THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTTHE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTThe Roots The Roots

of the of the Civil Civil

Rights Rights MovementMovement

1313thth, 14, 14thth, 15, 15thth AMENDMENTS AMENDMENTSRECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTSRECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

1313THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENTOUTLAWED SLAVERYOUTLAWED SLAVERY

1414THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENTMADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENSMADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS

GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAWGUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW

1515THTH AMENDMENT AMENDMENTGUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTEGUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE

13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE

The 13The 13thth, 14, 14thth and 15 and 15thth Amendments were Amendments were suppose to protect the rights of African suppose to protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S. Constitution…Americans under the U.S. Constitution…

But they did not because of a ruling by But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…the U.S. Supreme Court…

PLESSY v. FERGUSONPLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)(1896)

Homer PlessyHomer Plessy

U.S. Supreme Court U.S. Supreme Court case that made case that made

segregation legal in segregation legal in the United Statesthe United States

Established Established the principle the principle of of “separate “separate but equal”but equal”

PLESSY v. FERGUSON PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)(1896)““Separate but equal” Separate but equal” meant that minorities meant that minorities were not allowed in the were not allowed in the same places as whitessame places as whites

Southern states passed Southern states passed laws that legalized laws that legalized segregation known as segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws“Jim Crow” laws

For the next 70 For the next 70 years, Jim Crow years, Jim Crow laws dominated laws dominated

society in the society in the South for African South for African

AmericansAmericans

Segregation became the Segregation became the way of life for blacks in way of life for blacks in

the South until…the South until…

BROWNBROWN v. v. BOARD BOARD of EDUCATION of EDUCATION (1954)(1954)

African American girl African American girl sued for the right to go sued for the right to go to the school of her to the school of her choice – and WON!choice – and WON!

Ruling overturned the Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and Ferguson case and outlawed segregation outlawed segregation in public schoolsin public schools

BROWN v. BOARD of BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONEDUCATIONSupreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled

segregation of public segregation of public schools was schools was unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Ruling gave improved Ruling gave improved educational opportunities educational opportunities to African Americansto African Americans

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONBROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONNAACP attorney NAACP attorney

Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the (center) argued the

case to end case to end segregationsegregation

Marshall later became the first African Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme CourtAmerican on the U.S. Supreme Court

Rosa Parks refuses Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back to move to the back

of the busof the bus

The Movement BeginsThe Movement Begins

Parks is arrested, Parks is arrested, leading to the…leading to the…

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus BoycottOutraged over ParkOutraged over Park’s arrest, African ’s arrest, African

Americans organize a boycott of Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation Montgomery’s Public Transportation

System in 1956System in 1956

African Americans African Americans carpooled, took carpooled, took taxis, or walked to taxis, or walked to avoid taking the busavoid taking the busAfter a year, the city After a year, the city of Montgomery was of Montgomery was ordered to end its ordered to end its segregation policysegregation policy

African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

A leader emergesA leader emergesThe person who led the Montgomery Bus The person who led the Montgomery Bus

Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta. Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta.

His name was Martin Luther King, Jr.His name was Martin Luther King, Jr.

The boycott of the busing The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained system of Montgomery gained

King national prominenceKing national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott endsMLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.• Born in Atlanta, GABorn in Atlanta, GA• Southern Baptist MinisterSouthern Baptist Minister• Led Montgomery Bus Led Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott• Leader of the Civil RightsLeader of the Civil Rights MovementMovement

• Often compared to Mohandas GandhiOften compared to Mohandas Gandhi• Advocated non-violent protestsAdvocated non-violent protests• Urged followers to disobey unjust Urged followers to disobey unjust lawslaws• Was arrested 30 timesWas arrested 30 times

. . . there comes a . . . there comes a time when people time when people get tired of being get tired of being trampled over by trampled over by the iron feet of the iron feet of oppressionoppression. .

