unit 9: diversity of life · concept 27.1 – structural and functional adaptations contribute to...

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Name: ____________________ AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th

Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello

Unit 9: Diversity of Life Guided Reading Questions (90 pts total)

Chapter 27 – Bacteria and Archaea Concept 27.1 – Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success. 1. What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes? (Figure 27.2) 2. How does a cell wall help a prokaryote survive? (list at least three ways) 3. Define the following terms:

a. peptidoglycan –

b. Gram stain –

c. Gram-positive –

d. Gram-negative –

e. capsule –

f. endospore -

g. fimbria –

h. pilus –

i. flagellum -

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4. Describe the process of the creation of an endospore and why this helps the prokaryote. 5. Explain the movement of prokaryotes. (Be sure to include the term “taxis.”) 6. Where do prokaryotes store their chromosome? 7. What is the purpose of having a plasmid and why is this essential? 8. Identify and explain two adaptations that enable prokaryotes to survive in environments too harsh for

other organisms. Concept 27.2 – Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes. 9. Although mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, listed below are the other

three ways variation is introduced. Briefly Explain each one. Source of Variation Summary Explanation transformation - transduction - conjugation -

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10. Compare and contrast transduction and transformation (See Concept 16.1). 11. What occurs in bacterial conjugation? Concept 27.3 – Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes.

12. Contrast the different modes of nutrition in a prokaryote. Be sure to include energy sources, carbon sources, and an example of the organism that uses this mode.

Energy source Carbon source Example

a. photoautotroph - b. chemoautotroph - c. photoheterotroph - d. chemoheterotroph - 13. Contrast the following three metabolic relationships to oxygen.

a. obligate aerobes - b. obligate anaerobes - c. facultative anaerobes - 14. How does nitrogen fixation help prokaryotes become mostly self-sufficient? 15. Describe an example of metabolic cooperation involving a biofilm.

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Concept 27.4 – Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 16. Contrast the domains bacteria and archaea. 17. Define the following terms:

a. extremophiles –

b. extreme halophiles –

c. extreme thermophiles –

d. methanogens –

Concept 27.5 – Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere. 18. Define each of these terms and give a specific example:

a. decomposer -

b. symbiosis –

c. host –

d. symbiont –

e. mutualism –

f. commensalism –

g. parasitism –

h. parasite –

i. pathogen -

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Concept 27.6 – Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans. 19. Explain the process of bioremediation and how it helps nature by using prokaryotes. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 20. Which of the following do bacteria use to attach to surfaces? A. pili B. flagella C. cell walls D. ribosomes Chapter 28 – Protists Concept 28.1 – Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms. 1. Protists vary in structure and function more than any other group of organisms. However, there are some

common traits shared by all protists. List two of these common traits below. 2. Study Figure 28.2. What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes? 3. Endosymbiosis was a key process in eukaryotic evolution. Many protist lineages are actually the result of

secondary endosymbiosis. Distinguish between primary and secondary endosymbiosis and give an example of each.

Definition Example

Primary endosymbiosis: Secondary endosymbiosis:

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4. Label the figure below (Figure 28.3) to show the key steps in several secondary endosymbiotic events. Concept 28.2 – Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella. 5. List the basic characteristics of the following groups. a. diplomonads – b. parabasalids – c. euglenozoans - 6. What human disease is associated with the kinetoplastids? 7. Some euglenids are mixotrophs. What is a mixotroph?

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Concept 28.3 – The “SAR” clade is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities. 8. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. stramenopiles - b. diatoms – c. golden algae – d. brown algae – 9. What does the term “alternation of generations” specifically refer to? (Figure 28.13) 10. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the alveolates? 11. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. dinoflagellates – b. apicomplexans – c. ciliates – 12. What are the defining characteristics of the following groups? a. rhizarians - b. radiolarioans - c. foraminiferans – d. cercozoans –

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Concept 28.4 – Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants. 13. What are some of the general characteristics of red algae? 14. What are the two main divisions of green algae? Concept 28.5 – Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals. 15. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the amoebozoans? 16. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups?

a. slime molds –

b. tubulinids –

c. entamoebas –

17. As explained in the introduction to this chapter, the former kingdom Protista is not a monophyletic group. Explain how groups like nucleariids and choanoflagellates illustrate why scientists have abandoned the kingdom Protista.

