unit a - nervous and endocrine systems€¦ · web viewname the following process 1 process 2...

Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber Academy

UNIT C1 – Cell DivisionChapter 17 – Cell Division

The Cell Cycle (pg 558-559)1. What is the purpose of the cell cycle?2. Describe the 2 stages of the cell cycle.3. Define mitosis.4. Define cytokinesis.5. What is chromatin?6. What is the difference between a chromosome and sister chromatids?7. What is the function of the centromere?8. How many chromosomes are found in a human cell?9. List 2 things that are ensured by the duplication of complementary strands of

genetic information in human cells.10.What does every single cell in the human body have in common?

The Stages of Mitosis (pg 560-563)11.How much time do cells spend in interphase?12.Describe what happens to a cell during interphase. Name all the phases.13.What happens to the single-stranded chromosomes during interphase?14.Summarize the events of prophase.15.What is the purpose of the centriole and the spindle fibres.16.What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?17.Summarize the events of metaphase.18.Summarize the events of anaphase.19.Summarize the events of telophase.20.How many cells are produced as the result of mitosis?21.Where do the chromosomes move to or travel toward?22.Differentiate between mother and daughter cells.23.How does the process of cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?24.Can cells divide an infinite number of times?25.Name two reason cells stop dividing.26.Name two types of cells in the human body that can divide endlessly.27.Why can’t cancerous cells differentiate?

Cloning (565-571)28.Define cloning.29.Why is cloning referred to as a form of asexual reproduction?30.What are "buds" and "runners", and how do they give clones an advantage?31.Are monozygotic or dizygotic twins more similar to each other? Explain. Which

could be clones?32.If all cells are identical to their parent cells, how do some cells specialize into leaf

cells while others become root cells?33.Define enucleated.34.Can any nucleus be added to an enucleated cell to produce a successful clone?35.How are clones useful for research?36.What are stem cells and where can they be obtained from?

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyCell Cycle

Identify the events labelled by number on left diagram

Area Event Description123456789

1011

2

5

4

3

6 7

8 9 10

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Comparison of mother and daughter cells (characteristics and ploidy)

What is a chromosome?

When does mitosis occur in the human lifecycle?

Phases of Mitosis

Pro Meta Ana Telo Cytokinesis

Events Events EventsEvents

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyRecognizing the events of mitosis

1. Identify each mitotic phase, based on what you recognize in the diagrams

2. Match the chromosome position descriptions to the diagramsa) inside nuclear membrane b) moving to opposite polesc) aligned on equator d) cell plate forming between poles

3. Place the words from the word list under the appropriate diagram

Word ListNuclear membrane fades Cytokinesis Chromatid pulled to poleCentrioles migrate to the poles Spindles appear Centromere dividesLeads into interphase Chromosome division Occurs right after replication Nuclear membrane reappears Chromosome shorten/thicken Chromatin

Mitotic Phase

ChromosomePosition

Word List

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Identify the appropriate phases below, list 3 significant points for each

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyMitosis based diagrams

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyMatch the following terms

_____ 1. DNA a. regions on DNA that code for proteins_____ 2. Genes b. state of mother and daughter cells during mitosis_____ 3. Chromosomes c. general events that occur during the life of a cell_____ 4. Chromatin d. region that holds sister chromatids together_____ 5. Sister Chromatids e. DNA molecules uncoiled and tangled_____ 6. Centromere f. pinching-in of cell membrane, initiating division_____ 7. Diploid g. responsible for chromosomes movement _____ 8. Spindles h. the molecules that contain genes_____ 9. Centrioles i. separate and form the poles for cell division_____ 10. Cell Cycle j. process of cell division_____ 11. Cytokinesis k. two identical DNA molecules_____ 12. Cleavage furrow l. DNA molecule coiled very tightly around protein

molecules, visible under light microscope

Cells Cycle Event

Place a check mark on the chart below to classify the different statements in the phases where they occur

Event Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Chromosomes move to polesChromosomes shorten/thickenSpindle fibres appearCentrioles form the polesChromosomes align on equatorChromosomes as chromatinCleavage furrowChromosomes duplicateCytokinesis begins

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Centromere dividesNuclear membrane disappearsNuclear membrane reappears

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyArrange each of the following sets of statements in sequential order

_____ 1. Metaphase_____ 2. Prophase _____, _____, _____, __________ 3. Telophase Answer in sequential order_____ 4. Interphase

_____ 1. cleavage furrow begins_____ 2. chromosomes duplicate _____, _____, _____, __________ 3. centromere divides Answer in sequential order_____ 4. chromosomes shorten and thicken

_____ 1. spindle fibres appear_____ 2. chromosomes separate _____, _____, _____, __________ 3. cytokinesis occurs Answer in sequential order_____ 4. chromosomes align of equator

Explain the differences in DNA content between: the beginning of interphase and the beginning of prophase

the beginning of prophase and in late telophase

Compare the types of cells that mitosis occurs in with the types of cells that meiosis occurs in?

In what phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time? Explain why this phase takes the largest portion of time.

