unit 9 data base in tamil.pdf

8/18/2019 Unit 9 Data Base in TAMIL.pdf

1/94

ා 9

ආා ා වත

ාන ා අධ අං

වා ඨැණ ව් වා


2/94

juT Data

• msTfs;> vOj;JUf;fs;> FwpaPLfs;

vd;gtw;iwf;

nfhz;L fzpdpahy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nr

ay;Kiwfs;> ,it

kpd; rkpQ;irfshf flj;jg;gl;L fhe;j

xspapay;> nghwpapay; Clfq;fspy;

Nrkpj;J itj;jyhFk;.

• ts%yk;: Google- What is data?


3/94

ත

• The quantities, characters, or symbols on

which operations are performed by a

computer , which may be stored and

transmitted in the form of electrical signalsand recorded on magnetic, optical, or

mechanical recording media.

• Source: Google- What is data?


4/94

ො

• Information is data that has been processed in

such a way as to be meaningful to the person

who receives it.

• jfty;: Information

• jfty; vd;gJ mjid

ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtWf;F tpsf;fj;ijf;

nfhLf;ff; $ba tifapy;

Kiwtopg;gLj;jYf;fl;gLj;jg; gl;l

juthFk;.


5/94

ාා

• ැ ම ක

ෝත ා ක අා

උාැ :

ා සං බ ෝෂ

ආා ්න වං

ා


6/94

ඵා

• ාථ

• ාථතඋාැ :



ා

• ඵා ඇ ම –

ාකෂ ව

–

ැ ව


7/94

ැම

• ක ා ොාන ාට,ළ, ආා

•

• ැ් , මා

උාැ :

ා සං බ ෝෂආා ්න වං

ා


8/94

ංධ

• ැඩ ත

උාැ :



ා


9/94

ාෝග ාා

1. අාන ඳා ැ

2. ER න ළ

3. ER න මනධ ත ා

4.

5. ඒාදධා ංෝධ

6. DDL ාවන මන ත ාා

7. DML ාවන ත ා


10/94

gpuNahf nray;Kiwfs;

1. Njitfisf; fz;lwpjy;

2. ER tiuglj;ij jahupj;jy;

3.ER tiuglj;ij njhlu;GKiw juTj;js

ml;ltizf;F khw;Wjy;4. ,ay;ghf;fy;

5. xUikg;ghL fl;Lg;ghbly;

6.DDL cgNahfpj;J njhlu;GKiwjuTj;jsk; cUthf;fy;

7. DML cgNahfpj;J juT Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;jy;


11/94

අාන ඳා ැ

• ා ස වවධ ා ා ාග අ එක

එක ා ා ාා අාක ා ථ්ාක

ඇ. එ ා ා ාග ස සවනේ

ඇතම අං, ශෂ ා, ල,න ා ාග ා, ා ාා, ඇත

ා ඛක තා ෑ වා

අ ඇ. එක ස එක ා ා

ාග ව ැ . එක ් ාක ා එකස ා ැඩ ංඛාක සට ැ . එක එක

ශෂා ලන ැ ක ාක

ා ාග ව ැ .


12/94

අාන ඳා ැ

1. ා ස වවධ ා ා ාගය

2. එක එක ා ා ාා අාක ඇ.

3. එක එක ා ා ථ්ාක ඇ.

4. එක ස එක ා ා ාග ව ැ .

5. එක ් ාක ා එක ස ා ැඩංඛාක සට ැ

6. එක එක ශෂා ලන ැ ක

ාක ා ාග ව ැ 7. එ ා ා ාග ස සවනේ ඇතම අං, ශෂ ා,

ල, න ා ාග ා, ා ාා, ඇත ා

ඛක තා ෑ වා අ ඇ...


13/94

Njitfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

• ghlrhiy xd;wpYs;s khztu;fs; gy;NtW

tpisahl;Lf;fspy; khztu; ngau;> tPl;L

Kftup> tFg;G> gq;Fgw;Wk; tpisahl;L> tpisahl;Lj; jiytd; Nghd;wit mlq;fpa Nfhg;nghd;iw

eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;F mjpgu; jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;. xU

khztu; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspy;


14/94

ER න ළ

1. ඳාත අාන ලන ා ා න ැ

2. ා, භාථ උකෂ

නැ

3. ා(භාථ) ා (මනා)

මන

4. ා (උකෂ), භාථ අක

5. ා ඳා ැ


15/94

ER tiuglj;ij jahupj;jy;

• ,dq;fhzg;gl;l nghJg; ngau;r; nrhw;fisAk;> tpidr;

nrhw;fisAk; Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• nghJg; ngau;r; nrhw;fs;> cUnghUs;> gz;Gfs;

vd;gtw;iw Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

• nghJg; ngau;fs;fisAk; (cUnghUs;fs;)>

tpidr;nrhw;fisAk; (njhlu;GKiw) njhlu;G gLj;jy;

• nghJg; ngau;fis (gz;Gfs;)> cUnghUs;fSld;

mDtjpj;jy; (Secondment)

• vz;zstpid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;


