unit 9 physiology- maintianing homeostasis … ·...
TRANSCRIPT
! 1!
Unit 9 Physiology: Maintaining Homeostasis
Disciplinary+Core+Idea:+From+Molecules+to+Organisms:+Structure+and++Processes++LS1.A+and+LS.1D:+Structure,+Function+and+Information+Processing+!Main!Idea!–!Organization!and!Maintaining!Homeostasis!are!Characteristics!of!Life!(Pages!6;10)!!Objective!1:!!Explain!the!Importance!of!Homeostasis!in!the!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!Human!Body!Organisms!are!complex!and!built!on!a!hierarchial!structure.!! cell! ! organ!! tissue! organ!system! organism!
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(Least!Complex)!!!!
________________________________!is!maintained!within!the!body!by!a!complex!series!
of!____________________!and!organ!_____________________!working!together.!!When!
______________________________!within!the!body!is!_____________________________________,!!
______________________________!occurs.!!Maintaining!a!constant!_______________________!
! 2!
environment,!homeostasis,!requires!the!body!to!make!many!
___________________________________.!
Adjustments!or!regulation!of!homeostasis!require!the!interaction!of!
three!parts:!
!Interactions!of!Homeostasis! Purpose!
receptor! Receives!any!information!about!any!
changes!that!are!occurring!in!the!
environment!
! Processes!incoming!information!
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Effector! Executes!commands!of!the!control!
center!by!making!changes!in!
response.!!
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!_______________________________________________maintain!a!living!system’s!
________________________condition!within!certain!limits!and!mediate!behaviors,!
allowing!it!to!remain!alive!and!functioning!even!as!______________________!
conditions!_____________________!within!some!range.
Objective!2:!!Explain!the!Importance!Of!an!Organism’s!Nervous!System!
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Sensing!and!responding!to!the!environment! !!
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! 3!
Receptors!respond!to!different!inputs!(stimuli)!
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1.!___________________________!2.!__________________________!3.!________________________!
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Inputs!travel!to!the!brain,!which!is!divided!into!several!regions!with!primary!
roles.!
1.!______________________________________! !2.!____________________________________________!
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3.!______________________________________!!!4.!_____________________________________________!
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Brain!function!also!involves!______________________________!interactions!between!
various!_____________________________!to!form!an!integrated!sense!of!______________!
and!the!__________________________________________.!
!Main!Idea!–!Neurons!Conduct!Electrical!Impulses!that!Allow!Cells,!Tissues,!and!Organs!Detect!and!Respond!to!Stimuli!(Pages!962;963)!Section!33.1!!Objective!3:!!Describe!the!basic!Structure!and!Function!of!a!Neuron!!
A!______________________!is!a!________________!cell.!!It!conducts!_________________________!
throughout!the!nervous!system.!!!It!allows!the!organisms!to!____________________!
a!_________________________!environment!both!internally!and!externally!to!
maintain!____________________________.!
!
Label!the!diagram!of!the!neuron!given!to!you!in!class!with!the!following!terms:!axon,!terminal!branches,!dendrites,!nucleus,!cell!body,!and!myelin!sheath,!node!of!Ranvier.!!Draw!an!arrow!to!show!the!direction!that!impulses!move!through!the!neuron.!!
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! 4!
Objective!4:!!Describe!the!Functions!of!the!Three!Categories!of!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Neurons!and!Summarize!the!Relay!of!an!Impulse!!Sensory!Neuron!R!_____________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
Motor!Neuron!R!_______________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
Interneuron!R!__________________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!!The!nervous!system!__________________!and!____________________!incoming!
information!before!__________________________!a!response.!It!mediates!______________!
between!different!parts!of!the!______________!and!the!body’s!interactions!with!
the!____________________________.!
Sequence!the!Pathway;!!________________________!!!_____________________!!!______________________!!!
________________________!!!_________________________!
Reflex!arcs!when!the!body!responds!_________________!to!an!external!stimulus.!A!
simple!reflex!arc!usually!contains!one!_____________________________________________!
________________________________________________________________________________________.!
List!a!common!reflex!arcR!___________________________________________________________!
! 5!
Objectives!5!and!6:!Describe!a!Neuron!at!Rest,!the!Transmission!of!an!Impulse!and!the!Importance!of!the!Myelin!Sheath!and!Neurotransmitters!!
Diagram!a!neuron!at!rest!(polarized):!!!!Diagram!a!neuron!that!is!depolarized:!!!!Define!action!potential:!______________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
Define!threshold!level:!______________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!Sequence!the!steps!in!how!a!nerve!impulse!moves!from!one!neuron!to!another!neuron,!by!writing!the!numbers!1!to!5!in!the!squares!to!the!left!of!the!
steps.!
