unit b: matter and chemical change · pdf file28/11/2014 1 science 9 unit b: matter and...
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S C I E N C E 9
Unit B: Matter and Chemical Change
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^This unit builds on ideas introduced in
Gr. 8, Unit B: Mix and Flow of Matter, and introduces ideas that will be developed further in Science 10,
Unit A: Energy and Matter
in Chemical Change.^
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K E Y C O N C E P T S
• Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) and safety (Topic 1.1)
• Substances and their properties (Topics 1.2 & 1.3)
• Elements, compounds, and atomic theory (Topics 1.2 and 1.3)
L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S
• Identify and evaluate dangers of caustic materials and potentially explosive reactions (Topic 1.1)
• Investigate and describe properties of materials (Topic 1.2)
• Describe and apply different ways of classifying materials based on their composition and properties (Topic 1.2-1.3)
Section 1.0 Matter can be described and organized by
its physical and chemical properties.
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Mass Occupies
Space MATTER
What is Matter? 4
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T O P I C 1 . 1
Safety in the Science Class 5
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Hazard symbols
All hazardous materials have a label showing a hazard symbol.
The hazard symbol has a safety warning and a shape to indicate how hazardous the material is.
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Hazard Symbols
Text p. 94
Caution
Warning
Danger
The symbol inside the shape indicates the type of hazard.
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What does WHMIS stand for?
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
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WHMIS Symbols
Text p. 95
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This classification includes any organisms and the toxins produced by these organisms that have been shown to cause disease, or are believed to cause disease in either humans or animals. These hazards are often found in hospitals and on products and materials that are harmful, such as viruses or bacteria. A Blood sample containing the Hepatitis B Virus is a biohazardous infectious material because it may cause hepatitis in people exposed to it Ebola and Flesh-eating disease are also biohazardous.
BIOHAZARDOUS
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This symbol is the 2nd most common symbol found in homes across North America. It is found on products which corrode (eat away) metals or cause permanent damage to human tissues such as the skin and eyes on contact by burning, scarring or blinding. Corrosive materials may also cause metal containers or structural materials to become weak, leak or collapse. Bleach, Battery Acid, Ammonia and Hydrochloric Acid are examples.
CORROSIVE
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Flammable or combustible materials will ignite and continue to burn if exposed to a flame or source of ignition. Materials are classified as a flammable gas, flammable aerosol, flammable liquid, combustible liquid, flammable solid, or reactive flammable material. Oil and Gasoline are examples of flammable materials.
FLAMMABLE
Class B
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A compressed gas is a gas at room temperature 20 oC
and pressure, packaged as a pressurized gas by compression or refrigeration and is usually quite heavy. The potential hazard of compressed gases occurs when sudden rupturing of the container causes it to become a dangerous projectile.
Includes such things such as Propane and Acetylene
bottles, as well as Oxygen tanks.
COMPRESSED GAS
Class A
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Oxidizing material may or may not burn itself, but will release oxygen or another oxidizing substance, and thereby causes or contributes to the combustion of another material.
Oxidizing material has to be stored in special containers and must be transported with extreme care. Ozone, Chlorine, and Nitrogen Dioxide are oxidizing materials which support a fire and are highly reactive.
OXIDIZING
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Materials Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects
This symbol is the most common found symbol in homes It is found on materials that are toxic when ingested These materials may be classified as toxic or very toxic. Bleach, Mr. Clean, Tide, Cyanide and rat poisoning are very toxic. Most household chemicals and cleaners contain this symbol.
POISONOUS
Class D-1
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Certain chemicals when mixed, undergo vigorous reactions and can produce harmful side effects. They may react violently under conditions of shock, or when there is an increase in pressure or temperature. They may also react vigorously with water to release a toxic gas. Chemicals that should not be mixed are bleach, drain cleaner, and ammonia because, when combined, they form a toxic gas.