16/94

ER න මනධ ත ා

මනා කඒ - ඒ භාථ ක ත එක

භ පාථ අක භා

ආන

ඒ - භාථ ක ත 1: M හ1 ැතහ භාහ පාථ M ැතහ

භාහ ආන

- භාථ ක ත

කා හ පාථ එකො ා ංක හ

පාථ ාවා


17/94

ER tiuglj;ij njhlu;GKiw

juTj;js ml;ltizf;F khw;Wjy;njhluG

Kiw

nrayKiw

Xd;W -

xd;W

cUnghUs;fs; ,uz;il ml;ltizfs; ,uz;lhf

khw;WjYk;> xU cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia

mLj;j cUnghUspy; me;epar; rhtpahf mikj;jYk;

Xd;W - gy cUnghUs;fs; ,uz;il ml;ltizfs; ,uz;lhf

khw;WjYk;> 1:M ,d; 1 w;Fupa gf;fj;jpYs;s

cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia M gf;fj;jpYs;s

cUnghUspd; me;epar;rhtpahf ghtpj;jYk;

gy

– gy cUnghUs;fs; ,uz;il ml;ltizfs; ,uz;lhf

khw;WjYk;> Gjpjhf ml;ltiznahd;iw cUthf;fp

mit ,uz;bdJk; Kjd;ikr; rhtpfisAk; ,izj;J

cUthf;fg;gl;l me;epar;rhtp Gjpa ml;ltizapy;

Kjd;ikr; rhtpahf gad;gLj;jy;

9 2n ; p ; ; ; ;


18/94

9.2njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk; vd;gij

tpgupg;ghu;.

මනධ ත ා න අථ කය

• මනධ ත ා අථ ැක

• එහ ං

•එා ජව අා ා ොා

juTj;jsk; xd;wpd; $Wfs;.

md;whl tho;tpd; NjitfSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


19/94

මනධ ත ා අථ ැක

njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk; (Relational Database)

•එ මන ත, ංවධා ත ත ා එ.xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;GilaJk;>

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJkhd

juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; njhFg;G vd vspjhf

tpsf;f KbAk;.

• ,jd; d;W gFjpfis ,dq;fhz

KbAk;.

• එ ල අං න නව

– (Table) ml;ltiz

– උැා (Record/Row/Tuple) gjpT/tupir

– උැ (Field/ Attribute) Gyk;


20/94

jhluGeiyj juTjjsk(Relational Database)

• අථ ැක අ ත ා ා දධක (DBMS) ාව ො ක

ෑ පමණන එ මන ත ාක (Relational Database) ො අධා

.

• ,t;tpsf;fj;jpw;fika juTj;js

Kfhikj;Jt Kiwiknahd;iwg; (DBMS)gad;gLj;jp ml;ltizfs; gytw;iw

cUthf;Ftjhy; khj;jpuk; mJ xU

juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik(Relational Database) nahd;whf

miktjpy;iy vd;gJ ftzpf;fg;gl

Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.


21/94

• ෑ අ මනක ඇ අා

ා .• cUthf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizfSf;fpilapy;

njhlu;GKiw cUthf;ff; $bathW

ml;ltizfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.


22/94

ත මනධන අත ාස juT

Kiwapdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs

• ක (redundancy) අ ැැ.

• juT kpifikiaf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;

• අංා (inconsistency) ඟා ැැ.

• xUq;fpirtpd;ikia jtpu;Jf; nfhs;sf;

;$baik• ත ාවා (share) ැ.

• juitg; gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;jf;$baik


23/94

njhlu;r;rp

• න (standards) ාත ැ.

• epakq;fis mKy;gLj;jf;$baik

• ආකෂා (security) ා ාන ම

ැාghJfhg;G tiuaiwfis gad;gLj;jf;$baik

• මත (integrity) ආකෂා ැ

ැ• juT xOq;fikitg; ghJfhj;jy;


24/94

ක (redundancy) kpifik

• ක ා ආ ඉ අත ය

• kpifikapd; fhuzkhf ,lf;nfhs;ssTtPzhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ක මන ඉත ැක• kpifikapid KOikahf ePf;fKbAk; vdNth

• ෝ මන ඉත ක යන ාො.

• my;yJ KOikahf ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJfUj;jhFk;.


25/94

අංා (inconsistency)

• ක .

• ත ඇ ක ාය. – ත අත .

– ත ාතා ම අත ස ත එාතා ො.

• උා – ා සන ඇත ැම ඛ ා ැම

ඛ ා න. එ ඛ හ සාේ අං. මන සාේ ් ා ය ස. එවසන ඇත ැම ඛහ ් ොා ැම ඛහ ක ් ය ස.එව සාේ ල අංාක ඇය. ඔේ ෝඇේ අ්ම ත ම සන ඇත මඛහ න ාවා ොත එ ො.


26/94

cjhuzkhf

උාක

• ථ ක ත ආන ක ාවා අ්ථා එ ත අත ක ස.එ අත කාල ොැ. එහ කල ැක ැ ො.

– ml;ltiznahd;wpd; Kjd;ikr;rhtp NtnwhU

ml;ltizapy; me;epar;rhtpahf ghtpf;fg;gLkplj;JxNu juT kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.,J jtpu;f;f KbahjjhFk;. ,q;F kpifik gw;wparpf;fy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

– එ අත ස ොොත අමනධා ඇ ො.