!
__________!!!The!neurotransmitter!drifts!across!the!synapse!and!binds!to!!
! !!!!!!!!!receptors!on!the!dendrite!of!a!neighboring!neuron.!
!
__________!!!An!electrical!impulse!is!sent!along!an!axon,!jumping!from!node!to!
! !!!!!!!!node!on!axons!covered!with!myelin.!
!
__________!!!The!neuron!is!at!rest,!with!more!sodium!ions!outside!the!cell!and!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!more!potassium!ions!inside!the!cell.!
!
__________!!The!impulse!reaches!the!synapse,!where!channels!again!open.!!!
! !!!!!!!!Vesicles!fuse!with!the!plasma!membrane!and!release!a!neurotansR!
! !!!!!!!!Mitter!by!excytosis.!
!
__________!!The!threshold!for!n!action!potential!is!reached!at!a!dendrite,!openR!
! !!!!!!!!ing!channels!in!the!plasma!membrane!and!causing!a!reversal!in!
! !!!!!!!!electrical!charge.!
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! 6!
Analyze!how!the!myelin!sheath!increases!the!speed!at!which!impulses!move.!!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
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__________________________________________________________________________________________!
Analyze!whether!the!type!of!pain!described!would!be!carried!by!a!myelinated!or!unmyelinated!neuron.!
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A!sharp!pain! A!dull,!throbbing!pain!!
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Main!Idea:!The!Central!Nervous!System!and!the!Peripheral!Nervous!System!are!the!Two!Major!Divisions!of!the!Nervous!System!(Pages!968;972)!Section!33.2!!Objective!7:!Compare!the!Structure!and!Function!of!the!Human!
Central!and!Peripheral!Nervous!System!!Identify!two!body!parts!that!make!up!the!central!nervous!system.!!
1.!!________________________________!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2.!!_________________________________!!!Compare!and!Contrast!!the!central!and!peripheral!nervous!systems.!!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
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! 7!
Organize!and!Summarize!each!division!of!the!nervous!system!and!its!function.!
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!!!!!!!!!!!Nervous!System!
Central:! Peripheral:!
Somatic:! autonomic:!
Sympathetic:! Parasympathetic:!
! 8!
Main!Idea:!Sensory!Receptors!Allow!you!to!Detect!the!World!Around!You!!(Pages!973;976)!Section!33.!3!!Objective!8:!Describe!the!Following!Sense!organs:!Taste!Buds,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Nose,!Eye,!Ear!and!Skin!!Compare!the!steps!in!smelling!and!tasting.!!Write!the!steps!for!smelling!on!the!left.!!Write!the!steps!for!tasting!on!the!right.!!!
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Chemical!molecules!touch!
receptors!in!your!nose.!
The!cells!of!the!taste!
buds!are!depolarized!
The!olfactory!nerve!sends!
the!impulses!to!the!brain!
! 9!
Identify!the!sensory!receptors!in!the!mouth!and!nasal!cavity.!!
Mouth:!_________________________! ! nasal!cavity:!_____________________________!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Compare!how!rods!and!cones!in!your!eyes!help!you!to!sense!light.!!
!!Sequence!the!steps!in!how!your!sense!of!hearing!works,!by!writing!the!numbers!1!to!5!in!the!squares!to!the!left!of!the!steps.!
!
__________!!!The!hair!produces!electric!impulses!that!travel!to!the!cerebrum,!
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!where!they!are!interpreted!as!sound!
!
__________!!!The!stapes!causes!the!membrane!of!the!oval!window!to!move!
! !!!!!!!!!back!and!forth.!
!
__________!!!Sound!waves!enter!your!ear!and!travel!down!to!the!end!of!the!ear!
! !!!!!!!!canal.!
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__________!!Soundwaves!strike!the!eardrum!and!cause!it!to!vibrate.!!The!vibraR!
! !!!!!!!tions!pass!to!the!bones!in!the!middle!ear.!
!
__________!!Fluid!in!the!cochlea!moves,!causing!the!hair!cells!to!bend.!
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! 10!
Identify!three!stimuli!to!which!receptors!in!the!dermis!of!the!skin!respond.!!
1.!!_________________________!!!!2.!!________________________!!!!3.!!________________________!
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Main!Idea:!Relationships!Exist!Between!the!Major!Body!Systems!and!Their!Components!!Objective!9:!Discuss!the!Importance!of!Structures!and!