Concept 28.6 – Protists play key roles in ecological communities. 18. Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists (“algae”) are among the biosphere’s most important

organisms.

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19. Briefly describe three symbiotic relationships that include protists. 1. 2. 3.

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint:

_____ 20. The paramecium pictured here is an example of a typical A. ciliate. B. diatom. C. dinoflagellate. D. apicomplexan. Chapter 29 – Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

1. List the three traits that land plants share with charophytes. Then, list the five derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes (Figure 29.3).

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. Label the diagram to explain plant evolution in broad terms and then answer the question (Figure 29.2).

Question: What resource did plants find a way to conserve as they moved onto land?

LE 28-12

FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE

CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

MICRONUCLEAR

FUSION

Haploid

micronucleus

Diploid

micronucleus

Diploid

micronucleus

Contractilevacuole

Oral groove

Cell mouth

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

50 µm

Thousands of cilia cover thesurface of Paramecium.

Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water

by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike

contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through

the plasma membrane.

Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis.

Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell.

The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.

Compatiblemates

Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse.

Macronucleus

Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell.

Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro-nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis.

The cells swap one micronucleus.

The cells separate.

KeyMicronuclei

fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. Conjugation

Reproduction

Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one maccronucleusand one macronucleus into each of four daughter cells.

The original macronucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei.

Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesisproduce eight micronuclei.

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3. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue? What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system?

Non-vascular: Vascular: 4. What is the alternative dispersal mechanism other than a seed? 5. As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions: Is the gametophyte dependent on the

sporophyte? Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte? Does the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid? After you have done this, label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations in plants.

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6. Define the following terms: a. xylem – b. tracheids - c. lignin - d. phloem - e. roots - f. leaves - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 7. Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants.

Which one is NOT? A. similar sperm structure B. the presence of chloroplasts C. genetic similarities in chloroplasts D. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division

Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 1. Define the following terms: a. seed – b. integument - c. ovule – d. pollen grain – e. pollination – 2. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation?

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3. Define the following terms:

a. flower –

b. sepal –

c. petal –

d. stamen –

e. filament –

f. anther –

g. carpel –

h. stigma –

i. style –

j. ovary –

k. fruit –

l. embryo sac –

m. cross-pollination –

n. micropyle –

o. double fertilization –

p. cotyledon –

q. endosperm –

r. monocot -

s. dicot –

t. eudicot –

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4. Define “coevolution.” How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame meet the definition of coevolution?

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important

for human survival? A. bark B. cones C. xylem D. phloem

Chapter 31 - Fungi Concept 31.1 – Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption.

1. How do fungi acquire their nutrients? How does surface area connect with this concept? 2. Define the following terms concerning the body structure of fungi:

a. hyphae –

b. chitin –

c. septum –

d. coenocytic fungi –

e. mycelium –

f. haustoria –

g. mycorrhizae –

h. ectomycorrhizal fungi –

i. endomycorrhizal fungi -

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Concept 31.2 – Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles. 3. Define these terms associated with sexual reproduction in fungi:

a. spore –

b. pheromone –

c. plasmogamy –

d. heterokaryon –

e. dikaryotic –

f. karyogamy –

g. mold –

h. deuteromycete -

4. Use different colors to complete the diagram of the generalized life cycle of a fungus (See Figure 31.5).

Be sure to utilize the key in the upper left corner.

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Concept 31.3 – The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist. 5. Label the diagram concerning the phylogeny of fungi

and their closest relatives (Figure 31.8). Concept 31.4 – Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 6. What about chytrids is unique among fungi? 7. What are the general characteristics of zygomycetes? How is a zygosporangium unlike a typical zygote? 8. What type of endomycorrihzae do glomeromycetes have and what is special about this fact? 9. What are the general characteristics of ascomycetes? What are ascomycetes’ asexual spores called?