– mt;thwhd kPs;gjpTfs; eilngwhtpbd; ml;ltiz,uz;bw;fpilapyhd njhlu;GKiw Vw;glhJ.


27/94

ත ාවා (share)

juitg; gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;jf;$baik

• ත ා "ත" එහ ැනත ඇ

අන/ටාම .

• juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; ‘juT’ vd;gJ mq;FNrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ngWkhdq;fs; MFk;.


28/94

• එ ැනත ො අන ා ම

වසන "තක / අක " ා

දම එ ොක ය.

• mt;thW Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

ngWkhdq;fs; %yk; gadu; xUtuhy;

tpsf;fnkhd;iw ngwKbAkhapd; mJ

jftyhFk;

• යන ආ.

• gadu;fs; ,Utifg;gLtu;

– ඒ (single user) jdpg;gadu;

– (multi user) gw; ;gadu;


29/94

•ඒ

(single user) jdpg;gadu;

– ාාන එක ක ාව ය.

– rhjhuzkhf xU fzpdpiag; ghtpg;ghu;

– එ ක එ ැඩ ම

(applications) වසන එ ත ාව ැ .

– xU fzpdpAs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

gpuNahfq;fs; (applications) %yk; xNu juT

gad;gLj;j KbAk;


30/94

• (multi user) gw; ;gadu;

– ාාන එ ා ාව ය.

– rhjhuzkhf xd;Wf;F Nkw;wl;l fzpdp

ghtpf;fg;gLk;

– එ ා ලන යන එ

ම (application) එ ාත ැ – Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fzpdpfs;

ghtpf;fg;gLtjd;%yk; gy gadu;fs; xNu

gpuNahfj;ij xNu rkaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;

• ම අථ්ා හ ත ාව ය.

• ,t;tpU re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJk; juT gfpu;T

eilngWfpd;wJ.


31/94

• එක ් ත ා ත ාව

න අත ැම (application) ්

ැ.

xNu jilitapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

juitg;gad;gLj;jp Gjpa gpuNahfq;fis

cUthf;fyhk;

• අථ්ා ැම අ ත

ාවක සය.

• ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;

juit gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

ත ව ( h )


32/94

ත ාව (share).

juitg; gfpu;e;J gad;gLj;jy;

ත ාjuTj;jsk;

ම

gpuNahfk; ;

gadu;


33/94

න (standards) epakq;fs;

• න epakq;fs;

– ම (application) gpuNahfq;fs;

– ත (data representation) juT

gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

– ත ා (data exchange)juT gupkhw;wk;

– ත ම (data naming)juT ngauply;

– ඛ (documentation) Mtzg;gLj;jy;

• ඉ න ත ාව ත, ත

ැ තම ැත ඉ ය.


34/94

ආකෂා (security) ghJfhg;G• ම ා ා.

• mDfy; topfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

• වවධ න (retrieve, modify, update,

delete, etc) ්හම .

• gy;NtWgl;l gadu;fSf;F (retrieve, modify,update, delete, etc)cupkkspj;jy;.

• ඉකරො ත ා අා අං.

• ,yj;jpuzpay; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba xU mk;rkhFk;


35/94

(integrity) juT xOq;fikT

• ක ක ඇය.

• kPs;gjpT Vw;gLjypd; tpiythy;

cz;lhtjhFk;

• ා න සය.

• rupepiy cWjpg;gLj;jy; ,jd;%yk;

eilngWk;

• ක ො ා

.

• kPs;gjpT ,y;yhtpbDk; rupepiy

cWjpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


36/94

njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsk; මන ත ා

• ක ම .,U tplaq;fs;

G+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. – ස ත ක ා ැ.

– rfy juTfSk; ml;ltizfspy; khj;jpuk; Nrkpj;jy; – ස ම (operations) ගන ාව ො අත

ා .

– rfy nraw;ghLfs; (operations) %yKk; gioa ml;ltizfs;

ghtpf;fg;gl;L Gjpa ml;ltizfs; cUthFjy;.

• එැවන SQL වධා ගන ැ ස ය.• vdNt> SQL fl;lisfs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; midj;J ngWNgWfSk;

ml;ltizfshFk;.


37/94

උැ Gyq;fs;• මන ත ා ත ා නන උැ .

• njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; juTfs; gjpag; gLtJ Gyq;fspyhFk;.

• උැක ා නන එ අත තන.

• Gynkhd;wpDy; xNutifahd juTfs;

gjpag;gLk;.• මන ත ාක උැ ත ව

ො.

• njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpy; Gynkhd;W NkYk; gpupglhJ

• එම ත ා ෝ ා න මනත ා දධ ොැ.

• mjhtJ NkYk; rpW gFjpfshfNtWgLj;Jtjw;J juTj;jsj;jpw;F KbahJ.


38/94

• උා – (date ) උැක ම එ ෂ, ා, න

මන ත ා ොැ. එ අම, එ ෘාං .

– එ ක ැ මන ත ා ද ොැ.