During prophase, which two structures are visible and what structure starts to disappear. Explain.

Explain the difference between chromatin and chromatids. Which phase of mitosis do we see chromatin and in which phase do the chromatids become visible?

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyMeiosis (pg. 572-578)37.What is meiosis?38.How are sex cells formed from meiosis different that the daughter cells formed

by mitosis?39.What is another name for sex cells?40.How many chromosomes are in a human cell after it has undergone meiosis?41.Differentiate between diploid and haploid cells.42.How does sexual reproduction create a greater range of characteristics within a

species?43.What are homologous chromosomes?44.How is your appearance determined by the chromosomes you receive from your

mom and dad?

Stages of Meiosis (pg 572-574)45. How many steps occur in meiosis and what is the product?46. How many chromosomes are in the 2 cells that are produced as a result of meiosis I?47. Define tetrad.48. Define synapsis and crossing-over.49. During what stage of meiosis I does segregation occur?50. How are the cells formed at the end of telophase I different than the cells formed by regular telophase?51. What happens to the 2 haploid cells during meiosis II?52. Name the 4 stages of meiosis II and give a brief description of what happens in each stage.

Comparing Mitosis and Meisois (pg 575-577)53. Create a chart that outlines the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis.54. If the original ploidy is 4n, what is the ploidy of the daughter cells in meiosis, mitosis?

Development of male and females gametes (pg 578-579)55. Define gametogenesis.56. Differentiate between an ootid and polar body.57. How is meiosis different in the formation of eggs and sperm?58. Why don't sperm cells contain a lot of cytoplasm?59. How are males and females different in regards to their production of sex cells?60. Differentiate between sex chromosomes and autosomes.61. How are X and Y chromosomes related to whether an individual is male or female?

Cell division and life cycles (pg 579-580)62. Give two examples of organisms that reproduce asexually.63. What two events in sexual reproduction change chromosome numbers?64. After fertilization occurs, what type of cell division begins? 65. What is a gametophyte?66. Is a gametophyte typically haploid or diploid?

Abnormal meiosis: Nondisjunction (pg 582)67. Define nondisjunction.

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber Academy68. How many chromosomes are found in the 2 gametes formed during nondisjunction?69. Define trisomy.70. Define monosomy.

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyNondisjunction disorders (pg 583-586)71. What is the cause of Down Syndrome?72. Define karyotype.73. Identify some of the characteristics of people who suffer from Down Syndrome.74. How is the age of the mother related to the chance of her baby having Down Syndrome?75. What is the cause of Turner Syndrome?76. Identify some of the characteristics of a female who is suffering from Turner Syndrome.77. How often are Turner Syndrome babies born?78. What is the cause of Klinefelter Syndrome?79. Describe an individual who suffers from Klinefelter Syndrome.80. How often are babies born with Klinefelter Syndrome?

Amniocentesis (pg 585)81. What is an amniocentesis and what is it used for?82. What does a chromosome count of 47 indicate to a doctor?83. Explain how chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is done and how it is different from an amniocentesis.84. Do you think these recent technologies should be used to warn parents of disorders in their babies so that they may choose to abort the pregnancy?

Comparison of mother and daughter cells (characteristics and ploidy)

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Meiosis I Meiosis IIPro

IMeta

IAna

ITelo

ICyto Pro

IIMeta II

AnaII

Telo II

Cyto

Classify each event according to the phase it belongs by placing the letter I (interphase), P (prophase), M (metaphase), A (anaphase), and T (telophase)

MEIOSIS I_____ 1. The spindle forms_____ 2. homologous chromosomes separate (one to each pole)_____ 3. Synapsis_____ 4. Cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis_____ 5. Tetrads become aligned along the equator_____ 6. The nuclear membrane forms_____ 7. The chromosomes become visible_____ 8. The nuclear membrane disappears_____ 9. The homologous chromosomes form a tetrad _____ 10. DNA material is replicated

MEIOSIS II_____ 1. Chromatids separate (one to each pole) _____ 2. Cytokinesis completes the second division_____ 3. The nuclear membrane forms_____ 4. The nuclear membrane disappears_____ 5. The centromeres divide

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyRecognizing Meiotic Events

1. Identify each phase of Meiosis I, based on what you recognize in the diagrams

2. Match the chromosome position descriptions to the diagramsa) inside nuclear membrane b) moving to opposite polesc) aligned on equator d) migration to poles is

complete

Meiosis I

Meiotic Phase

ChromosomeDescription

1. Identify each phase of meiosis II, based on what you recognize in the diagrams

2. Match the chromosome position descriptions to the diagrams

a) 2 cell stage – contained within nucleus

b) 2 cell stage – lined up at equator

c) 4 cell stage – cell plate just formed d) 4 cell stage – 4 daughter cells developed

Meiosis II

Meiotic Phase

ChromosomeDescription

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Define the following terms (in your own words) and explain when they occur Synapsis Homologous Chromosomes Tetrad Crossing over

In the space below draw a diagram showing the chromosome arrangement of metaphase I and metaphase II?

