unit 6: the middle ages quizlet link http://quizlet.com/_gnvhe textbook pages: 287-307, 269-278,...
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 6: THE MIDDLE AGES
QUIZLET L INK HTTP : / /QU IZLET.COM/_GNVHE
Textbook pages:
287-307, 269-278, 317-361
Jarrett pages: 141-150, 103-118
1. What were the political, economic and cultural developments in Tang and Song China?2. What caused the formation of medieval society in Europe and what eff ects did this development have on civilization?3. What role did Christianity play in the development of Medieval Europe?4. What changes brought about the end of the medieval Era in Europe?5. What were the main characteristics of the Byzantine Empire?6. What were the eff ects of the Mongol invasions?
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
From: River Valley CivilizationsTo Classical Greek & Persian civilizations
To Roman & Han civilizations To the Rise of Islam
To the Middle Ages or Medieval Period 500 -1500
To: the RenaissanceScientifi c Revolution, Enlightenment
Age of Democratic Revolutions
Progress Check: What have we learned? What’s next?
You Are Here
Tang/Song China“The Golden Age”
Tang
•Expanded China to former Han glory• Borders extended north to Manchuria, south to Vietnam,
east to Aral Sea• Korea, Japan and Vietnam influenced as a tributary states
•Expanded trade on the Silk road and completed the Grand Canal
• Buddhism spread to Japan, Korea and Vietnam through trade •Brought back the bureaucracy based on exams, created an intelligent and capable governing class (whose model?)•Rise in urbanization•Decline in status of women•Golden Age of Art (same time as Islamic Golden Age)•Success of Tang lasted until mid 700’s
• Philosophy combined Taoist and Buddhist elements with Confucianism
• Lost control of their vast empire - Invaded and finally overthrown
SONG• Smaller empire, but more
stable• Eventually lost control of
northern China – rule limited to the South
• Southern China becomes a prosperous empire• Introduced fast growing
rice from Vietnam – created food surplus
• Vast cities
JAPAN Infl uenced by Tang/Song Adopted Confucianism &
Buddhism Developed feudalism
Shoguns, samurai
SONG DYNASTY/JAPAN
TANG/SONG ACHIEVEMENTS
China became the most populous country in the world
Technological Advances – math, science, arts
• Block printing - Moveable type• Gunpowder• Porcelain• Mechanical clock• Paper money• Magnetic compass – led to Chinese
exploration
CHINESE SOCIETY
Gentry• New class of people, wealth based on civil service and
education• Many became wealthy enough to own landMiddle Class - Merchants, skilled workers
Laborers, PeasantsWomen• Upper class women became more subservient
• Wealth enabled men to have a wife of beauty but was impractical
• They were crippled with foot binding• Must obey men• Divorce allowed if both agreed• Could inherit land upon husband’s death
• Peasant women were valued for work since they helped farm for their family’s food
FOOT BINDING
MONGOL INVASION:
Rise of Moscow
MONGOL CONQUESTS
Created the world’s largest land-based empire
Controlled trade along the Silk Road
Guaranteed safety of traders, period of stability – Pax Mongolica
Movement across the steppe controlled by climate.
Nomadic clans-Membership in clan determined by ancestry.
United under Genghis Khan
Organized
Strategist
New weapons/technology (catapults, gun powder)
cruelty
Rise of Russia
Mongols had absolute power Practice later copied by Russian rulers
Russian culture allowed to flourish as long as tribute paid to Mongols
(attacked/demolished Kiev)Demanded slavish obedience and massive tribute (taxes)
Pay or die
Isolated from Western Europe Prevented the spread of new ideas and inventions Behind Europe in developingMoscow rises as a major trade cityAncestor Ivan III claimed title of Czar (Caesar)Ivan IV stopped tribute to Mongols, ended in bloodless standoff to emerge as independent from Mongols
CHINA
Ogadai
Immediately following his fathers death, conquered northern China
Kublai Khan
Conquered southern China, united it
Yuan dynasty
Political stability
Islamic government offi cials replaced bureaucracy
Opened China to foreign traders
Marco Polo
Visited and was sent on missions
Stories of China put in book that most Europeans believed was fantasy
Chinese technologies spread to Europe – led to exploration
ISLAM
Hulagu (grandson of Genghis)
Captured Baghdad – ended the Abbasid dynasty
Many Mongols converted to Islam
Poor administration of the conquered lands eventually leads to the rise of the Ottomans (Unit 5)
Decline of Mongol Empire ends the post-classical period
End of major nomadic empires
MING CHINA
Ming China (1368-1644)
Hongwu (1st Emperor) –drove Mongols out in 1368• Built magnificent palace – Forbidden city• Influenced world trade• Imported silver in return for Chinese goods• Controlled the world’s silver supply – considered
foreign goods inferior• High demand for silver funded European wars but
caused severe inflation
Yonglo- sent out 7 voyages of world exploration: 1405 - 1433
Voyages of Zheng He:• Huge ships –to impress the world & collect more tribute
• Some Chinese nobles resented the waste of resources and the voyages were stopped – China became isolationists
• Gave trade opportunity to Portuguese merchants (European exploration)
• Only govt. allowed to trade – 3 ports only
• China did not industrialize, preferring old ways and placing a higher value on agriculture rather than manufactured goods
Collapse of Roman Empire leaves power vacuum – Disruption of trade (outlaws!) Downfall of cities (no govt.) Population shifts (return to agriculture) Decline of learning (only priests could read & write – in LATIN!)