• cjhuzk;:

– jpfjp(date) Gynkhd;nwdpd; mjid tUlk;>

khjk;> jpfjp vd njhlu;Gepiyj;

juTj;jsnkhd;wpw;F KbahJ. mt;thW

Njitnadpd; nkdnghUspDs; nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

– mJ jpfjpjhd; vd mwpa njhlu;Gepiyj; juTj;jsnkhd;wpw;F KbahJ.


39/94

උැ Gyq;fs;

index name address class

1022 S.M.G.D. Dayasiri No.15, Peradeniya Road, Kandy 8 B

566 G.M.D. Priyangani N0.147/7, Katugasthota Road, Kandy 11 C

923 F.D.C. Jayasingha “Sadasiri”, Colombo Road, Mawanella 10 B

student table

Gyq;fs;


40/94

උැා gjpT





student table

gjpT

(records)

උැාක උැ එක ෝ එ ැඩ න ෑ ඇ.

gjpT xd;W Gyk; xd;wpdhNyh gytw;whNyh ,Uf;fyhk;


41/94

ml;ltiz





student table

උැා

ml;ltiznahd;wpy; gjpTfs;

න වැ. G+r;rpakhf ,Uf;fyhk;

එක වැ. Xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;

එ ා ැඩව ැ. Xd;wpw;;F Nkw;gl;ljhf

,Uf;fyhk;


42/94

ml;ltiznahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;





student table V z; z s i

t ( C a r d i n a l i t y )

#

o f r e c o r d s

epiy(Degree)

# of fields


43/94

ml;ltiznahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;

• උැ අත ොැ.

• gjpTfspd; gpujpfs; ,Uf;f KbahJ• උැා ටාට ො (unordered).

• gjpTfs; tupir Kiwapy; fhzg;glhJ• උැ ටාට ො.

• Gyq;fs; tupir Kiwapy; fhzg;glhJ

• උැ ා අන ව ොැ (atomic).• Gyq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l ngUkhdq;fs;

gpupgl KbahJ.


44/94

මනාන njhlu;Gepiyfs;

• ඒ - ඒxd;W - xd;W (1:1)

• ඒ - xd;W - gy (1:m)

• - gy - gy (m:n)

; ; (1 1) n ; p


45/94

xd;W - xd;W (1:1) njhlu;Gepiy

• එක ශෂ ා එක මක න ඇ.

• xU khztUf;F xU Nkir xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ• එක මක එක ශෂ ා න ඇ.

• xU Nkir xU khztUf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

student table1 1


46/94


• එක ශෂ ා එක මක න ඇ.

• xU khztUf;F xU Nkir xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

student table1


47/94


• එක මක එක ශෂ ා න ඇ.

• xU Nkir xU khztUf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

student table

1

ඒ ඒ මන


48/94

ඒ - ඒ මනා ොැ

xd;W - xd;W (1:1) njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;

index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

tableId title

T001 Table 1

T002 Table 2

student (Pkey – index)

Table (Pkey – tableId)

මනාක ැ.

njhlu;nghd;W ,y;iyමනා ඇ නන ?

njhlu;nghd;W cUthf;FtJ vt;thW?

xd;W - xd;W (1:1) njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy ;


49/94

xdW xdW (1:1) njhluGepiyia flbnaOggy

index tableId name address

S001 T002 Athula Badulla

S002 T001 Saman Kandy

tableId title

T001 Table 1

T002 Table 2

student (Pkey – index) table (Pkey – tableId)


index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

table (Pkey – tableId)

tableId index title

T001 S001 Table 1

T002 S002 Table 2

වසඳම 1 tpdty; xd;W1

tpdty; 2

වඳ 1 ෝ 2 නන දධ ැ ය

මන


50/94

මනා ොැ

njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy

මනා ක

ඒ - ඒ

Xd;W - xd;W

එක පථ අක ආන

xU cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpiamLj;j cUnghUspy; me;epar; rhtpahf

mikj;jYk;

ඒ මන


51/94

ඒ - මනා

xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia

• ා දධ – එක ශෂ එක න ක සට ැ .

– එක න ශෂ ෝ ඊ ැඩ ාක සට ැ.

• ghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;wpy;

xU khztUf;F tFg;gpy; khj;jpuk; ,Uf;fyhk; xU tFg;gpy; khztu; xUtu; my;yJ gyu;

,Uf;fyhk;.

student class

m 1

ඒ මන


52/94

ඒ - මනා

xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia

• එ න එ ශෂ ක සට ැ.

• එ ශෂ න එ ා ැඩ සට ැ.

• ා දධක ැම ැ ො.

• එත ෞදල න දධ ැ අ්ථා ැ.

• xU tFg;gpy; khztu; xUtu; khj;jpuk; ; ,Uf;fyhk;.

• xU khztUf;F xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l tFg;Gfspy;

,Uf;fyhk;• ghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;iwf; fUJk; NghJ,J rupahdjy;y.