DANGEROUSLY REACTIVE
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A pure substance or mixture that may be any one of the following: a carcinogen, a teratogen, a reproductive toxin, a respiratory tract sensitizer, an irritant or a chronic toxic hazard. Chemicals that fit into this category cause slower effects to the body. Asbestos, Arsenic and Nicotine are toxic substances.
Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects
TOXIC
Class D-2
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MSDS
Materials and Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are information sheets about specific chemicals.
It provides workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner, and includes information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill-handling procedures.
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Tie back long hair. Do not wear loose sleeves. Do not wear shorts. Do not wear sandals. Do not wear contact lenses.
DRESS APPROPRIATELY
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KNOW WHAT IS EXPECTED
Read everything thoroughly before you begin doing anything.
No food or beverages.
No gum chewing.
Do not perform unauthorized experiments.
Never work alone in the lab.
Report all accidents immediately to your teacher.
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PREPARE A CLEAN WORK AREA
Bring only those materials that are essential to completing the lab activity to your work area.
Keep aisles clear of bags & clutter.
No running.
Do not leave experiments unattended and extinguish burners when away from your desk/station.
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WAIT FOR PERMISSION TO START
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All experiments
performed in the Science
lab must be performed
under the supervision of
the teacher.
It is essential that the
teacher knows you are
ready to begin, so you
can be properly
supervised.
USE COMMON-SENSE
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Whenever special attention is needed in a Lab
activity you will see the word Caution. This means that special care must be taken when
proceeding with this activity.
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SAFETY EXPECTATIONS
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Work quietly and carefully.
Never work alone.
Tell your supervisor of health-related problems, allergies.
Do not attempt Lab activities at home unless told to do so by your teacher, and only under the direct supervision of an adult.
GENERAL SAFETY
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Touch substances only when told to do so.
Smell substances using the proper technique – wafting
Chemicals should always be smelled by holding the container in front of your face and slowly (in a circular motion) wafting the vapors toward your nose. Never place the chemical right at your nose and inhale.
Pour substances properly and safely.
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GLASSWARE PRECAUTIONS
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Use only heat-resistant glass - Pyrex or Kimax
Beware of hot glass. Hot glass looks like cold
glass.
Never use cracked glass.
Always keep the open end of the test tube pointed away from everyone.
Never allow any container to boil dry.
ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS
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Report broken or damaged equipment immediately.
DO NOT USE IT!
Clean up work area completely when you are finished. Report all accidents to the teacher immediately (no matter how minor).
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CLEAN-UP AND DISPOSAL
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Clean up all spills immediately. Wash all glassware thoroughly and place in drying racks.
Clean up work area and return all equipment and materials as directed by your teacher.
Use the chemical waste bins to dispose of harmful chemical substances and dispose of broken glassware in the broken class container (metal), following your teacher's directions.
FIRST AID
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Rinse off substances immediately that come into contact with skin or clothing.
Wash hands before and after handling substances and before leaving the Lab.
Treat burns using cold water or ice.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
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Wear chemical splash goggles and protective shoes.
Wear chemical resistant gloves.
Wear a lab coat and/or a chemical resistant apron.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
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Know the location of all of the science lab safety equipment, including:
Fire Extinguishers Fire Exits Telephone First Aid Kit
*Others that you will see in High School include: Safety Shower Eye Wash Station Fire Blankets
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Safety and YOU
Not following one or more of the lab safety rules could result in injury to you or your classmates AND WILL NOT BE TOLERATED!
Be prepared
Follow safety instructions
Show RESPECT!
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Homework!
Check and Reflect
Page 96
# 1 - 9
Unit A - Section 1.0
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PA G E S 9 7 - 1 0 4
Topic 1.2 Organizing Matter 35
K E Y C O N C E P T S
• Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) and safety (Topic 1.1)
• Substances and their properties (Topics 1.2 & 1.3)
• Elements, compounds, and atomic theory (Topics 1.2 and 1.3)
L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S
• Identify and evaluate dangers of caustic materials and potentially explosive reactions (Topic 1.1)
• Investigate and describe properties of materials (Topic 1.2)
• Describe and apply different ways of classifying materials based on their composition and properties (Topic 1.2-1.3)
Section 1.0 Matter can be described and organized by
its physical and chemical properties.