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10. What are the general characteristics of basidiomycetes? Concept 31.5 – Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare. 11. What are the three broad categories of symbiotic relationships between fungi and other organisms?

List and describe them below. 1. 2. 3.

12. What are three practical human uses for fungi? 1. 2. 3.

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 13. Karyogamy produces a A. spore. B. mycelium. C. diploid zygote. D. haploid zygote.

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Chapter 32 – An Overview of Animal Diversity Concept 32.1 – Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. 1. Define the following terms:

a. tissue –

b. cleavage –

c. blastula –

d. gastrulation –

e. gastrula –

f. larva –

g. metamorphosis –

2. Label the diagram below of early embryonic development (See Figure 32.2).

Concept 32.2 – The history of animals spans more than half a billion years. 3. What is believed to be the common ancestor of living animals?

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4. Briefly describe two hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian Explosion.

1.

2.

Concept 32.3 – Animals can be characterized by “body plans.”

5. Define the following terms with regard to animal body plans.

a. body plan –

b. radial symmetry –

c. bilateral symmetry –

d. dorsal –

e. ventral –

f. anterior –

g. posterior –

h. germ layers –

i. ectoderm –

j. endoderm –

k. diploblastic –

l. mesoderm

m. triploblastic –

n. body cavity –

o. coelom –

p. coelomate –

q. pseudocoelomate –

r. acoelomate –

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6. Color and label the diagram below (Figure 32.9).

7. Color and label the diagram below to compare and contrast the development of protostomes and deuterostomes (Figure 32.10).

8. What is the difference between determinate cleavage, radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage? Concept 32.4 – Views of animal phylogeny continue to be shaped by new molecular and morphological data. 9. What are the 5 points of agreement on animal phylogeny?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. Study the phylogeny shown in Figure 32.11. Which phylum is the sister group of Bilateria in this

tree? A. Porifera B. Cnidaria C. Metazoa D. Eumetazoa

Chapter 33 – An Introduction to Invertebrates 1. Using Figure 33.3 and the information in the text, list the distinguishing characteristics and an example

of each major invertebrate phylum.

Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example

a. Porifera

b. Cnidaria

c. Acoela

d. Placozoa

e. Ctenophora

2. Lophotrochozoa

f. Platyhelminthes

g. Ectoprocta

h. Rotifera

i. Brachiopoda

j. Acanthocephela

k. Nemertea

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Phylum Distinguishing Characteristics Example

l. Cycliophora

m. Annelida

n. Mollusca

3. Ecdysozoa

o. Loricifera

p. Priapula

q. Onychophora

r. Nematoda

s. Tardigrada

t. Arthropoda

4. Deuterostomia

u. Hemichordata

v. Chordata

w. Echinodermata

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 5. Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate B. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present C. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate

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Chapter 34 – The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates 1. List and briefly describe the four derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their

life. 1.

2.

3.

4.

2. Describe an example of an invertebrate chordate. 3. What features characterize the subphylum Vertebrata? 4. In the evolution of vertebrates, identify the significance of having jaws. 5. Distinguish between the terms oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous.

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Outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Phylum Chordata identified in the table below. Include examples of organisms in each class.

Name of Clade Characteristics Examples

6.

Chord

ate

s

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

7.

Verte

bra

tes

Myxini

Petromyzontida

8.

Gnath

osto

mes

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Actinistia

Dipnoi

b. c. d. 9.

Tetra

pods

Amphibia

Reptilia

Mammalia

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AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. According to this phylogenetic tree, the animals most closely related to mammals are _____. A. reptiles B. amphibians C. ray-finned fishes D. sharks, rays, and chimeras

unit 9: diversity of life · concept 27.1 – structural and functional adaptations contribute to...

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