… … I want it to be known that weI want it to be known that we’re going ’re going to work with grim and bold determination to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong... -- MLKAnd we are not wrong... -- MLK

King following his first arrestKing following his first arrest

Martin Luther King: Martin Luther King: A powerful speakerA powerful speaker

Types of ProtestsTypes of Protests

• MarchesMarches

• Sit-insSit-ins• Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

Civil Rights MarchesCivil Rights MarchesMarches were the most Marches were the most

common form of common form of protests used during the protests used during the Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

Protestors would march Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to peacefully in attempt to draw national attention draw national attention for their causefor their cause

Sit-insSit-insBlacks were deniedBlacks were denied

service at lunch countersservice at lunch counters

They sat at the counter until They sat at the counter until they were served or arrestedthey were served or arrested

Sit-ins raised the awareness Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that of the discrimination that

was occurringwas occurring

Students who participated Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to in the sit-ins refused to

become violentbecome violent

Freedom RidersFreedom RidersBlacks and whites Blacks and whites

traveled into the South to traveled into the South to draw attention to the draw attention to the

SouthSouth’s segregation of ’s segregation of bus terminalsbus terminals

When Freedom Riders When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities arrived at various cities in the South, white in the South, white mobs attacked themmobs attacked them

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTTHE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTKey events Key events

of the of the Civil Civil

Rights Rights MovementMovement

Leaders of Civil Rights MovementLeaders of Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

Medgar EversMedgar EversMalcolm XMalcolm X

Stokley Carmichael

Stokley Carmichael Rosa ParksRosa Parks

““WE SHALL OVERCOME”WE SHALL OVERCOME”““We Shall We Shall Overcome” Overcome”

became the battle became the battle cry of the Civil cry of the Civil

Rights MovementRights Movement

Protestors often sang Protestors often sang the song during civil the song during civil

rights marchesrights marches

Civil Rights Civil Rights OrganizationsOrganizations

NAACPNAACP SCLCSCLC

SNCCSNCC CORECORE

National Association

National Association

for the Advancement

for the Advancement

of Colored People

of Colored People

Southern Christian

Southern Christian

Leadership Council

Leadership Council

Student Non-violent

Student Non-violent

Coordinating Committee

Coordinating CommitteeCongress of Racial

Congress of Racial

EqualityEquality

Odyssey of Emmitt TillOdyssey of Emmitt Till

Emmitt TillEmmitt Till

Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from ChicagoEmmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national newswhose murder in 1955 made national newsTill was lynched and murdered after he saidTill was lynched and murdered after he said

““bye baby” to a white woman who was thebye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting hiscashier at a store while visiting his

cousin in Money, Mississippicousin in Money, Mississippi

Ending school segregationEnding school segregationIn 1957, a federal court In 1957, a federal court

ordered the integration of ordered the integration of Little Rock Central HighLittle Rock Central High

Arkansas Governor Orville Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Faubus sent in the National Guard to Guard to “keep the peace”“keep the peace”

The local NAACP picked The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans out nine African Americans

to attend the schoolto attend the school

On their first attempt to enter On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students the school, the black students

were denied entrancewere denied entrance

Ending school segregationEnding school segregationThe Little Rock NineThe Little Rock NineU.S. President Dwight U.S. President Dwight

D. Eisenhower called in D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to federal troops to

enforce the Supreme enforce the Supreme Court rulingCourt ruling

Only one of the Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” “Little Rock Nine” graduated, but the incident raised graduated, but the incident raised

national awareness about the national awareness about the discrimination in the Southdiscrimination in the South

James Meredith enters Ole MissJames Meredith enters Ole Miss

Ending school segregationEnding school segregation

James Meredith is denied James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Missadmission into Ole Miss

President Kennedy sends President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to 500 federal marshals to

escort Meredith and make escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to sure he was allowed to

attended classesattended classes

Wallace fights segregationWallace fights segregationEnding school segregationEnding school segregation

"The President wants us to "The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have pro-Communists who have instituted these instituted these demonstrations."demonstrations."