Functions!of!Organ!Systems!!The!coordination!of!structure!and!function!of!body!systems!maintains!
__________________________.!Chemicals!are!transported!by!the!________________________!
System.!_____________________!at!the!final!destination!direct!the!chemicals!to!their!
_______________!from!the!___________________________!system.!Maintaining!all!the!
body’s!systems!is!important!because!all!these!systems!provide__________________!
Or!processes!needed!to!____________________________________.!
Complete!!the!handout!Integration!of!Systems.!
!
Main!Idea:!The!Circulatory!System!Transports!Blood!to!Deliver!Important!Substances,!such!as!Oxygen,!to!Cells!and!to!Remove!Wastes,!such!as!Carbon!Dioxide!!(Pages!992;998)!Section!34.1!!Objective!10:!Describe!The!Components!of!the!Circulatory!
System!and!Explain!How!it!Helps!to!Maintain!Homeostasis!
Complete!the!paragraph!to!give!you!an!overview!of!the!circulatory!system:!!Large!blood!vessels!called!__________________________!carry!oxygenated!blood!!
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away!from!the!heart.!!The!blood!flows!into!microscopic!_________________________,!
!
where!the!blood!exchanges!oxygen!and!wastes!with!body!cells.!!Then!__________!
carry!deoxygenated!blood!back!to!the!heart.!!In!these!large!vessels,!flaps!of!!
! 11!
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tissues!called!____________________!prevent!blood!from!flowing!backward.!!The!
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hollow,!muscular!____________________!pumps!blood!throughout!the!body.!!A!
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________________________________!in!the!right!atrium!sends!out!signals!that!tell!the!!
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heart!muscle!to!contract.!!Over!half!of!blood!is!made!up!of!a!clear,!yellowish!
!
fluid!called!______________________.!!The!function!of!___________________________________!
!
is!to!carry!oxygen!to!all!body!cells.!!The!____________________________________________!
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are!the!body’s!disease!fighters.!!Cell!fragments!called!________________________!!
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materials!can!block!the!flow!of!blood!through!the!arteries,!resulting!in!a!!
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condition!called!____________________________________.!
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List!major!components!of!the!circulatory!system:!
1.!______________________________________! !!!!2.!!__________________________________________!
3.!!_____________________________________! !!!!4.!___________________________________________!
5.!!______________________________________!
Together!they!work!to!maintain!___________________________________________________.!
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Describe!the!functions!of!the!circulatory!system:!!______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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! 12!
The!heart!keeps!blood!moving!throughout!
your!body!and!is!made!of!____________________!
muscle.!
Name!and!Describe!three!kinds!of!blood!vessels:!
Artery:!_________________________________________________________________________________!
Vein:!!___________________________________________________________________________________!
Capillary:!!_____________________________________________________________________________!
Structure!of!the!Heart!
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Describe!the!heartbeat!cycle!has!two!main!phases:!
Phase!1!R!!________________!fill!with!blood,!then!_______________________!to!fill!
_________________________.!
Phase!2!R!_________________________!contract!to!pump!blood!out!of!the!______________!
to!the!_____________________!and!forward!into!the!___________________.!
Heartbeat!=!!____________________!shutting.!
!!
! 13!
Compare!the!Components!that!Control!the!Heart!Rate!
Contraction!=!!_________________________________________________________________________!
Medulla!Oblangata!=!_________________________________________________________________!
Pacemaker!=!also!called!the!___________________.!!A!_________________________________!
Located!at!the!top!of!the!________________________.!!Sends!_______________________!
impluses!that!spread!over!the!_____________________and!
_____________________________.!
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! Blood!Pressure! Pulse!Rate!
What!is!it?! !
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What!is!the!Unit!of!Measurement?!
mm!Hg!(millimeters!of!
mercury)!
BPM!(beats!per!minute)!
What!do!the!numbers!represent?!
Systolic!pressure:!
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Diastolic!pressure:!
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A!single!number!
representing!heartbeats!!
Sample!Reading! 120/80! 70!
!Blood!pressure!is!increased!by!______________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
! 14!
Main!Idea!–!Blood!Vessels!and!the!Heart!(Pages!993;996)!Sequence!the!path!blood!takes!through!the!human!body!by!completing!the!flowchart.!
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Pulmonary!artery!
Blood!enters!vena!cava!
!!!!!!!Left!ventricle!
!!!!!!!!!!!Tissues!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!arteries!
! 15!