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States of Matter
Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas. These are called the states of matter.
The state of a substance—solid, liquid, or gas—depends on temperature.
Text Figure 1.5 p. 97
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Properties
Properties are characteristics that can be used to describe a substance.
All matter has two types of properties: Physical
Chemical
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Physical Properties of Matter
Colour Lustre Melting point Boiling point Hardness Malleability Ductility Crystal shape Solubility Density Conductivity
Text - page 99
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Physical Properties of Matter cont’d
It’s important to remember that when a substance undergoes a physical change, such as melting, its appearance or state may be altered, but NOTHING NEW IS FORMED.
Example: Melted chocolate ice cream has the same composition as frozen chocolate ice cream.
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Chemical Properties of Matter
A chemical property describes how a substance interacts with other substances such as acids.
Chemical properties are observable only when a chemical change occurs.
In a chemical change, A NEW SUBSTANCE IS FORMED .
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Text page 102
Examples of Chemical Properties 42
reaction with acids
ability to burn
reaction with water
behaviour in air
reaction to heat
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Properties of Matter 43
Test your understanding here!
Recall from Science 8: Classifying Matter 44
Matter
Mixtures: a combination of pure
substances
Pure Substances: made up of only one kind of matter
and has its own unique set of physical properties.
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Types of Pure Substances 45
An element is a material that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance (it is made of only one kind of matter).
Elements are the basic building blocks for all compounds. They are organized into a periodic table according to their properties.
Examples: Hg, O, C, N
Pure
substances
Elements Compounds
Types of Pure Substances cont’d 46
^A pure substance may be either an element or a compound.^
When two or more elements combine chemically—that is, in specific, fixed proportions—they form a compound.
Examples: CO2, H2O
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Types of Mixtures 47
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
*Mechanical Mixtures* 48
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
In a mechanical mixture, the different substances that make up the mixture are visible.
Soil is an example of a mechanical (or heterogeneous) mixture. So is a package of mixed vegetables.
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Types of Mixtures 49
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
*Solutions* 50
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
In a solution, the different substances that make it up are not separately visible. One substance is dissolved in another, creating what looks like one homogeneous substance.
Chemists call a substance dissolved in water an aqueous solution.
Examples: fresh water, vinegar, and cleaning solvents.
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Types of Mixtures 51
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
*Suspensions* 52
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
A suspension is a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another.
Tomato juice is an example of a suspension. These particles can be separated out when the mixture is poured through filter paper.
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Types of Mixtures 53
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
*Colloids* 54
Text, Figure 1.11, Page 103
• A colloid is also a cloudy mixture, but the particles of the suspended substance are so small that they cannot be easily separated out from the other substance.
• Milk and ketchup are examples of colloids.
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^Review: Do not copy this diagram^
Homework!
Check and Reflect
Page 104
# 1 - 4
Unit A - Section 1.0
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PA G E S 1 0 5 - 1 0 9
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Topic 1.3 Observing Changes in Matter
Physical Changes 58
A physical change is one in which a material changes from one state to another.
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Chemical Changes 59
A chemical change occurs when two or more materials react and create new materials. The new materials have completely different properties from the original substances.
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Physical or Chemical Change? 61
Physical or Chemical Change? 62
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Physical or Chemical Change? 63
Homework!
Check and Reflect
Page 109
# 1 - 4
Unit A - Section 1.0
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Work Block... 65
Check & Reflect Page 109 #1-4
Physical and Chemical Changes Activity (Handout)
Review!
Assess Your Learning pg. 110 #1-9, 12, 14, 15