sister-in-law skullcap skyscraper slaughterhouse sleepwalking snowball snowfall softball

software songbird soundtrack spaceship sportsman spotlight stalemate stepchild stopwatch strongbox suitcase summertime sunspot sweetheart swordfish

tablespoon teardrop teaspoon toadstool toothpick train-spotting tugboat undercut underworld walkover wallpaper watchdog wheelchair windpipe wiretap witchcraft without

PRACTICE

IV. Underline the compound nouns in the sentences below.

11. Sharon likes to ride the merry-go-round.

12. The plane landed on the airfield.

13. The kids painted the stage background.

14. They danced in the ballroom.

15. Peter likes to swim backstroke.

16. There were five chickens in the barnyard.

17. John is at the bus stop.

18. Remember to go to the train station to buy the tickets.

19. Phillip is a know-it-all.

20. We saw the trains at the railroad.

21. Do you like to play basketball?

22. The high school team won the game.

23. The cookie sale was an all-day event.

24. The baseball hit the window and broke it.

25. Ben joined the boy scouts.

26. The cars drove on the highway.

27. The restroom was crowded.

28. Katherine has a new bedspread.

29. Bedtime is at 10:00 pm.

30. The catfish swam in the river.

31. Put the cap on the toothpaste.

32. The teacher wrote on the whiteboard.

33. There was a full moon last night.

34. Derek needs a haircut.

35. Sam has a new swimming pool.

36. The bluebird made a nest.

37. The scuba diver is wearing a wetsuit.

38. The Russian Arctic is home of the polar bear and many other species.

39. I need to withdraw some money out of my bank account.

40. No human being should have to suffer what these people have suffered.

41. My mom gives me $50 a week pocket money.

42. Please, make coffee and serve it in our new coffee pot.

43. A safety-pin is used for fastening things, especially cloth.

44. The fairy tale princess lived happily ever after.

45. Natural gas is used for cooking and heating homes in our country.

46. I hate playing on hard tennis courts - I much prefer grass.

23

V. Look at the following compound nouns and point out their structure. Make a check on the right

column.

no

un

+ n

ou

n

adje

ctiv

e +

no

un

verb

(-in

g) +

no

un

no

un

+ v

erb

(-in

g)

verb

+ p

rep

osi

tio

n

no

un

+ p

rep

osi

tio

nal

ph

rase

pre

po

siti

on

+ n

ou

n

no

un

+ a

dje

ctiv

e

no

un

+ p

rep

osi

tio

n

adje

ctiv

e +

verb

pre

po

siti

on

+ v

erb

1. Eating disorder

2. Train station

3. Bluebird

4. Dry-cleaning

5. Underbelly

6. Whiteboard

7. Overheads

8. Split end

9. Son-in-law

10. Railway

11. Hanger-on

12. Spoilsport

13. Hardware

14. Check-in

15. Sunset

16. Washing powder

17. Underpants

18. Fire-eater

19. Aftershave

20. Sunshine

21. Spoonful

22. Brother-in-law

23. Sunshade

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VI. Read the following passage. Underline all the compound nouns.

Long range weather report

A dry weekend for many areas with some sunshine in the southeast of England.

By midweek, most places will see a fair amount of rainfall, with some heavy downpours in Scotland, particularly the Highlands.

Northern Ireland and western parts of the mainland are also likely to see strong winds, with speeds up to 70mph forecast which could cause uprooted trees and some structural damage.

However, by Thursday the wind should die down, but it will remain overcast and wet at times.

The overall picture is that the weather will remain changeable, with temperatures feeling agreeably warm during the sunnier spells. This could lead to occasional thunderstorms.

Please remember to put your clocks backward one hour when British summertime finishes at 2am on Sunday morning.

Source: http://www.skillsworkshop.org