• vdpDk; jdpahu; tFg;G Kiwikfspy;

,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;.

student class1 m

ඒ - මනා ොැ


53/94

ැ

xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;

index classId name address

S001 C012 Athula Badulla

S002 C012 Saman Kandy

classId title

C012 Grade 12

C013 Grade 13

student (Pkey – index) class (Pkey – classId)


index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

class (Pkey – classId)

classId index title

C012 S001 Grade 12

C012 S002 Grade 12

C013 Grade 13

jPu;T1 ( d;whk; ,ay;ghffy ml;ltiz ,uz;L)

වක ොනන ඇය ැය ාචඡා න.

,J xU jPu;thf mikahjJ Vd; vd fye;JiuahlTk;

ඒ - මනා ොැ


54/94

xd;W - gy njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;

index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

classId title

C012 Grade 12

C013 Grade 13

student (Pkey – index) class (Pkey – classId)

class (Pkey – classId + Index)

classId index

C012 S001

C012 S002

jPu;T1 ( d;whk; ,ay;ghffy ml;ltiz d;W)


55/94

මනා ොැ

njhlu;Gepiyia fl;bnaOg;gy;

njhlu;Gepiy nray;Kiw

ඒ - ඒ

Xd;W-xd;W

එක පථ අක ආන

xU cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia mLj;j cUnghUspy;

me;epar; rhtpahf mikj;jy;

ඒ -

Xd;W-gy

1: M හ 1 ැතහ හ පථ M ැතහ හ

ආන

1:M ,d; 1 w;Fupa gf;fj;jpYs;s

cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia M

gf;fj;jpYs;s cUnghUspd;

me;epar;rhtpahf ghtpj;jy;

-

- මනා


56/94

- මනා

gy- gy njhlu;Gepiy

• ා දධghlrhiy Kiwiknahd;wpy; – එක ශෂ ාන ාක ා ඉතව ැ.

– xU khztUf;F xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;F

nfhs;syhk;

– එක ාක ා ශෂන ාක ා ව ැ.

– xW tpisahl;bw;F gy khztu;fs; gq;F nfhs;syhk ;

sportstudent

mn

- මනා ොැ



57/94

njhluGepiyia flbnaOggy

index sportId name address

S001 SP001 Athula Badulla

S001 SP002 Athula Badulla

sportd name

SP001 Badminton

SP002 Cricket

student (Pkey – index) sport (Pkey – sportId)


index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

sport (Pkey – sportId)

sportId index title

SP001 S001 Badminton

SP001 S002 Badminton

මා වඳම ොනන ඇය ැය ාචඡා න.


වක ොනන ඇය ැය ාචඡා න.


- මනා ොැ


58/94


Index name address

S001 Athula Badulla

S002 Saman Kandy

sportId name

SP001 Badminton

SP002 Cricket

student (Pkey – index) sport (Pkey – sportId)

index sportId

S001 SP001

S002 SP001

S001 SP002

S002 SP002

අන ක ා .

Gjpjhf ml;ltiznahd;W cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; ;

studentSport(Pkey – index+sportId)


59/94

මනා ොැ

මනා කඒ - ඒ

Xd;W - xd;Wඑක පාථ අක ආන

xU cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr; rhtpia mLj;j cUnghUspy;

me;epar; rhtpahf mikj;jy;

ඒ -

Xd;W - gy1: M හ 1 ැතහ හ පාථ M ැතහ හ ආන

1:M ,d; 1 w;Fupa gf;fj;jpYs;s cUnghUspd; Kjd;ikr;

rhtpia :M gf;fj;jpYs;s cUnghUspd; me;epar;rhtpahf

ghtpj;jy;

-

gy - gy

කා හ පාථ එක ො ා ංක

හ පාථ ාවා Gjpjhf ml;ltiznahd;iw cUthf;fp mit ,uz;bdJk;

Kjd;ikr; rhtpfisAk; ,izj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l me;epar;rhtp

Gjpa ml;ltizapy; Kjd;ikr; rhtpahf gad;gLj;jy;


60/94

,ayghf;Fjy;

• Kjy; ,ay;G

– එ ා ා උැ (Fields) ැ ැ ැැක

– xNu khjpupahd Gyq;fs; (Fields) kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy; jtpu;f;fg;gly;.

• ,uz;lhk; ,ayG

– ත ැ ැ ැැක

– juT (Data) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy;

jtpu;f;fg;gly;.

– d;wlhk ,ay;G

– ඇ උැ එ ාථ ක ා

– ml;ltiznahd;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gjpTfs;

Kjd;ikr;rhtpapy; khj;jpuk; jq;fpapUg;gij cWjp

nra;jy ;


61/94

First Normal FormKjy ,ayG tbtk;

• Eliminate repeating groups in individual tables.

• Create a separate table for each set of related data.• Identify each set of related data with a primary key.

• xNu khjpupahd Gyq;fs; (Fields) kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; cNahfg;gLj;jy; jtpu;f;fg;gly;.• Xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila Gyq;fisf;

nfhz;L jdpnahU ml;ltiz

cUthf;Fjy;.• Xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila Gyq;fis

Kjd;ikr;rhtp %yk; milahsk; fhz

KbAk; vd;gij cWjpr;nra;jy

First Normal Form Kjy ,ay;G tbtk;


62/94

• Do not use multiple fields in a single table to store similar data.