Rise of Feudalism Political system – hierarchy between social classes Trading land for loyalty and service Created a type of security
Loss of Roman achievements Loss of a common language: development of Romance
languages from Latin– Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish English is a Germanic language!
Clovis, adopts Christianity to rule the Franks Monasteries – monks & nuns (educated)
Pope Gregory I –used secular power of church
RESULTS OF THE FALL OF ROME
From Africa into Spain from 711- 1492 & Northward into France until:
Battle of Tours, 732 - defeated by Charles Martel, (Charlemagne’s grandfather)
his military strength established the Carolingian dynasty:
Charlemagne’s Empire
MUSLIM INVASIONS:
Development of Modern Europe
Civil war divided his kingdom into 3 parts:
Treaty of Verdun: 843 Lothair – Central KingdomCharles the Bald – West Frankish Kingdom (France)
Louis the German – East Frankish Kingdom (Germany)
CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE:
Early Medieval Society
The Lord’s estateSelf-contained world
Manors are self-suffi cient, little or no trade
Serfs –could NOT leave the land
Tithe: 1/10th of income – tax to the church
MANORS: THE ECONOMIC SIDE OF FEUDALISM
Warriors on horseback: knightsSaddles & stirrups, & warhorsesPaid fiefs & became vassals to LordsGave 40 days of military serviceEducation of knights:
Page (7)Squire (14) Knight (21)
War games: tournaments (jousts, mock battles)
Real battles: mostly sieges of castles
THE AGE OF CHIVALRY:
Weapons:Siege towersBattering ramsTrebuchetBodies (disease)
CASTLES & SIEGE WEAPONS:
Knights’ Code of Chivalry: Displayed courage & valor in combat Devotion to lord Respect toward women Epic poetry: song by troubadours
Women: viewed by church as inferior to menTheir status declined in Europe
Domestic choresInfant mortality extremely high
Had many children, few survive to adulthoodSome noble women received educations
KNIGHTS & SAMURAI WARRIORS:
Unifying force Religious and social center
Church services Social gatherings Festive celebrations Cared for the sick and poor
Towns competed over the building of large cathedrals
RISE OF THE CHURCH
Cathedrals: Cities of God
ROSE WINDOW
JUSTINIAN CODE: ROMAN LAW
ByzantiumCreated by Emperor Justinian & wife TheodoraAbsolute monarch & head of churchUniform legal code of laws:
Justinian Code in 533•5000 Roman laws written down
CREATING THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL
Massive building projects:Hagia Sophia – proved connection
between church and state
•So beautiful it convinced visiting Russian nobles to adopt Byzantine Christianity
City wall of ConstantinoplePalace expansion, baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals
HIPPODROME – CHARIOT RACES & CIRCUS ACTS
Often sparked riots by opposing team fans
BYZANTIUM- EDUCATION
boys went to school girls home schooled
to be professors, doctors, mathematicians,
philosophers or historians
Studied classics of Greek & Roman literature
JUSTINIAN’S EMPIREMysterious Plague of Justinian
Why Byzantium
Fell
Street Riots
Palace intrigues
Disease
Rise ofIslam
TheCrusades
Slavs – north of the Black SeaTraded with Greeks, blending of culturesLater, Viking chief becomes their king
Society divided into peasant masses and boyars (nobles)
Princess Olga (city of Kiev) Converted to Christianity
Vladimir (grandson) Sent out teams to investigate the major world religions Report from Byzantium convinced him to become
Orthodox Forced all citizens of Kiev to convert Imported teachers to instruct the new faith
RUSSIANS ADOPT BYZANTINE CULTURE
Kiev marks the first important Russian unified territory
Yaroslav the Wise Son of Vladimir Valued trade – married off daughters and sisters to
create trade alliances Legal code valued property rights over all else
Kievan state declined with his death Divided amongst his sons who fought over the best
territories Sons continued to divide the land so fighting continued Crusades disrupted trade which added to their troubles Mongols invaded
KIEV
Church claimed authority over both political and spiritual aff airs
“The Age of Faith”All Christians were Catholiccanon law – laws of the church applied
to all medieval peoplePunishments: excommunication – banishment from the
churchInterdict – refused sacraments to King’s
country/ people
THE CHURCH IS POWER:
Lay investiture: right to appoint church offi cials – often appointing non-spiritual people to high positions
Henry IV of Germany was excommunicated for appointing bishops
Famous trip to Canossa in 1077 to plead forgiveness –waited 3 days in the snow!
