unit 7
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Chap. 31. Unit 7. I) Causes of WWI Four MAIN Factors: A) Militarism Glorification of arms; force = only way to solve problems Industrialization (mass production); weapons – flame-thrower, machine gun, poison gas, tank, airplane, U-boat, trench warfare,… - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit 7
Chap. 31
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I) Causes of WWIFour MAIN Factors: A) Militarism
– Glorification of arms; force = only way to solve problems
– Industrialization (mass production); weapons – flame-thrower, machine gun, poison gas, tank, airplane, U-boat, trench warfare,…
– Social Darwinism; arms race (e.g. GB & German navies)
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German Triplane
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B) Alliances– 1882 - Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Bismarck)
–1907 – Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain
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C) Imperialism– Ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the affairs of another country
– Competition; rivalries (demand for new raw materials – industrialization)
D) Nationalism– Desire to unite all people of a nation under one gov’t (state)
– Balkan “Powder Keg” – many nations• Pan-Slavism: Russia (unite all Slavs)
• Entangling alliances (e.g. Serbia & Russia)
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II) War BeginsA) Assassination at Sarajevo
–June 28, 1914 - Archduke Ferdinand & wife killed in Bosnia
–Gavrilo Princip – Black Hand
–Austria-Hungary - ultimatum to Serbia
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B) The Great War begins (jump to 15 minutes)
–July 28, 1914 - A-H declared war on Serbia (mobilization)
–Germany and its leader William II (gave A-H a “blank check”), Russia, France, then GB declare war
–Schlieffen Plan (Germany)
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The AntagonistsCentral Powers Allied Powers
GermanyAustria-Hungary BulgariaOttoman Empire
Great Britain FranceRussiaItaly (1915)USA (1917)others… (Japanese, Indians, Arabs, Africans,…)
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After two years of fighting the front lines (in yellow) had
barely moved; by 1916 the war was a stalemate
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No Man’s Land
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Preparing to “hop the bags”
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Russian / Austrian / German
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The increasing alienation between the Austrian and German
high commands caused some German officers to cynically
state "we are shackled to a corpse."
Austrian Chief-of-Staff Conrad von Hoetzendorf
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B) Total War – entire nation’s resources used (colonies) approx.6 min in–Naval warfare (e.g. British blockade)
–Conscription – draft–Propaganda – exaggerate atrocities
–Women – nurses, factoriesC) Russian Revolutions (1917)
(47 mins)–~2 million Russians killed; riots–February Revolution – overthrows czar; democratic gov’t
–V.I. Lenin (Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution); pulls Russia out of war
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IV) The “War to End All Wars”
A) The United States Declares War–Unrestricted submarine warfare;
was restricted since Lusitania incident (1915); 1200 died, 128 Americans died
–Cultural ties – w/ Britain & France; Russia was a democracy (temporarily)
–Zimmerman Note (from Germany, 1917); Mexico to invade U.S.; British intercept & decode
–Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes -Woodrow Wilson – war declaration to Congress (1917)
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In April 1917, when Woodrow Wilson sent a declaration of war to Congress, he painted it idealistically as a war “to make the world safe for democracy” and as a “war to end all wars”
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B) Last Days of the War–By 1918 - 2 million Fresh U.S. soldiers destroy morale of Central Powers
– Bulgarians & Turks surrender; revolution in A-H (separate gov’ts) - pull out of the war
– 11/9/18 - Kaiser abdicated, Weimar Republic (democracy)
– 11/11/18 @ 11:00am – Armistice; Allied victory
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C) The Influenza Pandemic– 1918-’19: “Spanish Flu”
– Worst pandemic in history (2.5% mortality rate)
– 20-40 million deaths
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D) Paris Peace Conference (first 13 min)– 1919 – “Big Four” (U.S., Britain,
France, & Italy)– 14 Points (“Peace w/o victory”)
1. No secret treaties2. Freedom of the seas3. Remove all economic barriers
(ex. tariffs)
4.Reduce armed forces5. Fair adjustment of colonies,… self determination-self rule14. League of Nations
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The “Big Four”
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E) Treaty of Versailles Justice or Vengeance– Most of 14 pts. NOT followed (Germ.
surrendered b/c of these pts.)– Germany – reduced
army & navy, destroy air force, lost land & colonies, War Guilt Clause, paid huge indemnity (stagflation); ~ 1 trillion % inflation
– “November Criminals” Germans finding some use for their
money
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German stamps issued after WWI; note that some numbers have been stamped over due to
massive inflation
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Europe in 1919
The “Polish Corridor”
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F) Failure of the Conference1) Germany, Italy and Russia felt betrayed (didn’t get what they wanted); led to dictatorships
2) New boundaries and countries = problems & tensions
3) U.S. never joined the League (entangling alliances)
4) Extended hatred; no “peace w/ honor”
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Final Statistics:– ~30 million casualties, 10 million dead (Russia - 2 mil., US - >115,000)
– Almost as many civilian casualties (besides the influenza pandemic!)
– > $300 billion estimated cost (cannot calculate social loss – “Lost Generation”)
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The Great War in Numbers
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A German Hospital