Main!Idea:!The!Function!of!the!Respiratory!System!is!the!Exchange!of!Oxygen!and!Carbon!Dioxide!Between!the!Atmosphere!and!the!Blood!and!between!the!Blood!and!the!Body!Cells.!!(Pages!1000;1003)!Section!34.2!!Objective!11:!Sequence!the!process!of!Gas!Exchange!and!
Describe!The!Mechanics!of!Breathing!and!the!Control!of!Respiration!
!Sequence!the!process!of!gas!exchange.!!
! ! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
! ! !
!!!!!The!action!between!your!__________________________!and!_____________________________!
_______________________________________________!enables!you!to!________________________!
____________!enters!the!lungs!from!!
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the!atmosphere!through!the!!
!
process!of!__________________________!
____________!diffuses!into!the!!
!
___________________________!through!!!
!
the!_______________________!and!
!
then!into!___________!blood!cells.!
The!blood!carries!
!
the!_________________!
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for!release!to!the!
!
body’s!_____________.!
Meanwhile,!________!
!
moves!in!the!!
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opposite!direction,!
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crossing!
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______________________!
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walls!and!diffusing!
!
into!the!_______________!
The!blood!transports!the!_________________________!
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___________________!waste!to!the!__________________!
!
to!be!returned!to!the!_______________________________!
! 16!
Model!the!lungs!during!inhalation!and!exhalation.!!Label!and!describe!the!position!of!the!diaphragm!during!each!process.!
Inhalation! Exhalation!!
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Breathing!is!usually!an!_______________________________!process,!!controlled!by!the!
_______________________________________________!as!it!!_______________________________!
with!a!part!of!your!brain!called!the!!__________________________________________.!!The!
medulla!maintains!!_________________________________!!!As!_______________!increases!
in!the!blood,!the!pH!_______________________________.!pH!sensors!at!the!medulla,!
send!___________________________!signals!to!the!rib!___________________________!and!
__________________________________!causing!them!to!______________________________!and!
the!inhalation!to!occur.!
!
!!!
! 17!
Main!Idea:!The!Kidneys!Maintain!Homeostasis!by!Removing!Wastes!and!Excess!Water!from!the!Body!and!by!Maintaining!the!pH!of!the!Blood!!(Pages!1005;1007)!Section!34.3!!Objective!12:!Describe!the!Structures!and!Functions!of!the!
Urinary!System!and!How!they!Maintain!Homeostasis!
!Main!Idea!–!Parts!of!the!Excretory!System!(Page!1005)Define!
excretion!R!_____________________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
List!four!organs!that!carry!out!excretion!to!help!maintain!homeostasis!of!the!body.!
!
1.!!______________________________________________________________________________________!!
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2.!!______________________________________________________________________________________!!
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3.!!______________________________________________________________________________________!!
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4.!!______________________________________________________________________________________!
!Identify!the!main!waste!products!secreted!by!the!following!components!of!the!excretory!system.!
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lungs!:!________________________________________________________________________________!!
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skin!:!__________________________________________________________________________________!!
!liver!:!__________________________________________________________________________________!
!kidneys:!______________________________________________________________________________!
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! 18!
Main!Idea!–!The!Kidneys!(Page!1006;1007)!!
Summarize!the!path!wastes!take!from!the!kidney!out!of!the!body!by!making!a!list!of!the!order!of!the!structures!through!which!wastes!flows.!
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1.!!________________________________________! 5.!!______________________________________!!
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2.!!________________________________________! 6.!!______________________________________!!
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3.!!________________________________________! 7.!!______________________________________!!
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4.!!________________________________________! 8.!!______________________________________!!
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List!three!ways!the!excretory!system!maintains!homeostasis!of!body!fluids!!
1.!Removes!___________________!and!________________________,!both!are!_______________!
by!products!from!the!_______________________!of!____________________________.!
2.!Controls!the!level!of!____________________________!in!the!_________________________!
by!__________________________!and!reabsorbing!_______________________!ions.!!This!
controls!the!_____________________________!pressure!of!the!blood.!
3.!Regulates!the!_________!of!the!blood!by!filtering!out!_________________________!
and!allowing!_____________________________!to!be!reabsorbed!back!into!the!_________!
!Main!Idea:!The!Digestive!System!Breaks!Down!Food!so!Nutrients!can!be!Absorbed!by!the!Body!!(Pages!1020;1024)!Section!35.1!!Objective!13:!Recognize!the!Different!Functions!of!the!Digestive!
Tract!and!Differentiate!Between!Chemical!and!Mechanical!Digestion!
!Main!function!of!the!digestive!system!R!_____________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
! 19!
Compare!Mechanical!and!Chemical!Digestion:!