• xNu tifahd juTfis gjptjw;F gy

Gyq;fis ghtpj;jy; $lhJ.For example, to track an inventory item that may come from two possible

sources, an inventory record may contain fields for Vendor Code 1 and

Vendor Code 2.

• cjhuzkhf> ,U tsq;fspypUe;J nghUl;gjpNtl;bw;Ftuf; $ba tplankhd;iw NjLk; NghJ Vendor Code 1,

Vendor Code 2. vDk; Gyq;fs; fhzg;glyhk;.

• %d;whtJ Nru;f;f Ntz;b Vw;gbd; vd;d elf;Fk;.

NkYk; xU Gyj;ij Nru;g;gJ jPu;ty;y. ,jw;FepuyplYk; ml;ltizfis GJg;gpj;jYk;

mtrpakhtJld;> Vendor u;fs; khWk; vz;zpf;iff;F

,lkspf;f KbahJ.


63/94

• vdNt> rfy tpahghupfisAk;

cs;slf;ff;$ba tifapy; ‘vendor’

vDk; jdpahd ml;ltiznahd;wpy;

mj;jfty;fis gjpa Ntz;Lk;. gpwFmjid nghUs; gjpNtl;Lld;

Kjd;ikr; ;rhtpg; Gynkhd;Wld; njhlu;G

gLj;jTk;. cjhuzk; • item number key, vendor code key.

First Normal Form


64/94

First Normal Form

• What happens when you add a third vendor?

Adding a field is not the answer; it requires

program and table modifications and does not

smoothly accommodate a dynamic number ofvendors. Instead, place all vendor information

in a separate table called Vendors, then link

inventory to vendors with an item numberkey, or vendors to inventory with a vendor

code key.


65/94

Kjy; ,ay;ghf;fy;

STIndex SName Desk DName Coach1 Name1 Coach2 Name2 Coach3 Name3

710 Saman D001 Desk1 T125 Anil T127 Sunil T130 Wimal

515 Nimal D002 Desk2 T127 Sunil T125 Anil T130 Wimal

712 Sudath D003 Desk3 T130 Wimal T125 Anil T127 Sunil

Student

ැ ැ උැ

kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sGyq;fs ;

:

ER ැ ් ම තත උාො

Fwpg;G:

ER tiuglk; rupahf cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; ,e;epiy

fhzg;glhJ

Kjy; ,ay;ghf;fy;


66/94

Kjy ,ayghffy

STIndex SName Desk DName Coach Name

710 Saman D001 Desk1 T125 Anil

710 Saman D001 Desk1 T127 Sunil

710 Saman D001 Desk1 T130 Wimal

515 Nimal D002 Desk2 T127 Sunil

515 Nimal D002 Desk2 T125 Anil

515 Nimal D002 Desk2 T130 Wimal

712 Sudath D003 Desk3 T130 Wimal

712 Sudath D003 Desk3 T125 Anil

712 Sudath D003 Desk3 T127 Sunil

StudentCoach (1st Normal form)

Second Normal Form


67/94

Second Normal Form

,uz;lhk; ,ay;ghf;fy;

• Eliminate fields that do not depend on the

key.

• rhtpapy; jq;fpapuhj Gyq;fs;

ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Second Normal Form


68/94

Second Normal Form

• Records should not depend on anything other than a

table's primary key (a compound key, if necessary).• For example, consider a customer's address in an

accounting system. The address is needed by the

Customers table, but also by the Orders, Shipping,

Invoices, Accounts Receivable, and Collections tables.

• Instead of storing the customer's address as a

separate entry in each of these tables, store it in one

place, either in the Customers table or in a separateAddresses table.


69/94


• gjpTfs; ml;ltizap;d; Kjd;ikr;rhtpapyd;wp

NtW tplaq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;ff;$lhJ .(

Njitg;gbd; fyg;Gr;rhtp)

•cjhuzj;jpw;F fzf;fPl;L Kiwiknahd;wpy; thbf;ifahsupd; Kftupiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;f.

customer ml;ltiznahd;wpw;F Kftup

mtrpakhtJ Nghy; Orders, Shipping, Invoices,

Accounts Receivable, Collections Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.


70/94


• thbf;ifahsupd; (customer) Kftupia

xt;nthU ml;ltizapYk; ; jdpj;jdpahf

gjpT nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf customer

ml;ltizapy; my;yJ addressml;ltizapy; jdpahf gjpayhk;

, ; ; , y; ; y;


71/94

,uzlhk ,ayghffy

STIndex SName Desk DName Coach

710 Saman D001 Desk1 T125



515 Nimal D002 Desk2 T127



712 Sudath D003 Desk3 T130



StudentCoach (1st Normal form)

Coach Name

T125 Anil

T127 Sunil

T130 Wimal

Coach (3rd Normal form)



72/94

STIndex Coach

710 T125

710 T127

710 T130

515 T127

515 T125

515 T130

712 T130

712 T125

712 T127

Student (2nd Normal form)

STIndex SName Desk DName

710 Saman D001 Desk1

515 Nimal D002 Desk2

712 Sudath D003 Desk3

Coach Name

T125 Anil

T127 Sunil

T130 Wimal


StudentCoach (3rd Normal form)

,uzlhk ,ayghffy

Third Normal Form


73/94

Third Normal Form

• Values in a record that are not part of thatrecord's key do not belong in the table. In

general, any time the contents of a group of

fields may apply to more than a single recordin the table, consider placing those fields in a

separate table.