Metaphase I Metaphase II

During which meiotic phase do Chromatids separate? Homologous chromosomes separate?

Explain the difference between the terms haploid and diploid

What process is responsible for restoring the diploid chromosome number in the human life cycle?

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyComparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Place a check mark on the chart below to classify the different statements as events that occur in Mitosis, Meiosis or both

Event Mitosis Meiosis1 cell division2 cell divisionsInterphase occurs onceInterphase occurs twice2 daughter cells formed4 daughter cells formedParent cell is diploidDaughter cells are diploidDaughter cells are haploidParent (2n = 46) Daughter (n = 23)Parent (2n = 46) Daughter (2n = 46)Occurs in gametes (sex cells)Occurs in somatic cells (autosomes)

Why is Meiosis II more similar to Mitosis than Meiosis I?

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. Give 3 statements for each (note – for contrasting statements, one statement must be made for each of the comparisons. Eg. – mitosis has one cell division whereas meiosis has two cell divisions)

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyMITOSIS AND MEIOSIS REVIEW

1. Explain the differences in DNA content between:a) meiosis anaphase I and meiosis metaphase IIb) meiosis metaphase II and meiosis late telophase II

2. How does the interphase between division I and division II in meiosis differ from the interphase before division I?

3. Explain the importance of crossing-over in relation to the survival of the species.

4. In what phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

5. In what organs of the male and female body do meiosis occur?

6. How do daughter cells formed by meiosis compare to the parent cells from which they came from?

7. Which meiotic cell division is most like mitotic cell division?

8. What implication would oogenesis which resulted in forming only oocytes in place of polar bodies have for conception?

9. What two processes affecting chromosomes results in most of the genetic variation in sexual reproduction?

10.How many daughter cells occur in spermatogenesis as a result of meiosis?

11.What is the process called when homologous chromosomes, each made up of two chromatids, come together as pairs into a structure called a bivalent or tetrad?

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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyFor each Karyotype identify1. Male or female, and “Normal” or Nondisjunction (if nondisjunction, circle the

affected pair)2. Chromosome pair affected and type of disorder – ie. Trisomy 5 or Monosomy 23,

etc.

Of the 23 pairs, which chromosome pair(s) are known asautosomes? _______________ sex chromosomes? _______________

What is another name for each?autosomes? _______________ sex chromosomes? _______________

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http://www.pathology.washington.edu/galleries/Cytogallery/cytogallery.html%00%E5%A1%B9%EF%92%81%E1%B4%BB%E4%A1%BF%E2%B2%AF%E5%B6%82%E8%97%84%E6%8C%A7%00%00%EA%AE%A5


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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber AcademyLife Cycles

For each phase of life in the life cycles below, identify whether the phase is haploid (n) or diploid (2n), and circle where fertilization is shown in the cycle.

Name the following

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3

Process 4

Identify the ploidy

Planula Larva

Medusa (M/F)

Sperm/Egg

Budding Polyp

Name the following

Structure 1

Structure 2

Process X

Process Y

Identify the ploidy

Larvea

Pupae

Eggs

Name the following

Process 1

Process 2

Identify the ploidy

Plasmodium Zygote

Plasmodium Gametes

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Draw the life cycle of a salmon based on the following information: In the first stage of a fish's life, they go through a period of being eggs. Female Salmon lay 3,000-7,000 eggs in a "nest" that is called a redd. As the develop they have a yolk that sticks out from the bottom and are known as alevins. This "sac" contains protein, sugar, minerals, and vitamins, but as these alevins grow the sac dissappears. When salmon are fingerlings they have gone past the stage of being the size of a pine-needle. When the fish go down the rivers and go through the dams to the ocean, they get bigger and bigger. At the ocean they get food, grow, and get mature. If they don't get killed or eaten by predators or other hazards to their living, they return to where they hatched

1. Which stage of the graph represents cells in late interphase?2. Which stage of the graph is a result of telophase and cytokinesis?3. How does stage W differ from all the other stages?

1. Identify the name of process X.2. In human males, where does this process occur and what specific name is given to this process?3. In human females, where does this process occur and what specific name is given to this process?4. If non-disjunction occurred in cell II on the left, how would the entire process(es) be affected?5. Identify process Z.6. What type of cells in the human body are capable of this process?

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1. Identify which structures above are haploid in chromosome number.2. Identify which structures above are diploid in chromosome number.3. After stage Y, which process would be responsible for the development of the sporophyte?4. Explain how this form of reproduction is more advantageous than budding and cloning.

1. Identify the names of process 1, process 2, process 3, and process 4.2. If the horse has diploid cells containing 64 chromosomes, at what stage(s) would the cells have 32 chromosomes?

1. What type of reproduction is depicted in the diagram above?2. State the ploidy of the mature polyp, medusa, sperm and eggs, zygote, and planula.3. If the Aurelia were exposed to a mutagen that caused DNA mutations, at which stage(s) would this

mutagen be the most dangerous or harmful? Explain your answer.

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unit a - nervous and endocrine systems€¦ · web viewname the following process 1 process 2...

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