Concordat of Worms – compromise allowed church to appoint bishops, but kings got land
KINGS & POPES FIGHT FOR SUPREMACY
Politics & the ChurchChurch mirrored Feudal Society:
PopeCollege of Cardinals
Patriarchs
Bishops
Abbots & Priests
Monks & Friars
King
Highest Lords
Lesser Lords
Squires & Barons
Knights
Peasants
SPLIT IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox – debate over whether icons should be allowed
Patriarch: head of Eastern bishopsIcons: religious images banned by emperorIconoclasts: “icon breakers” destroyed images in churchesExcommunication: outcast from churchEast-West Schism: 1054 the 2 Christian churches split
Thomas Aquinas – semi-theologianBelieved truth came from faith and reasonBelief in universal laws based on reason and independent of government
2 DIFFERENT CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS
Roman Catholic
In LatinPope over churchPope over kingsPriests celibateNo divorce
Eastern Orthodox• In Greek/vernacular• Patriarch is one of group
heading church• Emperor if over patriarch• Priests marry – Bishops may
not• Divorce is OK
THE CRUSADES: HOLY WAR
Causes: economic & religious motives –“sign of the cross” – God’s willGot rid of over abundance of knightsMerchants made money
1st crusade: 1097 to Constantinople & then captured Jerusalem, & crusader states
2nd crusade: lost all to Saladin, Muslim leader
3rd crusade: Richard the Lion-Hearted –truce4th crusade: looted Constantinople, caused
split in the church (Eastern Orthodox v. Catholic)
THE CRUSADES:
Crusades brought western Europeans into contact with Muslim scholars & writers:
“university” –meeting of scholars
Development of Vernacular – everyday language
Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy (1321) in Italian Geoff rey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales (1400) in
English
REVIVAL OF LEARNING:
Better farming methods = more food
3 field system & horses = able to feed more city folks
Guilds: association of people who worked at same occupation
Jews often were the bankers: usury
City government: burghers – town dwellers
TRADE, TOWNS & FINANCES:
Craft specialists: Monopolies
GUILDS: (LIKE UNIONS)
Journeyman
Apprentice
England is invaded by the French – THE NORMAN Conquest:William the Conqueror –1066
Battle of Hastings –
Later Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine to double the size of England’s land in FranceShe is famous for ruling England in his absence
ENGLAND DEVELOPS:
1066
Monarchy: Henry II, two sons-Richard the Lion-Hearted, to brother- John
John ruled from 1199 to 1216:Lost all French lands, called “Lackland”Abused his absolute power (“Robin Hood”)Lost war with his nobles, & forced to give up his
absolute power:
Signed the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
gave Parliament right to make & collect taxesBecame common law – applied to every citizen: protected basic legal & political rights
THE MAGNA CARTA: 1215
Capetian Dynasty ruled in France, 987
Philip II: increased size of France, 1220s
Louis IX: creates strong central govt, 1260s
Philip IV: creates a Parliament called the
“Estates General” & allowed the commoners “Third Estate” to participate
FRANCE DEVELOPS:
Church problems: division –King Philip IV of France weakens Pope’s power
by taking Boniface VIII prisonerPhilip then names a new French Pope who stays
in Avignon, France
Western Schism: the Cardinals name a new Roman Pope – then TWO popes! Split the Roman Catholic church
A CENTURY OF TURMOIL:
John Wycliffe: in England, translated Bible into English so Pope & clergy were not needed for salvation – just JesusDied of stroke, body dug up, burned and thrown in the river
*the church is serious about heresy!
Jan Hus: German, burned for supporting Wycliffe’s ideas, 1415
HERETICS CHALLENGE THE CHURCH:
Bubonic & pneumonic Plague1/3 or more of Europe died“Ring around the rosies”Spread from Asia – along trade routes- by rats/fleas
Think Youtube song!
THE BLACK DEATH
SPREAD OF PLAGUE
The Plague spread quickly
BODIES WERE BURNED, PEOPLE FLED, FAMILIES DESTROYED
The Plague spread quickly
Europe 25 million, *Asia 4 million, *China 35 million
DEATH TOLL:
Peasant revolutionsEnd of serfdomDemand by laborers for higher wagesDue to low number of serfs left alive
SOCIAL RESULTS OF PLAGUE
Fight between French and English over legitimate ruler of France and land
New monarchs had:*greater centralization*fixed national boundaries*stronger representative bodies
Battle of Crecy:English archers win victory w/ longbow,
but France wins war
RESULT OF HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR1337 – 1453
Developing Nationalism
Puts Henry V on throne of France
Won Battle of OrleansBurned by English as witch & heretic
End of Hundred Years’ War = end of Middle Ages
JOAN OF ARC: 1429