%d;whk;; ,ay;ghf;fy;


74/94

• cjhuzj;jpw;F Ckpau; Ml;Nru;gG (Employee

Recruitment )ml;ltizapy;> xU Nju;T ehLdu;

(candidate)gy;fiyf;fofg; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftup

cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy; FO mQ;ry;

Kiwapy; jfty; mDg;g> rfy

gy;fiyf;fyfq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;bay; Njitg;gLk;.

gy;fiyf;fyfq;fspd; tpguq;fs; ‘candidate’

ml;ltizapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;

Nju;T ehLdu;fs; ,y;yhj gy;fiyf;foq;fis

gl;bay;gLj;j Kbahj epiyNaw;gLk;. MfNtgy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;nfd gpwpnjhU ml;ltizia

cUthf;fp mjid ‘candidate’ ml;ltizAld;

rhtpg;Gynkhd;Wld; njhlu;G gLj;jTk;. (university

code key

%dwhk ,ayghffy

Third Normal Form


75/94

Third Normal Form

• For example, in an Employee Recruitmenttable, a candidate's university name and

address may be included. But you need a

complete list of universities for groupmailings. If university information is stored in

the Candidates table, there is no way to list

universities with no current candidates. Createa separate Universities table and link it to the

Candidates table with a university code key.

•

%d;whk; ; ,ay;ghf;fy;


76/94

% w ,

STIndex Coach

710 T125

710 T127

710 T130

515 T127

515 T125

515 T130

712 T130

712 T125

712 T127

Student (2nd Normal form)

STIndex SName Desk DName

710 Saman D001 Desk1

515 Nimal D002 Desk2

712 Sudath D003 Desk3

Coach Name

T125 Anil

T127 Sunil

T130 Wimal




77/94

STIndex Coach

710 T125

710 T127

710 T130

515 T127

515 T125

515 T130

712 T130

712 T125

712 T127

Student (3rd Normal form)

STIndex SName Desk

710 Saman D001

515 Nimal D002

712 Sudath D003

Coach Name

T125 Anil

T127 Sunil

T130 Wimal



Desk DName

D001 Desk1

D002 Desk2

D003 Desk3

Desk (3rd Normal form)

Types of constraints


78/94

ypfl;Lj;jpl;l tiffs;

• A NOT NULL constrain

• ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL• A unique constraint

• jdpj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL• A primary key constraint

• Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL• A foreign key constraint

• me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL• A (table) check constraint

• ml;ltiz rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL


79/94

A NOT NULL constraint

• A NOT NULL constraint is a rule that preventsnull values from being entered into one or

more columns within a table

• ntw;W kWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJml;ltiznahd;wpd; epunyhd;wpy;

my;yJ gytw;wpy; ntw;W ngWkhdq;fs;

gjpT nra;ag;gLtij jilnra;fpwJ.


80/94

A unique constraint

• A unique constraint (also referred to as aunique key constraint ) is a rule that forbids

duplicate values in one or more columns

within a table. Unique and primary keys arethe supported unique constraints. For

example, a unique constraint can be defined

on the supplier identifier in the supplier tableto ensure that the same supplier identifier is

not given to two suppliers.

jdpj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL


81/94

jdpjJt flLgghL

• jdpj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ xU

ml;ltiznahd;wpd; xU my;yJ gyGyq;fspy; xNu juT ,d;ndhUKiw gjpT

nra;ag;gLjiy jLf;fpd;wJ. jdpj;Jt kw;Wk;

Kjd;ikr;rhtp Mfpad jdpj;Jt

fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cjTfpd;wd.

cjhuzj;jpw;F> supplier ml;ltizapy; toq;Fdu;

xUtiu jdpj;Jtkhf ,dq;fhz;gjw;F xt;nthU

toq;FdUf;Fk; milahsq;fhzp(identifier)toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; xNu

milahsq;fhzp ,d;DnkhU toq;FdUf;F

toq;fg;glhkypUg;gij jdpj;Jt fl;Lg;ghL cWjp

nra;fpwJ.

A primary key constraint

Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL


82/94

Kjdikrrhtpf flLgghL

• A primary key constraint is a column or combination ofcolumns that has the same properties as a unique constraint.

You can use a primary key and foreign key constraints to

define relationships between tables.

• Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ jdpj;Jtfl;L;g;ghl;by; cs;sJ Nghd;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU

my;yJ gy Gyq;fspd; Nru;f;ifahFk;.

• ml;ltizfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig tiuaWf;f>

Kjd;ikr;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; ghtpf;fyhk;.

A foreign key constraint


83/94

me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL

• A foreign key constraint (also referred to as areferential constraint or a referential integrity

constraint ) is a logical rule about values in one

or more columns in one or more tables.• me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ xU

my;yJ gy ml;ltizfspy; cs;s xU

my;yJ gy Gyq;fspd; ngWkhdk; gw;wpaju;f;f tpjpahFk;

A f i k i


84/94


• For example, a set of tables sharesinformation about a corporation's suppliers.