Alabama governor George Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the Wallace blocks the

entrance to keep two black entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at students from enrolling at the University of Alabamathe University of Alabama

President President Kennedy Kennedy

sends federal sends federal marshals to marshals to enforce the enforce the federal law federal law

George WallaceGeorge Wallace

Violence in BirminghamViolence in BirminghamAt marches in Alabama, At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Birmingham police chief

Bull Connor used fire hoses Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent and attack dogs to prevent

people from marchingpeople from marching

The incident The incident raised national raised national

awareness awareness about the about the

discrimination discrimination in the Southin the South

Violence in BirminghamViolence in BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama, was Birmingham, Alabama, was

regarded as the most segregated regarded as the most segregated city in the Southcity in the South

Because of all the bombings in Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was the city, Birmingham was

nicknamed nicknamed “Bombingham” “Bombingham”

The bombing of the 16The bombing of the 16thth Street Baptist Church Street Baptist Church

killed four innocent girlskilled four innocent girls

Mississippi Burning murdersMississippi Burning murders

Michael SchwernerMichael Schwerner James ChaneyJames Chaney Andrew GoodmanAndrew Goodman

In the summer of 1964, dubbed In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights -Freedom Summer - three civil rights

workers came up missing in, Mississippiworkers came up missing in, Mississippi

Weeks later, they were found dead Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members after having been killed by members

of the Ku Klux Klanof the Ku Klux Klan

March on WashingtonMarch on WashingtonTo support to President KennedyTo support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, ’s Civil Rights bill,

Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the billWashington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill

On August 28, On August 28, 1963, more 1963, more than 200,000 than 200,000 demonstrators demonstrators gathered gathered peacefully at peacefully at the nationthe nation’s ’s capitalcapital

MLK: MLK: “I have a dream”“I have a dream”It was during the March on It was during the March on

Washington in 1963 that Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his his “I Have a Dream” speech“I Have a Dream” speech

Dr. King presented his Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and dream of freedom and

equality for all Americansequality for all Americans

The March on Washington The March on Washington and Martin Luther Kingand Martin Luther King’s ’s

speech helped to lead to the…speech helped to lead to the…

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964Despite strong opposition Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, from Southern senators,

President Lyndon B. President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to Johnson got Congress to

pass the billpass the bill

Law gave Congress power to Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most outlaw segregation in most

public places; gave minorities public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theatersas restaurants and theaters

2424thth Amendment AmendmentThe 24The 24thth Amendment, ratified in Amendment, ratified in 1964, helped to guarantee the 1964, helped to guarantee the

right to vote for African right to vote for African AmericansAmericansIt abolished It abolished

poll taxes, poll taxes, which were which were

fees that fees that had to be had to be paid in paid in order to order to vote in vote in

national national electionselections

SNCC and SCLC SNCC and SCLC increased their increased their

voter registration voter registration drives in the Southdrives in the South

Selma March/Bloody SundaySelma March/Bloody Sunday

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

"By the way, what's the big word?"

The violence in Selma The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson infuriated President Johnson

and led to the federal and led to the federal government to step in againgovernment to step in again

Johnson to propose a new Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act August, the Voting Rights Act

of 1965 was signed into lawof 1965 was signed into law

It authorized the Attorney General to send federal It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local

officials who tried to keep blacks from votingofficials who tried to keep blacks from voting

Movement takes a different directionMovement takes a different direction

Malcolm XMalcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement Malcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to leader who advocated the use of violence to

gain African American rightsgain African American rightsHe was assassinated in 1965 after He was assassinated in 1965 after

abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthersabandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers

The Black PanthersThe Black PanthersThe Black Panthers The Black Panthers were the group were the group during the Civil during the Civil Rights Movement Rights Movement that urged African that urged African Americans to fight Americans to fight for their rightsfor their rights

The Black Panthers were led by former The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley CarmichaelSNCC leader Stokley Carmichael

Martin Luther King assassinatedMartin Luther King assassinatedTragedy struck on April Tragedy struck on April 4, 1968, when Martin 4, 1968, when Martin

Luther King was Luther King was assassinatedassassinated

King was in Memphis, King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for Tenn., for a march for

Sanitation WorkersSanitation Workers

The The assassination of assassination of Martin Luther Martin Luther King marked the King marked the end of the civil end of the civil rights movementrights movement

Although the Civil Although the Civil Rights Movement Rights Movement

focuses on African focuses on African American rights, other American rights, other groups fight for their groups fight for their

rightsrights

Latinos made strides with leaders Latinos made strides with leaders such as Corky Gonzales and Cesar such as Corky Gonzales and Cesar

Chavez. Chavez. We also see the start of civil rights We also see the start of civil rights movements for Native Americans, movements for Native Americans,

women, and gays and lesbians.women, and gays and lesbians.