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!!Sequence!the!path!of!food!through!the!digestive!tract!.!*rectum! ! ! ! *anus!! ! ! *small!intestine!
*colon! ! ! ! *stomach! ! ! *espohagus!
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Mouth!
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! 20!
Objective!14:!Know!the!Organs!and!Enzymes!of!the!Human!Digestive!System!and!be!Able!to!Explain!How!Each!Contributes!to!Digestion!
!Summarize!how!each!organ!below!mechanically!and!chemically!digests!food.!Organ! Mechanical!Digestion! Chemical!Digestion!Mouth!
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Stomach!
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Small!
Intestine!
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Pancreas!
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Liver!
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Analyze!why!a!sandwich!would!move!through!your!digestive!tract!even!if!you!ate!it!while!standing!on!your!head.!
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! 21!
Contrast!the!digestive!functions!of!the!small!and!large!intestines.!Small!Intestine! Large!Intestine!
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!Main!Idea:!Systems!of!the!Human!Body!are!Regulated!by!Hormonal!Feedback!Mechanisms!!(Pages!1031;1037)!Section!35.3!!Objective!15:!Contrast!the!Actions!of!Steroid!and!Amino!Acid!
Hormones!!The!glands!of!the!_____________________________!!system!make!____________________!
!which!when!released!into!!the!bloodstream!are!!distributed!to!the!body's!!R
_______________.!!A!hormone!is!a!substance!!that!acts!on!certain!____________________!
and!_________________________!to!produce!!a!___________________________________________.!
!Contrast!the!action!of!steroid!and!amino!acid!hormones.!
Steroid!Hormones! Amino!Acid!Hormones!!
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! 22!
Explain!how!the!endocrine!system!functions!as!a!communication!system.!!
Serves!as!messengers!
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Produces!messengers!
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Receives!the!messages!
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!! !
Objective!16:!!Describe!Various!Organs!of!your!Endocrine!System!and!Their!Effects!on!your!Body!
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Make!sure!you!know!your!diagram!that!was!handed!out!in!class!!
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Objective!17:!Describe!the!Endocrine!System!and!How!it!Compares!to!and!Interacts!with!the!Nervous!System!
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Internal!control!of!the!body!is!regulated!by!the!___________________________!system!
and!the!___________________________!system.!!____________________________!loops!in!
both!systems!regulate!conditions!in!the!__________________.!The!endocrine!
system!is!made!up!of!a!series!of!_____________________,!which!release!chemicals,!
_____________________,!directly!into!the!blood!stream.!Hormones!=!_________________!
Hormones!travel!in!the!_______________________!and!attach!to!specific!______________!
sites!called!___________________________.!!These!are!found!on!the!_______________!
membrane!or!in!the!____________________!of!target!tissue.!
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Identify!the!key!link!in!the!diagram!below.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Nervous!!!!!!!!!!!!!System!
Endocrine!System!
! 23!
Compare!the!Nervous!System!to!the!Endocrine!System!and!Explain!the!Integration!of!these!Systems!with!the!Circulatory!System:!
!
!!The!endocrine!,!nervous,!and!circulatory!systems!are!________________________.!!
The!presence!or!absence!of!___________________________!in!the!__________________!
brought!to!the!_______________________!by!the!___________________________!system!will!
trigger!appropriate!body!__________________________!in!an!attempt!to!
________________________!body!conditions!!
!Objective!18:!Summarize!the!Negative!Feedback!Mechanism!
Using!Hormone!Levels!in!the!Body!as!an!Example!!The!amount!of!_________________________!released!from!a!gland!is!determined!by!
your!_______________________!demand!for!that!hormone!at!a!given!time.!!This!
ensures!that!__________________________________________________________________________.!
!The!endocrine!system!is!controlled!by!negative!feedback!system.!!Negative!
feedback!is!____________________________________________________________________________!
__________________________________________________________________________________________!
! 24!
If!the!hormone!level!is!too!_____________,!the!glands!will!___________________!
secreting;!if!the!levels!are!too!_________________,!the!gland!will!_________________!
secreting.!
Sequence!the!steps!in!a!portion!of!the!negative!feedback!system.!!
________Pancreas!begins!secreting!insulin!into!the!bloodstream!
________Eat:!Glucose!levels!rise!in!the!blood!
________Homeostasis!restored;!return!to!normal!glucose!levels!in!the!blood!
________Blood:!normal!glucose!levels!
________Insulin!causes!the!liver!and!other!tissues!to!take!up!more!glucose!
!
Diagram!Negative!Feedback:!
!
!
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