Occasionally, a supplier's name changes. You

can define a referential constraint stating thatthe ID of the supplier in a table must match a

supplier ID in the supplier information. This

constraint prevents insert, update, or deleteoperations that would otherwise result in

missing supplier information.



85/94


me;epar;rhtpf; fl;Lg;ghL

• cjhuzj;jpw;F xU $l;Lj;jhdj;jpd; toq;Fdu;fsJ jfty;fis xU njhFjp

ml;ltizfs; gupkhwpf;nfhs;fpd;wd. toq;Fdu;

xUtupd; ; ngau; mbf;fb khWgLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F

Nkw;Nfhs; fl;Lj;jpl;nkhd;iw tiuaiw

nra;ayhk;. xU ml;ltizapypUf;Fk;

toq;Fdupd; ID toq;Fdu; tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa

ml;ltizapy; ID Ald; nghUe;jf;$bajf,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;fl;Lg;ghL insert, update, or

delete Nghd;w nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

A (t bl ) h k t i t


86/94

A (table) check constraint

• A (table) check constraint (also called a checkconstraint ) sets restrictions on data added to a

specific table. For example, a table check

constraint can ensure that the salary level foran employee is at least $20 000 whenever

salary data is added or updated in a table

containing personnel information.

(ml;ltiz) rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL


87/94

• (ml;ltiz) rupghu;j;jy; fl;Lg;ghL xU Fwpj;jml;ltizapy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; juTfSf;F

fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ.

cjhuzj;jpw;F (ml;ltiz) rupghu;j;jy;

fl;Lg;ghL> gpuj;jpNaf jfty; mlq;fpa

ml;ltizf;F rk;gs juTfs; Nru;f;fg;gLk;

NghJ my;yJ ,w;iwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ xU

njhopyhspf;Fupa rk;gsk; kl;lk; Mff; Fiwe;jJ $20 000 fshf cs;snjd;gij cWjp

nra;fpd;wJ.

PARTICIPATION CONSTRAINT


88/94

gq;Nfw;G fl;LgghL

• An employee MUST work for a department

• xU njhopyhsp jpizf;fsnkhd;wpw;fhf Ntiynra;aNtz;Lk ;.

• An employee entity can exist only if it participates in a WORKS_FOR

relationship instance

• xU njhopyhsp vd;w cUnghUs; njhopy;Gupfpd;whu;

vDk; njhlu;G epiyAld; gq;Nfw;Fk; NghJ khj;jpuNk

,Uf;f KbAk;

• Thus its participation is TOTAL

• me;j tifapy; mjdJ gq;Nfw;G KOikahdJ

• Only some employees manage departments

The participation is PARTIAL

• rpy njhopyhsp khj;jpuk; jpizf;fsq;fis

Kfhikj;Jtk; nrafpd;wdu;. ,J rhu;Gila

gq;Nfw;ghFk;

D i d Att ib t


89/94

Derived Attribute

• Derived Attributes

• Another one

T f D t b

http://rdbprime.com/Documentation/WebObjects/UsingEOModeler/4WorkingWithAttributes/Definition__Attributes_.htmlhttp://rdbprime.com/Documentation/WebObjects/UsingEOModeler/4WorkingWithAttributes/Definition__Attributes_.htmlhttp://franke.nau.edu/facstaff/lorents-a/cis310/class/subtop2_4/tsld003.htmhttp://franke.nau.edu/facstaff/lorents-a/cis310/class/subtop2_4/tsld003.htmhttp://franke.nau.edu/facstaff/lorents-a/cis310/class/subtop2_4/tsld003.htmhttp://rdbprime.com/Documentation/WebObjects/UsingEOModeler/4WorkingWithAttributes/Definition__Attributes_.html


90/94

Types of Databases

• Flat-file. – Flat file databases most closely resemble paper files and

file cabinets. Flat file databases, while simple to create and

access, contain lots of redundant information. These

redundancies slow down the search process, making theflat-file type of database inefficient.

• ,j;juTj; jsq;fs; fhfpjf; Nfhg;GfisAk;

Nfhg;Gg; ngl;bfisAk; xj;jdthf cs;sd.

,t;tifj; juTj;jsq;fis cUthf;fTk;

mDfTk; vspjhf ,Ug;gpDk; juT kpifik

mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.


91/94

• Hierarchical. – Hierarchical databases relate tables in a

parent/child format. Although this reduces

redundancy and increases organization, it is still alimiting way to handle data. The fact that child

tables at the same level don't have links to each

other makes searching problematic.


92/94

• Relational. – Relational databases link tables with common

"key" fields allowing for sophisticated

relationships between tables. Table links can be"indexed" or stored for future use, resulting in

quicker searches in this type of database.


93/94

• Object-oriented. – Object oriented databases are structurally similar

to relational databases. While most other types of

databases are designed to hold text and numbers,object-oriented databases are designed to store

audio, video and other mixed media objects.


94/94

• Network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_model

unit 9 data base in tamil.pdf

Documents